This document outlines the topics covered in a communications systems unit, including characteristics of communication systems, examples of systems, transmitting and receiving processes, other information processes, and issues related to systems. The topics are divided into sections that will each be covered in more depth.
The document discusses topics related to communication systems, including characteristics of communication systems, examples of communication systems, transmitting and receiving in communication systems, and issues related to communication systems. It provides menus and links to pages with more information on each individual topic, such as characteristics of communication systems, protocols, handshaking, transmission speed, error checking, serial vs parallel transmission, and networking concepts.
The document discusses topics related to communication systems, including characteristics of communication systems, examples of communication systems, transmitting and receiving in communication systems, other information processes in communication systems, and issues related to communication systems. It provides menus to navigate between pages on each of these topics.
The document discusses key aspects of communication systems including characteristics, examples, transmitting and receiving processes, and issues. It covers characteristics such as protocols, handshaking, and transmission speed. Examples provided include email, voice mail, and the internet. The document also discusses transmitting serially and in parallel, as well as synchronous and asynchronous transmission. Finally, it outlines issues relating to messaging systems, internet trading, and internet banking.
The document discusses TCP/IP networking protocols. It describes how TCP/IP is used to transport data across network and transport layers through packetization, addressing, and routing. TCP/IP uses IP addresses and port numbers to link applications to the network, and employs protocols like TCP, UDP, and IP to ensure reliable and unreliable delivery of packets. Dynamic addressing protocols like DHCP allow devices to obtain IP addresses automatically.
The network layer is responsible for transporting data between hosts on different networks. It handles tasks like addressing, routing, fragmentation, and quality of service. The main network layer protocol is IP, which uses addresses and routing to deliver packets in an unreliable, connectionless manner. IPv6 was created to replace IPv4 due to its limited address space and remove unnecessary features to simplify processing. During the transition, IPv6 can be tunneled inside IPv4 packets to allow communication between IPv6 and IPv4 networks.
The document discusses the topics covered in a unit on communication systems, including characteristics of communication systems, examples of communication systems, transmitting and receiving in communication systems, other information processes in communication systems, and issues related to communication systems. The topics are broken down into further subtopics that will be covered.
Networking lecture 4 Data Link Layer by Mamun sirsharifbdp
The document summarizes key aspects of the data link layer. It discusses how the data link layer provides a well-defined interface to the network layer, deals with frame transmission and errors, and regulates frame flow. It also describes common data link layer functions like framing, error detection, flow control, and link management. Finally, it discusses different data link protocols and how they handle issues like channel access, error handling, and window flow control.
This document discusses protocol architectures and the TCP/IP model. It introduces the need for a protocol architecture to break communication tasks into layers. It describes the key layers of the TCP/IP model used in the Internet, including the physical, network access, internet, transport, and application layers. It also compares TCP/IP to the OSI model and discusses how traditional applications differ from newer multimedia applications in their network requirements.
The document discusses topics related to communication systems, including characteristics of communication systems, examples of communication systems, transmitting and receiving in communication systems, and issues related to communication systems. It provides menus and links to pages with more information on each individual topic, such as characteristics of communication systems, protocols, handshaking, transmission speed, error checking, serial vs parallel transmission, and networking concepts.
The document discusses topics related to communication systems, including characteristics of communication systems, examples of communication systems, transmitting and receiving in communication systems, other information processes in communication systems, and issues related to communication systems. It provides menus to navigate between pages on each of these topics.
The document discusses key aspects of communication systems including characteristics, examples, transmitting and receiving processes, and issues. It covers characteristics such as protocols, handshaking, and transmission speed. Examples provided include email, voice mail, and the internet. The document also discusses transmitting serially and in parallel, as well as synchronous and asynchronous transmission. Finally, it outlines issues relating to messaging systems, internet trading, and internet banking.
The document discusses TCP/IP networking protocols. It describes how TCP/IP is used to transport data across network and transport layers through packetization, addressing, and routing. TCP/IP uses IP addresses and port numbers to link applications to the network, and employs protocols like TCP, UDP, and IP to ensure reliable and unreliable delivery of packets. Dynamic addressing protocols like DHCP allow devices to obtain IP addresses automatically.
The network layer is responsible for transporting data between hosts on different networks. It handles tasks like addressing, routing, fragmentation, and quality of service. The main network layer protocol is IP, which uses addresses and routing to deliver packets in an unreliable, connectionless manner. IPv6 was created to replace IPv4 due to its limited address space and remove unnecessary features to simplify processing. During the transition, IPv6 can be tunneled inside IPv4 packets to allow communication between IPv6 and IPv4 networks.
The document discusses the topics covered in a unit on communication systems, including characteristics of communication systems, examples of communication systems, transmitting and receiving in communication systems, other information processes in communication systems, and issues related to communication systems. The topics are broken down into further subtopics that will be covered.
Networking lecture 4 Data Link Layer by Mamun sirsharifbdp
The document summarizes key aspects of the data link layer. It discusses how the data link layer provides a well-defined interface to the network layer, deals with frame transmission and errors, and regulates frame flow. It also describes common data link layer functions like framing, error detection, flow control, and link management. Finally, it discusses different data link protocols and how they handle issues like channel access, error handling, and window flow control.
This document discusses protocol architectures and the TCP/IP model. It introduces the need for a protocol architecture to break communication tasks into layers. It describes the key layers of the TCP/IP model used in the Internet, including the physical, network access, internet, transport, and application layers. It also compares TCP/IP to the OSI model and discusses how traditional applications differ from newer multimedia applications in their network requirements.
This document provides an overview of a course on broadband and TCP/IP fundamentals. It discusses the topics that will be covered in each of the four sessions, including basics of TCP/IP networks, switching and scheduling, routing and transport, and applications and security. It also lists some recommended textbooks and references for the course.
