The document provides an introduction to endocrine physiology and compares the endocrine and nervous systems. It discusses how the endocrine system communicates via hormones traveling through the bloodstream to target cells, while the nervous system uses electrical signals. Both systems work together to coordinate body functions. The endocrine system includes glands that secrete hormones, such as the thyroid, to regulate metabolism, growth, and reproduction through distant effects on target cells.
The endocrine system is composed of organs positioned throughout the body in widely separated locations. Endocrinology is the study of the structure and functioning of the endocrine system.
The endocrine system is composed of organs positioned throughout the body in widely separated locations. Endocrinology is the study of the structure and functioning of the endocrine system.
Receptor by Pandian M, Tutor, Dept of Physiology, DYPMCKOP, MH. This PPT for ...Pandian M
Introduction
SENSORY RECEPTORS
Structurally 3 types of receptors
Transducers
CLASSIFICATION OF RECEPTORS
A. Depending on the source of stimulus(Sherrington’s classification)
B. Depending upon type of stimulus
C. Clinical or anatomical classification of receptors
Production of receptor potential
Properties of receptors
Properties of receptor potential
The endocrine system is a messenger system comprising feedback loops of the hormones released by internal glands of an organism directly into the circulatory system, regulating distant target organs. In vertebrates, the hypothalamus is the neural control center for all endocrine systems.
Basic Introduction to the vast science of the endocrine glands and their interactions. A brief review into the physiological processes that result in endocrine disorders.
Receptor by Pandian M, Tutor, Dept of Physiology, DYPMCKOP, MH. This PPT for ...Pandian M
Introduction
SENSORY RECEPTORS
Structurally 3 types of receptors
Transducers
CLASSIFICATION OF RECEPTORS
A. Depending on the source of stimulus(Sherrington’s classification)
B. Depending upon type of stimulus
C. Clinical or anatomical classification of receptors
Production of receptor potential
Properties of receptors
Properties of receptor potential
The endocrine system is a messenger system comprising feedback loops of the hormones released by internal glands of an organism directly into the circulatory system, regulating distant target organs. In vertebrates, the hypothalamus is the neural control center for all endocrine systems.
Basic Introduction to the vast science of the endocrine glands and their interactions. A brief review into the physiological processes that result in endocrine disorders.
Een nieuw overzicht van de sterkste merken van Nederland, op basis van het jaarlijkse BrandAsset Valuator merkenonderzoek. Merkenergie is het sleutelwoord voor succesvolle merken anno 2013.
Een celebrity kan zorgen voor de aandacht die nodig is om een campagne te doen slagen, maar ook zeker een rol spelen in het overbrengen van de merkassociaties en hiermee de merkloyaliteit van consumenten versterken. Het celebrityBAV-onderzoek brengt het imago van bekende Nederlandse en buitenlandse sterren in kaart en biedt de mogelijkheid de juiste celebrity endorser te vinden.
Als marketeer is het fijn om te weten of jouw merk stijgt in populariteit, maar tegelijkertijd ben je op zoek naar het ‘waarom’. Er is immers niet slechts één route om populair te worden als een merk. Het is net als met mensen: iedere karaktereigenschap heeft een ander effect op mensen. Een populaire eigenschap bij de een, hoeft niet per definitie populair te zijn bij de ander. Dit is voor ons een vruchtbare voedingsbodem. We nemen jullie mee langs Planet Popular om een beeld te schetsen wat de meest populaire merken van Nederland met elkaar gemeen hebben, maar ook waarin zij van elkaar verschillen.
The active principles of the endocrine glands are called hormones.
Hormones are specific chemical substances discharged directly into the blood.
The blood distributes the hormones through out the body.
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Introduction of endocrine
AT THE END OF THIS SESSION, STUDENT SHOULD BE ABLE TO:
Define and differentiate between various chemical messengers in the body.
Define hormones and list the major functions of hormones in the body.
Enumerate the hormone secreting tissues and their hormones.
Classify hormones according to their chemical nature.
Describe briefly the major mechanisms for hormone actions.
Describe nervous-endocrine relationship.
Revise feedback as a mechanism of control of hormone secretion.