This document discusses infrastructure for electronic commerce. It begins by describing protocols like HTTP, TCP/IP, and URLs that underlie internet applications. It then discusses web browsers, servers, security requirements like encryption, and protocols like SSL and SET. It concludes by covering online selling functions, outsourcing vs insourcing electronic storefronts, and electronic catalogs and merchant servers.
The document discusses the application layer in computer networking. It describes the client-server model where clients send queries to servers which respond with answers. It also discusses name resolution, where hostnames are translated to IP addresses, and protocols like TCP and UDP which provide transport services. Common applications like email, the web, and peer-to-peer are briefly mentioned as examples.
This document provides an overview of network security concepts across different layers of the network protocol stack. It discusses security issues and common attacks at layers 2-7, as well as approaches to mitigate risks, including port security, VLANs, DHCP snooping, IP spoofing prevention, firewalls, TLS, VPNs, and honeypots. Protocol tunneling techniques like SSH port forwarding and DNS tunneling are also covered as ways to bypass network access controls.
This chapter discusses the network layer, including:
1) The key functions of the network layer including forwarding, routing, and connection setup.
2) Network layer service models such as best effort, connection-oriented, and guaranteed services.
3) The differences between virtual circuit and datagram networks, and how routers implement virtual circuits using forwarding tables and connection state information.
The network layer performs three main functions:
1) Path determination to route packets from source to destination.
2) Switching to move packets through routers.
3) Call setup for some architectures that require establishing a path before data transmission.
With statistical multiplexing, the total bandwidth available can be utilized more fully since the links are not idle when only one host is transmitting. The statistical multiplexing allows aggregation of variable bit rate traffic streams.
The document describes the layers of the TCP/IP network model and the protocols used in each layer. It discusses the four layers - host-to-network, internet, transport, and application layers. The host-to-network layer deals with the physical transmission medium. The internet layer uses the IP protocol for packet routing. The transport layer contains the TCP and UDP protocols, where TCP provides reliable connections and UDP provides fast delivery. The application layer supports protocols like HTTP, SMTP, and NNTP.
The document provides an overview of Chapter 3 from the textbook "Computer Networking: A Top Down Approach" by Jim Kurose and Keith Ross. It discusses the goals and outline of the chapter which covers transport layer services, multiplexing and demultiplexing, UDP, principles of reliable data transfer, TCP, and congestion control. Specifically, it describes transport layer services, multiplexing and demultiplexing of data between applications, UDP as a connectionless transport protocol, and outlines the topics to be covered related to reliable data transfer and TCP.
A New Data Link Layer Protocolfor Satellite IP NetworksNiraj Solanki
NSLP is a new satellite link protocol proposed for satellite IP networks. It simplifies the data link layer function and uses a variable length frame format coupled to IP packet data. This leads to higher transmission efficiency, lower IP packet loss rates, and better compatibility with TCP/IP compared to other protocols like CCSDS and HDLC. Simulation results show NSLP can improve performance for satellite IP networks by reducing overhead and improving utilization of limited satellite resources.
The application layer is the highest level of abstraction in networking models like TCP/IP and OSI. It defines protocols for process-to-process communication across networks. In TCP/IP, common application layer protocols are FTP for file transfer, SMTP for email, and HTTP for the web. The application layer depends on lower layers like transport for establishing connections between hosts.
The document provides information about the CCNA certification exam, including the exam number, total marks, duration, passing score, question types, and benefits of obtaining the certification. It also discusses common networking devices like hubs, switches, routers, and network interface cards. Finally, it covers networking topics such as network topologies, the OSI model, TCP/IP protocols, WANs, LANs, and the IEEE 802 standards.
The document discusses the OSI model which consists of 7 layers - physical, data link, network, transport, session, presentation and application layer. Each layer has a specific processing function and data flows from top to bottom, with each layer adding its own header. The layers are described in detail with examples of protocols and functions at each layer.
This document provides an introduction to computer networking and the Internet. It begins with an overview of what the Internet is, including its key components like end systems, communication links, and packet switches. It then discusses the network edge, including access networks and physical media. The core network and packet switching are introduced. Sources of delay, loss, and throughput in networks are covered. Finally, the chapter roadmap is provided, outlining topics like protocol layers, network security, and history that will be discussed.
This document provides an overview of computer networks and the physical layer. It defines internet versus Internet, outlines the history of the Internet, and describes protocol layering and the TCP/IP protocol suite. It also discusses the OSI model. Key points include: Internet refers to the global system of interconnected networks, while an internet can be any interconnected network; the Internet has revolutionized communication and information access; protocol layering divides communication tasks between layers with standardized protocols; and the TCP/IP protocol suite and OSI model each use layered architectures and protocols to enable communication between devices on a network.
This document discusses various performance metrics for computer networks including bandwidth, throughput, latency, jitter, and bandwidth-delay product. It provides examples to explain these terms and how they are calculated. Bandwidth refers to the capacity of a link to transmit data and is measured in bits per second. Throughput measures the actual rate of successful message delivery over a communication channel. Latency is the delay between when a packet is sent and received, including propagation, transmission, queueing, and processing delays. Jitter and bandwidth-delay product are also introduced.
- The document is a chapter from a textbook on computer networking that discusses the network layer. It covers topics like virtual circuit networks, datagram networks, the operation of routers, IP, routing algorithms, and routing in the Internet.
- Routers examine header fields to forward packets to the appropriate output port based on the destination address and routing tables. Routing algorithms determine the path packets take between source and destination.
- Virtual circuit networks use call setup and connection state in routers to provide guaranteed services, while datagram networks like the Internet forward packets based only on destination addresses for simple operation.
The OSI reference model has 7 layers - physical, data link, network, transport, session, presentation and application layer. Each layer has a specific function like the physical layer deals with transmission of raw bits over a communication channel, the data link layer handles error checking and frame delimiting, the network layer handles logical addressing and routing, the transport layer handles flow control and error checking, the session layer establishes and manages communication sessions, the presentation layer handles syntax and semantics of the information and the application layer supports applications and end-user processes. Data flows from the application layer downwards to the physical layer for transmission.
The document provides an overview of the data link layer and link layer technologies. It begins with an introduction to data link layer services such as framing, error detection, multiple access, and addressing. It then discusses various error detection and correction techniques as well as multiple access protocols including TDMA, FDMA, and random access protocols like ALOHA, slotted ALOHA, and CSMA. The document aims to help readers understand the principles behind data link layer services and different link layer technologies.
El documento presenta la estructura básica de una página web para el Colegio Nacional Nicolás Esguerra. Incluye el título de la página, un encabezado con el nombre de la institución y el lema "Edificamos Futuro", una línea horizontal para separar la información y un mensaje de bienvenida al campus virtual, todo esto dentro de las etiquetas HTML básicas y utilizando atributos para dar formato al cuerpo como color de fondo y texto en verde y amarillo respectivamente.
This document discusses various design elements and concepts in the visual arts including 3D and 4D art forms, painting, drawing, and printmaking. It also mentions visual arts literacy.
This document provides an overview of a course on broadband and TCP/IP fundamentals. It discusses the topics that will be covered in each of the four sessions, including basics of TCP/IP networks, switching and scheduling, routing and transport, and applications and security. It also lists some recommended textbooks and references for the course.
This document discusses infrastructure for electronic commerce. It begins by describing protocols like HTTP, TCP/IP, and URLs that underlie internet applications. It then discusses web browsers, servers, security requirements like encryption, and protocols like SSL and SET. It concludes by covering online selling functions, outsourcing vs insourcing electronic storefronts, and electronic catalogs and merchant servers.
The document discusses the application layer in computer networking. It describes the client-server model where clients send queries to servers which respond with answers. It also discusses name resolution, where hostnames are translated to IP addresses, and protocols like TCP and UDP which provide transport services. Common applications like email, the web, and peer-to-peer are briefly mentioned as examples.
This document provides an overview of network security concepts across different layers of the network protocol stack. It discusses security issues and common attacks at layers 2-7, as well as approaches to mitigate risks, including port security, VLANs, DHCP snooping, IP spoofing prevention, firewalls, TLS, VPNs, and honeypots. Protocol tunneling techniques like SSH port forwarding and DNS tunneling are also covered as ways to bypass network access controls.
This chapter discusses the network layer, including:
1) The key functions of the network layer including forwarding, routing, and connection setup.
2) Network layer service models such as best effort, connection-oriented, and guaranteed services.
3) The differences between virtual circuit and datagram networks, and how routers implement virtual circuits using forwarding tables and connection state information.
The network layer performs three main functions:
1) Path determination to route packets from source to destination.
2) Switching to move packets through routers.
3) Call setup for some architectures that require establishing a path before data transmission.
With statistical multiplexing, the total bandwidth available can be utilized more fully since the links are not idle when only one host is transmitting. The statistical multiplexing allows aggregation of variable bit rate traffic streams.
The document describes the layers of the TCP/IP network model and the protocols used in each layer. It discusses the four layers - host-to-network, internet, transport, and application layers. The host-to-network layer deals with the physical transmission medium. The internet layer uses the IP protocol for packet routing. The transport layer contains the TCP and UDP protocols, where TCP provides reliable connections and UDP provides fast delivery. The application layer supports protocols like HTTP, SMTP, and NNTP.
The document provides an overview of Chapter 3 from the textbook "Computer Networking: A Top Down Approach" by Jim Kurose and Keith Ross. It discusses the goals and outline of the chapter which covers transport layer services, multiplexing and demultiplexing, UDP, principles of reliable data transfer, TCP, and congestion control. Specifically, it describes transport layer services, multiplexing and demultiplexing of data between applications, UDP as a connectionless transport protocol, and outlines the topics to be covered related to reliable data transfer and TCP.
A New Data Link Layer Protocolfor Satellite IP NetworksNiraj Solanki
NSLP is a new satellite link protocol proposed for satellite IP networks. It simplifies the data link layer function and uses a variable length frame format coupled to IP packet data. This leads to higher transmission efficiency, lower IP packet loss rates, and better compatibility with TCP/IP compared to other protocols like CCSDS and HDLC. Simulation results show NSLP can improve performance for satellite IP networks by reducing overhead and improving utilization of limited satellite resources.
The application layer is the highest level of abstraction in networking models like TCP/IP and OSI. It defines protocols for process-to-process communication across networks. In TCP/IP, common application layer protocols are FTP for file transfer, SMTP for email, and HTTP for the web. The application layer depends on lower layers like transport for establishing connections between hosts.
The document provides information about the CCNA certification exam, including the exam number, total marks, duration, passing score, question types, and benefits of obtaining the certification. It also discusses common networking devices like hubs, switches, routers, and network interface cards. Finally, it covers networking topics such as network topologies, the OSI model, TCP/IP protocols, WANs, LANs, and the IEEE 802 standards.
The document discusses the OSI model which consists of 7 layers - physical, data link, network, transport, session, presentation and application layer. Each layer has a specific processing function and data flows from top to bottom, with each layer adding its own header. The layers are described in detail with examples of protocols and functions at each layer.
This document provides an introduction to computer networking and the Internet. It begins with an overview of what the Internet is, including its key components like end systems, communication links, and packet switches. It then discusses the network edge, including access networks and physical media. The core network and packet switching are introduced. Sources of delay, loss, and throughput in networks are covered. Finally, the chapter roadmap is provided, outlining topics like protocol layers, network security, and history that will be discussed.