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Ve...kevinkariuki227
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Verified Chapters 1 - 19, Complete Newest Version.pdf
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Verified Chapters 1 - 19, Complete Newest Version.pdf
Title: Sense of Taste
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the structure and function of taste buds.
Describe the relationship between the taste threshold and taste index of common substances.
Explain the chemical basis and signal transduction of taste perception for each type of primary taste sensation.
Recognize different abnormalities of taste perception and their causes.
Key Topics:
Significance of Taste Sensation:
Differentiation between pleasant and harmful food
Influence on behavior
Selection of food based on metabolic needs
Receptors of Taste:
Taste buds on the tongue
Influence of sense of smell, texture of food, and pain stimulation (e.g., by pepper)
Primary and Secondary Taste Sensations:
Primary taste sensations: Sweet, Sour, Salty, Bitter, Umami
Chemical basis and signal transduction mechanisms for each taste
Taste Threshold and Index:
Taste threshold values for Sweet (sucrose), Salty (NaCl), Sour (HCl), and Bitter (Quinine)
Taste index relationship: Inversely proportional to taste threshold
Taste Blindness:
Inability to taste certain substances, particularly thiourea compounds
Example: Phenylthiocarbamide
Structure and Function of Taste Buds:
Composition: Epithelial cells, Sustentacular/Supporting cells, Taste cells, Basal cells
Features: Taste pores, Taste hairs/microvilli, and Taste nerve fibers
Location of Taste Buds:
Found in papillae of the tongue (Fungiform, Circumvallate, Foliate)
Also present on the palate, tonsillar pillars, epiglottis, and proximal esophagus
Mechanism of Taste Stimulation:
Interaction of taste substances with receptors on microvilli
Signal transduction pathways for Umami, Sweet, Bitter, Sour, and Salty tastes
Taste Sensitivity and Adaptation:
Decrease in sensitivity with age
Rapid adaptation of taste sensation
Role of Saliva in Taste:
Dissolution of tastants to reach receptors
Washing away the stimulus
Taste Preferences and Aversions:
Mechanisms behind taste preference and aversion
Influence of receptors and neural pathways
Impact of Sensory Nerve Damage:
Degeneration of taste buds if the sensory nerve fiber is cut
Abnormalities of Taste Detection:
Conditions: Ageusia, Hypogeusia, Dysgeusia (parageusia)
Causes: Nerve damage, neurological disorders, infections, poor oral hygiene, adverse drug effects, deficiencies, aging, tobacco use, altered neurotransmitter levels
Neurotransmitters and Taste Threshold:
Effects of serotonin (5-HT) and norepinephrine (NE) on taste sensitivity
Supertasters:
25% of the population with heightened sensitivity to taste, especially bitterness
Increased number of fungiform papillae
Explore natural remedies for syphilis treatment in Singapore. Discover alternative therapies, herbal remedies, and lifestyle changes that may complement conventional treatments. Learn about holistic approaches to managing syphilis symptoms and supporting overall health.
Lung Cancer: Artificial Intelligence, Synergetics, Complex System Analysis, S...Oleg Kshivets
RESULTS: Overall life span (LS) was 2252.1±1742.5 days and cumulative 5-year survival (5YS) reached 73.2%, 10 years – 64.8%, 20 years – 42.5%. 513 LCP lived more than 5 years (LS=3124.6±1525.6 days), 148 LCP – more than 10 years (LS=5054.4±1504.1 days).199 LCP died because of LC (LS=562.7±374.5 days). 5YS of LCP after bi/lobectomies was significantly superior in comparison with LCP after pneumonectomies (78.1% vs.63.7%, P=0.00001 by log-rank test). AT significantly improved 5YS (66.3% vs. 34.8%) (P=0.00000 by log-rank test) only for LCP with N1-2. Cox modeling displayed that 5YS of LCP significantly depended on: phase transition (PT) early-invasive LC in terms of synergetics, PT N0—N12, cell ratio factors (ratio between cancer cells- CC and blood cells subpopulations), G1-3, histology, glucose, AT, blood cell circuit, prothrombin index, heparin tolerance, recalcification time (P=0.000-0.038). Neural networks, genetic algorithm selection and bootstrap simulation revealed relationships between 5YS and PT early-invasive LC (rank=1), PT N0—N12 (rank=2), thrombocytes/CC (3), erythrocytes/CC (4), eosinophils/CC (5), healthy cells/CC (6), lymphocytes/CC (7), segmented neutrophils/CC (8), stick neutrophils/CC (9), monocytes/CC (10); leucocytes/CC (11). Correct prediction of 5YS was 100% by neural networks computing (area under ROC curve=1.0; error=0.0).