This document provides an overview of computer networks and the physical layer. It defines internet versus Internet, outlines the history of the Internet, and describes protocol layering and the TCP/IP protocol suite. It also discusses the OSI model. Key points include: Internet refers to the global system of interconnected networks, while an internet can be any interconnected network; the Internet has revolutionized communication and information access; protocol layering divides communication tasks between layers with standardized protocols; and the TCP/IP protocol suite and OSI model each use layered architectures and protocols to enable communication between devices on a network.
This document discusses various performance metrics for computer networks including bandwidth, throughput, latency, jitter, and bandwidth-delay product. It provides examples to explain these terms and how they are calculated. Bandwidth refers to the capacity of a link to transmit data and is measured in bits per second. Throughput measures the actual rate of successful message delivery over a communication channel. Latency is the delay between when a packet is sent and received, including propagation, transmission, queueing, and processing delays. Jitter and bandwidth-delay product are also introduced.
- The document is a chapter from a textbook on computer networking that discusses the network layer. It covers topics like virtual circuit networks, datagram networks, the operation of routers, IP, routing algorithms, and routing in the Internet.
- Routers examine header fields to forward packets to the appropriate output port based on the destination address and routing tables. Routing algorithms determine the path packets take between source and destination.
- Virtual circuit networks use call setup and connection state in routers to provide guaranteed services, while datagram networks like the Internet forward packets based only on destination addresses for simple operation.
The OSI reference model has 7 layers - physical, data link, network, transport, session, presentation and application layer. Each layer has a specific function like the physical layer deals with transmission of raw bits over a communication channel, the data link layer handles error checking and frame delimiting, the network layer handles logical addressing and routing, the transport layer handles flow control and error checking, the session layer establishes and manages communication sessions, the presentation layer handles syntax and semantics of the information and the application layer supports applications and end-user processes. Data flows from the application layer downwards to the physical layer for transmission.
The document provides an overview of the data link layer and link layer technologies. It begins with an introduction to data link layer services such as framing, error detection, multiple access, and addressing. It then discusses various error detection and correction techniques as well as multiple access protocols including TDMA, FDMA, and random access protocols like ALOHA, slotted ALOHA, and CSMA. The document aims to help readers understand the principles behind data link layer services and different link layer technologies.
El documento presenta la estructura básica de una página web para el Colegio Nacional Nicolás Esguerra. Incluye el título de la página, un encabezado con el nombre de la institución y el lema "Edificamos Futuro", una línea horizontal para separar la información y un mensaje de bienvenida al campus virtual, todo esto dentro de las etiquetas HTML básicas y utilizando atributos para dar formato al cuerpo como color de fondo y texto en verde y amarillo respectivamente.
This document discusses various design elements and concepts in the visual arts including 3D and 4D art forms, painting, drawing, and printmaking. It also mentions visual arts literacy.
The 29th Republic Festival was held in Turkey as part of the Comenius Cultural Jigsaw. The festival celebrated Turkey's transition to a republic in 1923 after the fall of the Ottoman Empire. A variety of cultural performances and exhibits were featured over the multi-day event commemorating Turkish history and culture.
Junji Miyazawa is a potter who worked in Japan from 2005-2008, focusing on traditional kilns in Bizen, Iga, Shigaraki, Mino, and Hagi. He has worked in Pittsburgh, PA from 2008-2010 and Cleveland, OH from 2010 to the present. His work spans from 2001-2012 and he received his education at Earlham College in Japan.
1) The document describes a visit by students from Northern Ireland to their partner school in Santander, Spain.
2) They flew into Bilbao and were driven to Santander by teachers from the Spanish school, Colegio San Juan Bautista – La Salle.
3) Over three days, the students discussed their education systems, cultures, and potential projects, and set goals and dates to stay connected between the four partner countries.
The document promotes CELL (Community Environmental Leadership and Learning) programs that educate students about environmental issues and solutions through hands-on projects in various regions. Students can learn from experts, explore other cultures and histories, do real projects to create impact, build lifelong friendships, and take action to be agents of change for a more sustainable planet and future. The programs encourage students to start their journey toward sustainability through immersive international experiences that go beyond typical study abroad.
Communications made easy_spectrumtechnologiesParveen Sultana
This document provides an overview of topics within the unit on communication systems, including characteristics of communication systems, examples of systems, transmitting and receiving processes, other information processes, and issues related to systems. The topics are divided into subsections that describe components like protocols, network hardware, and specific issues around messaging, internet use, and telecommuting.
This document discusses communication systems and their components. It covers topics such as characteristics of communication systems, examples of different systems, and how transmitting and receiving works. Specifically, it outlines five basic components needed for any communication system: a data source, transmitter, transmission medium, receiver, and destination. It also discusses how data is broken into packets and layered with protocols during transmission.
This document provides information about communication systems, including:
1. It outlines the main topics covered which are the characteristics, examples, transmitting/receiving processes, and issues related to communication systems.
2. It then discusses characteristics like protocols, handshaking, transmission speed and error checking. It also provides examples of communication systems like email, voice mail and the internet.
3. The document explains transmitting and receiving processes involving senders, receivers, protocols, encapsulation using the OSI model, and network hardware components.
This document discusses communication systems and includes the following topics:
1. Characteristics of communication systems such as protocols, transmission speed, and error checking.
2. Examples of communication systems like email, voice mail, and the Internet.
3. Components of transmitting and receiving in communication systems including protocols, handshaking, networks, topologies, and transmission media.
This document discusses communication systems and includes the following topics:
1. Characteristics of communication systems such as protocols, transmission speed, and error checking.
2. Examples of communication systems like email, voice mail, and the Internet.
3. Components of transmitting and receiving in communication systems including protocols, handshaking, networks, topologies, and transmission media.
This document discusses communication systems and includes topics such as characteristics, examples, transmitting and receiving data, and issues related to communication systems. It provides information on components of communication systems like transmitters, receivers, and transmission mediums. Examples are given for different types of communication systems including email, voice mail, and video conferencing. The document also outlines concepts around transmitting data serially and in parallel, as well as synchronous and asynchronous transmission.
This document discusses communication systems and includes the following topics:
1. Characteristics of communication systems such as protocols, transmission speed, and error checking.
2. Examples of communication systems like email, voice mail, and the Internet.
3. Components of transmitting and receiving in communication systems including protocols, handshaking, networks, topologies, and transmission media.
This document discusses communication systems and contains information on various topics within this subject area. It includes sections on characteristics of communication systems, examples of systems, transmitting and receiving processes, and issues related to systems. Specific topics covered are protocols, handshaking, network hardware, transmission media, and the impacts of internet usage, messaging, telecommuting, and online banking. Diagrams illustrate concepts such as network topologies, encapsulation, and the OSI model.
This document discusses communication systems and contains a menu of topics including characteristics, examples, transmitting and receiving processes, and issues related to communication systems. It provides information on various components of communication systems such as protocols, handshaking, transmission speed and media. Examples of communication systems like email, voice mail and the internet are provided. The document also outlines the basic requirements for transmitting and receiving data as well as topics around network hardware, software and administration.
This document provides an overview of topics related to communication systems, including: characteristics of communication systems such as protocols, handshaking, and transmission speed; examples of communication systems like email and smartphones; transmitting and receiving processes involving serial and parallel transmission, synchronous and asynchronous communication, and common protocols like Ethernet and TCP/IP; and issues related to communication systems. The document is divided into sections covering these topics and includes additional information on concepts like encapsulation, error checking, and network hardware.
This document provides an overview of topics related to communication systems, including characteristics, examples, transmitting/receiving processes, and issues. The topics are divided into sections that describe key aspects like the 5 basic components of any communication system (data source, transmitter, transmission medium, receiver, destination). Examples of communication systems include email, voice mail, and the internet. The document also discusses transmitting methods like serial/parallel, synchronous/asynchronous, and transmission direction. Protocols like Ethernet, TCP/IP, and handshaking are covered as well.
The document provides an overview of the 7-layer OSI model that is used to connect computers over a network. It describes each layer in order from the application layer down to the physical layer. The application layer allows user communication programs like web browsers, email clients, and file transfer protocols to operate. Lower layers deal with networking functions like packetizing data, routing, error checking, and physical connections between devices. The physical layer transmits the raw bit data over various transmission mediums like wires or fiber optics.
The document discusses the seven layers of the OSI model:
1) The physical layer deals with physical connectivity including cables and connectors.
2) The data link layer handles MAC addressing and encapsulation of data into frames.
3) The network layer routes packets based on IP addressing and protocols like ICMP and ARP.
4) The transport layer handles reliable transmission of data through protocols like TCP and UDP.
5) The session, presentation, and application layers deal with establishing connections between applications and formatting data.
This document provides an overview of a lecture on computer networks and wireless networks. It begins with an agenda that covers fundamentals of computer networks, basics of wireless networks including physical layer transmission, medium access control, and cognitive radio. It then discusses general communication models, networking concepts such as point-to-point communication and centralized switching networks. It also covers the ISO OSI reference model, networking standards, transmission vs switching, wireless signal propagation, modulation techniques, and multiple access protocols.
The document provides notes on networking fundamentals from CCENT/CCNA ICND1 Official Exam Certification Guide. It discusses the TCP/IP and OSI networking models, including their layers and functions. It also covers fundamentals of local area networks (LANs) such as Ethernet standards, speeds, cable types and maximum lengths. Common Ethernet standards include 10BASE-T, 100BASE-TX, 1000BASE-SX, 1000BASE-LX and 1000BASE-T.
In this presentation, we will discuss in details about the TCP/ IP framework, the backbone of every ebusiness.
To know more about Welingkar School’s Distance Learning Program and courses offered, visit:
http://www.welingkaronline.org/distance-learning/online-mba.html
The document provides an overview of the TCP/IP network model and how data is packaged and sent over a network, explaining that data moves through four layers (Application, Transport, Internet, Link) where it is encapsulated with headers at each layer, and that the Transport layer handles reliable transmission using TCP or unreliable transmission using UDP by adding a header and creating a TCP segment or datagram to pass to the Internet layer.
computer network and chapter 7 OSI layers.pptxgadisaAdamu
The document discusses several key network models and protocols. It provides an overview of the OSI 7-layer model and describes the functions of each layer. It also covers the TCP/IP 5-layer model and compares it to the OSI model. Several important application layer protocols are defined, including HTTP, HTTPS, SMTP, FTP, SNMP, DNS, and Telnet. The document aims to explain the fundamentals of network communication standards and protocols.
GraphSummit Singapore | The Future of Agility: Supercharging Digital Transfor...Neo4j
Leonard Jayamohan, Partner & Generative AI Lead, Deloitte
This keynote will reveal how Deloitte leverages Neo4j’s graph power for groundbreaking digital twin solutions, achieving a staggering 100x performance boost. Discover the essential role knowledge graphs play in successful generative AI implementations. Plus, get an exclusive look at an innovative Neo4j + Generative AI solution Deloitte is developing in-house.
In the rapidly evolving landscape of technologies, XML continues to play a vital role in structuring, storing, and transporting data across diverse systems. The recent advancements in artificial intelligence (AI) present new methodologies for enhancing XML development workflows, introducing efficiency, automation, and intelligent capabilities. This presentation will outline the scope and perspective of utilizing AI in XML development. The potential benefits and the possible pitfalls will be highlighted, providing a balanced view of the subject.