CONCLUSIONS: 5YS of LCP after radical procedures significantly depended on: 1) PT early-invasive cancer; 2) PT N0--N12; 3) cell ratio factors; 4) blood cell circuit; 5) biochemical factors; 6) hemostasis system; 7) AT; 8) LC characteristics; 9) LC cell dynamics; 10) surgery type: lobectomy/pneumonectomy; 11) anthropometric data. Optimal diagnosis and treatment strategies for LC are: 1) screening and early detection of LC; 2) availability of experienced thoracic surgeons because of complexity of radical procedures; 3) aggressive en block surgery and adequate lymph node dissection for completeness; 4) precise prediction; 5) adjuvant chemoimmunoradiotherapy for LCP with unfavorable prognosis.
ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE IN HEALTHCARE.pdfAnujkumaranit
Artificial intelligence (AI) refers to the simulation of human intelligence processes by machines, especially computer systems. It encompasses tasks such as learning, reasoning, problem-solving, perception, and language understanding. AI technologies are revolutionizing various fields, from healthcare to finance, by enabling machines to perform tasks that typically require human intelligence.
Couples presenting to the infertility clinic- Do they really have infertility...Sujoy Dasgupta
Dr Sujoy Dasgupta presented the study on "Couples presenting to the infertility clinic- Do they really have infertility? – The unexplored stories of non-consummation" in the 13th Congress of the Asia Pacific Initiative on Reproduction (ASPIRE 2024) at Manila on 24 May, 2024.
Prix Galien International 2024 Forum ProgramLevi Shapiro
June 20, 2024, Prix Galien International and Jerusalem Ethics Forum in ROME. Detailed agenda including panels:
- ADVANCES IN CARDIOLOGY: A NEW PARADIGM IS COMING
- WOMEN’S HEALTH: FERTILITY PRESERVATION
- WHAT’S NEW IN THE TREATMENT OF INFECTIOUS,
ONCOLOGICAL AND INFLAMMATORY SKIN DISEASES?
- ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE AND ETHICS
- GENE THERAPY
- BEYOND BORDERS: GLOBAL INITIATIVES FOR DEMOCRATIZING LIFE SCIENCE TECHNOLOGIES AND PROMOTING ACCESS TO HEALTHCARE
- ETHICAL CHALLENGES IN LIFE SCIENCES
- Prix Galien International Awards Ceremony
The prostate is an exocrine gland of the male mammalian reproductive system
It is a walnut-sized gland that forms part of the male reproductive system and is located in front of the rectum and just below the urinary bladder
Function is to store and secrete a clear, slightly alkaline fluid that constitutes 10-30% of the volume of the seminal fluid that along with the spermatozoa, constitutes semen
A healthy human prostate measures (4cm-vertical, by 3cm-horizontal, 2cm ant-post ).
It surrounds the urethra just below the urinary bladder. It has anterior, median, posterior and two lateral lobes
It’s work is regulated by androgens which are responsible for male sex characteristics
Generalised disease of the prostate due to hormonal derangement which leads to non malignant enlargement of the gland (increase in the number of epithelial cells and stromal tissue)to cause compression of the urethra leading to symptoms (LUTS
MANAGEMENT OF ATRIOVENTRICULAR CONDUCTION BLOCK.pdfJim Jacob Roy
Cardiac conduction defects can occur due to various causes.
Atrioventricular conduction blocks ( AV blocks ) are classified into 3 types.
This document describes the acute management of AV block.