We will explore the capabilities of AI in understanding XML markup languages and autonomously creating structured XML content. Additionally, we will examine the capacity of AI to enrich plain text with appropriate XML markup. Practical examples and methodological guidelines will be provided to elucidate how AI can be effectively prompted to interpret and generate accurate XML markup.
Further emphasis will be placed on the role of AI in developing XSLT, or schemas such as XSD and Schematron. We will address the techniques and strategies adopted to create prompts for generating code, explaining code, or refactoring the code, and the results achieved.
The discussion will extend to how AI can be used to transform XML content. In particular, the focus will be on the use of AI XPath extension functions in XSLT, Schematron, Schematron Quick Fixes, or for XML content refactoring.
The presentation aims to deliver a comprehensive overview of AI usage in XML development, providing attendees with the necessary knowledge to make informed decisions. Whether you’re at the early stages of adopting AI or considering integrating it in advanced XML development, this presentation will cover all levels of expertise.
By highlighting the potential advantages and challenges of integrating AI with XML development tools and languages, the presentation seeks to inspire thoughtful conversation around the future of XML development. We’ll not only delve into the technical aspects of AI-powered XML development but also discuss practical implications and possible future directions.
Goodbye Windows 11: Make Way for Nitrux Linux 3.5.0!SOFTTECHHUB
As the digital landscape continually evolves, operating systems play a critical role in shaping user experiences and productivity. The launch of Nitrux Linux 3.5.0 marks a significant milestone, offering a robust alternative to traditional systems such as Windows 11. This article delves into the essence of Nitrux Linux 3.5.0, exploring its unique features, advantages, and how it stands as a compelling choice for both casual users and tech enthusiasts.
Building RAG with self-deployed Milvus vector database and Snowpark Container...Zilliz
This talk will give hands-on advice on building RAG applications with an open-source Milvus database deployed as a docker container. We will also introduce the integration of Milvus with Snowpark Container Services.
UiPath Test Automation using UiPath Test Suite series, part 6DianaGray10
Welcome to UiPath Test Automation using UiPath Test Suite series part 6. In this session, we will cover Test Automation with generative AI and Open AI.
UiPath Test Automation with generative AI and Open AI webinar offers an in-depth exploration of leveraging cutting-edge technologies for test automation within the UiPath platform. Attendees will delve into the integration of generative AI, a test automation solution, with Open AI advanced natural language processing capabilities.
Throughout the session, participants will discover how this synergy empowers testers to automate repetitive tasks, enhance testing accuracy, and expedite the software testing life cycle. Topics covered include the seamless integration process, practical use cases, and the benefits of harnessing AI-driven automation for UiPath testing initiatives. By attending this webinar, testers, and automation professionals can gain valuable insights into harnessing the power of AI to optimize their test automation workflows within the UiPath ecosystem, ultimately driving efficiency and quality in software development processes.
What will you get from this session?
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2. Understanding how this integration enhances test automation within the UiPath platform
3. Practical demonstrations
4. Exploration of real-world use cases illustrating the benefits of AI-driven test automation for UiPath
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What is generative AI
Test Automation with generative AI and Open AI.
UiPath integration with generative AI
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20 Comprehensive Checklist of Designing and Developing a Website
Communications
1. Communications
Systems
The topics within this unit are:
Characteristics of communication systems.
Examples of communication systems.
Transmitting and receiving in communication
systems.
Other information processes in communication
systems.
Issues related to communication systems.
Graham Betts
2. TOPICS MENU
Click on the topic of your choice
Characteristics of Communication
Systems
Examples of Communication Systems
Transmitting and Receiving
Other Information Processes
Issues Related To Communication
Systems
Graham Betts
5. Characteristics of
Communication
Systems
More Information
must be a Sender and Receiver
A protocol is a set of rules which governs the transfer of
data between computers. Protocols allow communication
between computers and networks.
Handshaking is used to establish which protocols to use.
Handshaking controls the flow of data between computers
protocols will determine the speed of transmission, error
checking method, size of bytes, and whether synchronous
or asynchronous
Examples of protocols are: token ring, CSMA/CD, X.25,
TCP/IP
Graham Betts
6. 5 Basic Components
Every communication system has 5 basic requirements
•Data Source (where the data originates)
•Transmitter (device used to transmit data)
•Transmission Medium (cables or non cable)
•Receiver (device used to receive data)
•Destination (where the data will be placed)
Graham Betts
8. Transmission Media Speed
•Bandwidth :The amount of data which can be
transmitted on a medium over a fixed amount of time
(second). It is measured on Bits per Second or Baud
•Bits per Second (bps): A measure of
transmission speed. The number of bits (0 0r 1) which
can be transmitted in a second (more)
•Baud Rate : Is a measure of how fast a change of
state occurs (i.e. a change from 0 to 1) (more)
Graham Betts
9. Packets
Transmissions are broken up into
smaller units or data transmissions
called packets
Example
A This file is divided intobroken into four packets
data has now been packets.
It does not matter what the transmission is. It could be Word
PACKET PACKET PACKET PACKET
document, a PowerPoint or an MP3. Imagine this Green box
is a file for transfer
Graham Betts
10. Packets and OSI
After the file is divided into packets
extra information is required to make
sure it all goes back together correctly.
The OSI model helps to look after this.
The OSI model also provides much
more information which is included with
each package.
Graham Betts
11. OSI 7 Layer Model
Originally Created by Bob Baker
Modified 2006 More Information on OSI
Graham Betts
•OSI “Open System Interconnection”
•OSI is not a protocol but a list of protocols
divided between 7 layers with each layer having
a different set of functions.
•Each packet is layered/packaged with
protocols from each of the layers as it is
processed.
•The process of layering the protocols around
each package is called encapsulation. The final
encapsulated data packet is called a frame.
Graham Betts
12. Originally Created by Bob Baker
Open Systems
Modified 2006
Graham Betts
Interconnection
OSI Reference model Sender Receiver
Layer 7 application Each Packet
Each file
Layer 6 presentation The protocols
will
is divided
The encapsulated
Will be added
Layer 5 session then be
into
Packet is called
systematically The received
File
Encapsulated
packets
File File
Layer 4 transport aLayer
frame frame is then
with
By layer unpacked
Layer 3 network PROTOCOLS
in the
Layer 2 data link opposite order
Layer 1 physical
Transmission Medium
Graham Betts
13. Originally Created by Bob Baker
Services Performed at
Modified 2006
Graham Betts
Each Layer
Layer 7 application Identification, authentication
Layer 6 presentation Format conversion
Layer 5 session Set-up coordinate conversation
Layer 4 transport Ensures error-free transfer
Layer 3 network Routing of data through network
Layer 2 data link Error control and synchronisation
Layer 1 physical Placing signals on the carrier
Graham Betts
14. Originally Created by Bob Baker
Modified 2006
Graham Betts
Examples of protocols
More on Protocols
Layer 7 application E-mail, Web browser, Directory
Layer 6 presentation POP, SMTP, FTP, HTTP, DNS
Layer 5 session Sockets
Layer 4 transport TCP
Layer 3 network IP
Layer 2 data link PPP, Ethernet, Token ring
Layer 1 physical 100baseT
Graham Betts
15. Originally Created by Bob Baker
Modified 2006
Graham Betts
Encapsulation
Device 1 Device 2
Application data Application
Presentation H6 data T6 Presentation
Session H5 data T5 Session
Transport H4 data T4 (Packet) Transport
Network H3 data T3 (packet) Network
Data Link H2 data T2 Data Link
Physical H1
FRAME data T1 Physical
FRAME
carrier FRAME FRAME
Destination Source
A typical frame Preamble
Address Address
Data Padding CRC
Graham Betts
16. Error Checking Methods
More on internet
• Parity bit check
• Check sum
* data transmitted in blocks, each block added
to give a total – checksum
* used in X Modem protocol
• Cycle redundancy check
Graham Betts
18. Examples of Communication Systems
- E-mail
- Voice Mail - Fax
- Smart Phone - Instant Messaging
- Telecommuting - Video-conferencing
- Groupware - Telephony
- E-Commerce - The Internet
- Bulletin board system - The Web
- Global positioning system
Graham Betts
19. HSC Topic 3.4
Transmitting and
Receiving in
Communication Systems
Communication concepts
(transmission of data, protocols and handshaking, networks, LANs and
WANs,Topologies, Network Access Methods)
Network Hardware
(NICs, Servers, Routers and Switches, Bridges and gateways, Hubs,
Transmission media
Network Software
NOSs, Network Operating System Tasks, Logon and Logoff Procedures,
Intranets and Extranets
Graham Betts
20. Communication
Concepts
Any transmission May be:
•analog or digital
•Serial or parallel
Graham Betts
21. Serial Transmission
Data is transmitted, on a single channel, one bit at a
time one after another
- Much faster than parallel because of way bits
processed (e.g. USB and SATA drives)
1 0 0 1 1 0 0 1
Sender transmitted Receiver received
Graham Betts
22. Parallel Transmission
-each bit has it’s own piece of wire along which it travels
- often used to send data to a printer
1
Sender transmitted
0
Receiver received
0
1
1
0
0
1
All bits are sent simultaneously
Graham Betts
23. Why Not use Parallel
Instead of serial?
Due to inconsistencies on channels data
arrives at different times
Because of the way it is transmitted packet
switching cannot be used
The above two points makes parallel slower
than serial and requires higher bandwidth.
Parallel transmissions are rarely used
anymore
Graham Betts
24. Synchronous Vs
AsynchronousTransmissions
Synchronous Transmission
all data sent at once and no packet switching
Asynchronous Transmission
•Uses stop/ start bits
•most common type of serial data transfer
•Allows packet switching
•Allows sharing of bandwidth (i.e. talk on phone
while another person is using internet)
Graham Betts
26. Half Duplex
Transmission
half duplex: Both
directions but
only one
direction at a
time
Graham Betts
27. Full Duplex
Transmission
full duplex:
send and
receive both
directions at
once
Graham Betts
28. 3 Common Protocols
•Ethernet (Ethernet Network)
-Carrier Sense Multiple Access/Collision Detection
(CSMA/CD)
-TCP/IP
Graham Betts
29. Ethernet
Developed at Xerox in 1976.
First protocol approved as an industry
standard protocol 1983
LAN protocol used on bus and star
Most popular LAN protocol
Inexpensive
Graham Betts
30. Carrier Sense Multiple
Access/Collision
Detection (CSMA/CD)
- Used on bus networks to avoid data
collisions.
Graham Betts
31. TCP/IP
• Developed in 1973 for use on the
ARPANET which was a defense force
research network.
-Adopted in 1983 as the Internet standard.
all hosts on the Internet are required to use
TCP/IP.
- Allows transfer of data using packet
switching
Graham Betts
32. LANs Vs WANs
LAN is “local Area network” which is a
network confined to a small geographic
area which is a building or a group of
buildings.
WAN is “wide area network” which is a
network spread over a large geographic
area. The largest WAN is the internet.
Graham Betts
33. Examples of LANS
3 different types of LANS are:
Ring
Bus
Star
Graham Betts
34. Uses an empty data
Ring packet called a token
and a special protocol
called “token ring”.