Ethanol (CH3CH2OH), or beverage alcohol, is a two-carbon alcohol
that is rapidly distributed in the body and brain. Ethanol alters many
neurochemical systems and has rewarding and addictive properties. It
is the oldest recreational drug and likely contributes to more morbidity,
mortality, and public health costs than all illicit drugs combined. The
5th edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
(DSM-5) integrates alcohol abuse and alcohol dependence into a single
disorder called alcohol use disorder (AUD), with mild, moderate,
and severe subclassifications (American Psychiatric Association, 2013).
In the DSM-5, all types of substance abuse and dependence have been
combined into a single substance use disorder (SUD) on a continuum
from mild to severe. A diagnosis of AUD requires that at least two of
the 11 DSM-5 behaviors be present within a 12-month period (mild
AUD: 2–3 criteria; moderate AUD: 4–5 criteria; severe AUD: 6–11 criteria).
The four main behavioral effects of AUD are impaired control over
drinking, negative social consequences, risky use, and altered physiological
effects (tolerance, withdrawal). This chapter presents an overview
of the prevalence and harmful consequences of AUD in the U.S.,
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comorbidities, fetal alcohol spectrum disorders, genetic risk factors, and
pharmacotherapies for AUD.
micro teaching on communication m.sc nursing.pdfAnurag Sharma
Microteaching is a unique model of practice teaching. It is a viable instrument for the. desired change in the teaching behavior or the behavior potential which, in specified types of real. classroom situations, tends to facilitate the achievement of specified types of objectives.
3. II. Endocrine vs. Nervous SysteII. Endocrine vs. Nervous Syste
Major communication systems in the body
Integrate stimuli and responses to changes
in external and internal environment
Both are crucial to coordinated functions of
highly differentiated cells, tissues and
organs
Unlike the nervous system, the endocrine
system is anatomically discontinuous.
4. Nervous systemNervous system
•The nervous system exerts
point-to-point control through
nerves, similar to sending
messages by conventional
telephone.
•Nervous control is electrical in
nature and fast.
5. Hormones travel via the bloodstream to target cellsHormones travel via the bloodstream to target cells
•The endocrine system broadcasts its
hormonal messages to essentially all
cells by secretion into blood and
extracellular fluid.
•Like a radio broadcast, it requires a
receiver to get the message –
•in the case of endocrine messages,
cells must bear a receptor for the
hormone being broadcast in order to
respond.
6. Together, the nervous and endocrine systems coordinate
functions of all body systems.
NERVOUS SYSTEM VS. ENDOCRINE SYSTEM
NERVOUS
neurotransmitters hormones
ENDOCRINE
muscle contractions and glandular
secretions
metabolic activities , growth &
development, reproduction
acts in milliseconds acts in seconds to minutes to
hours to days to months
brief effects long-lasting effects
7. Coordination of body functions by chemical messengers
The multiple activities of the cells, tissues ,and organs of the
body are coordinated by the interplay of several types of
chemical messenger systems:
Neurotransmitters are released by axon terminals of
neurons into the synaptic junctions and act locally to control
nerve cell functions . E.g. Acetylcholine, epinephrine etc
Endocrine hormones are released by glands or specialized
cells into the circulating blood and influence the function of
cells at another location. E.g. thyroid hormones, insulin etc
Neuroendocrine hormones are secreted by neurons into the
circulating blood and influence the function of cells at
another location in the body . Oxytocin, ADH,
hypothalamic releasing hormones.
8. Coordination of body functions by chemical messengers
Paracrines are secreted by cells into the extracellular
fluid and effect neighboring cells of different type . e. g.
GI hormones like histamine, gastrin, somatostatin etc
Autocrines are secreted by cells into the extracellular
fluid and affect the function of the same cells that
produced them. E.g. Interferon
Cytokines are peptides secreted by cells into the
extracellular fluid and can function as autocrines
,paracrine ,or endocrine hormones (interleukins,and
lymphokines) .
12. Introduction to endocrine glandsIntroduction to endocrine glands
Endocrine gland:Endocrine gland: A gland that secretes a chemical substance (a hormone)A gland that secretes a chemical substance (a hormone)
into the bloodstream. The endocrine glands are "glands of internalinto the bloodstream. The endocrine glands are "glands of internal
secretion."secretion."
14. Hormones:
Specific chemical product secreted by endocrine glands
transported by blood stream to reach target cells to elicit
specific response.