Packets travel around
the ring in a clockwise
direction. Clients
require an empty token
to transmit data.
Advantages
- no collisions
because all data travels
in same direction.
Disadvantages
- fails if an individual
node in the network
Graham Betts fails
35. BUS TOPOLOGY
A bus is a form of Ethernet. Nodes linked by a cable known as the
bus. Bus transmits in both directions and uses CSMA/CD protocol
Advantages Disadvantages
- Easy to set up and maintain -Higher rate of data collision than
failure of one node does not affect with a bus network
network -fails if there is any damage to the
bus
Graham Betts
36. Star
All data is sent from
one client to another
through the server.
Advantages
- If one client fails no
other clients are
affected.
Disadvantages
- If central file server
fails the network fails.
Graham Betts
38. What is a Network?
A network is a number of computers and
peripheral devices connected together so as
to be able to communicate (i.e. transfer
data)
Each device in a network is called a
node.
Terminals are data entry points which
can also display.
Graham Betts
39. NETWORKS: categorized
by size
LAN – a network that connects computers in a limited
geographical area.
MAN – a backbone that connects LANs in a metropolitan
area such as a city and handles the bulk of communications
activity across that region.
WAN – covers a large geographical area such as a city or
country. Communication channels include telephone lines,
Microwave, satellites, etc.
Graham Betts
41. Bridge
Large networks can be separated into two or more smaller
networks using a bridge. This is done to increase speed and
efficiency. This type of network is called a segmented LAN and
has largely been superseded by the use of switches which can
transfer data straight to a computer and thus avoid bottleneck jams
which bridges were designed to fix.
Bridge
Graham Betts
42. Gateway
Often used to connect a LAN with a WAN. Gateways join two or
More different networks together.
Gateway
Graham Betts
43. Internet, Intranet, Extranet
Internet
public/international network which is used to access
information, e-shopping, e-banking, email
Intranet
private network (LAN or WAN) used to share resources in secure
environment
uses web pages (HTML to view) and TCP/IP protocols (to make
connection)
Extranet
intranet that has been extended to include access to or from selected
external organizations such as customers, but not general public.
Note: Connections via leased lines, or network interconnections.
Graham Betts
44. Transmission Media
More on internet
twisted pair – telephone cable
coaxial cable –Thick black cable used for
higher bandwidth communications than
twisted pair (i.e. Optus cable)
fibre optic – data transferred through
pulses of light. Extremely fast.
Non cable methods such as satelite,
microwave, wireless and bluetooth
Graham Betts
45. Network Hardware
More on Internet
SERVERS : Help to manage the network and the resources
of that network. On larger networks servers commonly have
specialised tasks such as: File Servers: stores and manages
files, Print Servers: manages printers and print jobs, Mail
Server: Manages email, Web Server: manages web access.
Routers : connects multiple networks and are protocol
independent. can be used in place of a switch or bridge.
Switches : smart hubs which transmit packets to the
destination port only
Hubs : like double adapters /power boards in the home
except instead of plugging in extension cords we are plugging
in computers to allow them to communicate.
Graham Betts
46. Some Network
Administration Tasks
- adding/removing users
- assigning users to printers
- giving users file access rights
- installation of software and sharing with users
- client installation and protocol assignment
- logon and logoff procedures
- network based applications
Graham Betts
47. Other Infor mation
Processes in
Communication
Systems
Collecting: phone as collection device with voice mail,
EFTPOS terminal as a collection device for electronic
banking
processing: sending of attachments with e-mail,
encoding and decoding methods, including: analog data
to analog signal, digital data to analog signal, digital
data to digital signal, analog data to digital signal, client-
server architecture: the client controls the user interface
and the application logic server controls access to the
database
Graham Betts
48. Collecting
Collecting : The following are collection devices:
ATMs for internet banking, EFTPOS for stores,
microphone and video camera for video conferencing.
Data can be analog or digital
Graham Betts
49. Processing
Processing: Is the manipulation or
changing the data into a more useable
format. The processing may include
changing the appearance of the data,
the file type or storage options.
Graham Betts
51. Issues related to
Communication Systems
Messaging Systems (social context, Danger of Misinterpretation, Power
Relationships, Privacy and confidentiality, power relationships, electronic junk
mail, information overload)
Internet (Internet trading, taxation, employment, nature of business, trade
barriers, censorship, child protection, internet banking, security, changing
nature of work, branch closures and job losses, radio and video)
Telecommuting (work from home), blurring between work and home,
more stress, advantagesand disadvantages)
Graham Betts
52. Issues relating to
messaging systems
•‘netiquette’ is etiquette/ manners on net
•Many people rely on messaging systems more
than spoken or face to face communication.
•written word only recipient miss out on (e.g. body
language and voice inflection)
•privacy (employers have right to read e-mail at
work)
•Spam is overloading mailboxes
•Work/ information overload from ever growing
number of emails
Graham Betts
53. Issues relating to
internet trading
employment ramifications
Effect on trade barriers and
taxation laws
Phishing and security
Graham Betts
54. Issues relating to
internet banking
•branch closures and job losses
•decreasing number of bank branches
•job losses
•changing nature of work
•security of banking details
Graham Betts
56. Acknowledgements
Slides 11-15 were originally created by
Bob Baker and have been modified by
Graham Betts
A number of slides have been adapted
from a slide show by Loretta Kocovska
around 2001 especially the illustrations
on slides 18,39,40, 41, 42 and 43
Graham Betts
Editor's Notes
Easy to add extra computers . If computer goes down it doesn’t affect rest of network
If central host goes doewn affects rest of network
LAN local area network
Contention occurs on star and bus networks.
Devives that connect local area networks If a BUS or ring then a Gateway needs to be used