Help regulate total body metabolism, growth, internal
environment and reproduction.
it exerts its effect at very low concentrations.
15. For a chemical substance to be a classical endocrine hormone ,
it must fulfill following characteristics:
Must be synthesized by one or more endocrinal glands;
Must be released directly into the blood (or into lymphatic
channel), without being laid by duct;
Must have a very low blood concentration;
Needs a stimulus for its secretion, and
Acts on distant target cells, containing hormone specific
receptors.
Must have a feedback control system ( regulation)
16. Receptors:
Specific molecular groups of protein present at cell
membrane or inside cell which bind with hormone
specifically with high affinity.
Hormones and their receptor relationship is
expressed – in terms of
Affinity (bind to receptors with high bond strength).
Capacity (quantity of hormone binding)
Hormones binds to the receptor with high specificity
and affinity !!
17. Membrane Receptor Signal Pathways
• Signal molecule (ligand)
• Receptor
• Intracellular signal
• Target protein
• Response
18. Maintenance of growth & development – Growth hormone,
Thyroxine, insulin, Glucocorticoid, & Gonadal hormones
Maintenance of internal environment – ADH,
Mineralocorticoids, PTH
Regulation of energy balance and metabolism –Insulin,
glucagon , Leptin & Ghrelin
Reproduction & species propagation – Gonadal & Pituitary
hormones
General Functions of the Endocrine system
19. V. Properties of the hormone effect
1. Specificity
The special feature of the the target cells is the
presence of receptors which can “attract” and
interact with the hormone.
20. The receptors may be present either on the
plasma membrane, or in the cytoplasm, or in
the nucleus.
These receptor molecules are protein in nature
and may contain carbohydrate or phospholipid
moieties.
21. 2. Signal Transmission
The role of the hormones is to transit the regulatory signals
from the control (endocrine) system to the target cells
(organs or glands).
It could enhance or inhibit some function of the target.
22. 3. High Biological Efficiency
Low plasma concentration (nmol – pmol/L) great
regulatory function
24. 4. Interaction Between the Hormones
(1) Synergistic effects. When two or more hormones
work together to produce particular result their effects
are said to be synergistic.
These effects may be additive or complementary.
Additive: Same effect of the hormones on one target
organ, for example, epinephrine and norepinephrine on
the heart rate
Complementary: Work on different stages of a
physiological procedure, for example, FSH (initiation) and
testosterone (maintenance) on spermatogenesis
25.
26. (2) Permissive effect. A hormone is said to have a
permissive effect on the action of a second hormone when
it enhances the responsiveness of a target organ to the
second hormone or when it increases the activity of the
second hormone.
Estrogen – Expression of progesterone receptors on uterus
– progesterone effect on the uterus.
Glucocorticoids – effects of catecholamines on
cardiovascular system
Thyroid hormones- effects of catecholamines on
cardiovascular system
27. (3) Antagonist Effects. In some situations the actions of
one hormone antagonize the effects of another.
Lactation during pregnancy is prevented because the high
concentration of estrogen in the blood inhibits the milk
secretion and action of prolactin.
28. EFFECTS OF HORMONE ON TISSUE
RESPONSE
28
Receptors are dynamic components
Down–regulation : decrease in the number of target-
cell receptors for a given hormone in response to a
chronic high concentration of that hormone. Cells may
display hyporesponsiveness (Desensitization).
Up–regulation : increase in the number of target-cell
receptors for a given hormone in response to chronic
low concentration of that hormone. Cells may display
hyper responsiveness (Priming effect)
29. Chemical Regulating Systems: Summary
Hormones: cell to cell communication molecules
Made in gland(s) or cells
Transported by blood
Distant or local target tissue receptors
Activates physiological response
Help regulate total body metabolism, growth, internal
environment and reproduction.
30. Types of cell-to-cell signaling (communication system)
1. Neural
Neuron NT synaptic cleft NT(neuron) excitable
or secretory cell
2. Endocrine
Endocrine cell hormone blood hormone target cell
3. Paracrine
Secretory cell secretion IF secretion adjacent cell
4. Autocrine
Secretory cell secretion IF secretion