The document provides guidance on different types of business letters, including their typical structure and formatting. It describes letters of inquiry, transmittal, complaint, good news, bad news, and application, noting that each typically includes an introduction, body, and conclusion section. Guidelines are also given for writing effective business letters in general, such as considering your audience, purpose, tone, and essential letter components.
The document provides guidance on proper business grammar and writing techniques. It discusses using powerful verbs, active voice, subject-verb agreement, pronouns, adjectives vs adverbs, contractions, lay vs lie, affect vs effect, and other commonly confused terms. It emphasizes avoiding redundant or sexist language and tailoring writing to the intended audience using a "you approach." Resources for further reference on business English skills are also listed.
FellowBuddy.com is an innovative platform that brings students together to share notes, exam papers, study guides, project reports and presentation for upcoming exams.
We connect Students who have an understanding of course material with Students who need help.
Benefits:-
# Students can catch up on notes they missed because of an absence.
# Underachievers can find peer developed notes that break down lecture and study material in a way that they can understand
# Students can earn better grades, save time and study effectively
Our Vision & Mission – Simplifying Students Life
Our Belief – “The great breakthrough in your life comes when you realize it, that you can learn anything you need to learn; to accomplish any goal that you have set for yourself. This means there are no limits on what you can be, have or do.”
Like Us - https://www.facebook.com/FellowBuddycom
The document provides information on letters and their components. It discusses the different types of letters, including formal business letters and informal personal letters. Guidelines are given for key parts of letters such as the address, date, salutation, body, complimentary close, and signature. Different formats for letter writing like full block, semi-block and modified block are also described. Finally, the document notes some common abbreviations used in letter writing and differences between hard copy and electronic letters.
Cohesion refers to the use of linguistic devices like pronouns, conjunctions and lexical repetition to link sentences together, while coherence depends on the reader interpreting how the ideas in a text are related. A text can be cohesive through these linking devices without necessarily making logical sense or being coherent. Coherence is achieved when the reader can interpret how each sentence relates semantically to the overall meaning of the text.
All & sundry use English for text messaging. They use ‘techniques’ & appear ‘message-savvy’ & adopt ‘cults’. Their primary motive is relationship building, sustenance, enrichment and social interaction. Many researchers have studied the language of the text messages. They have opined that textese English can have a positive or negative or no effect whatsoever on the English of the students. This presentation is an attempt to show how textese English has had a negative impact/adverse effect on students in India.
The document discusses the structure of arguments in language. It defines an argument as an expression that helps complete the meaning of a predicate. Predicates take one, two, or three arguments to form a predicate-argument structure. An adjunct is an optional part of a sentence that does not affect the sentence if removed. Valency theory explores the nature of predicates, arguments, and adjuncts. Transitivity relates to whether a verb can take direct objects and how many. Selectional properties determine the semantic content of a predicate's arguments. Theta theory assigns thematic roles like agent and patient to arguments.
The document discusses key concepts in interactional sociolinguistics including politeness, contextualization cues, framing, conversational inference, and code-switching. It also examines their contributions to understanding intercultural communication and preventing miscommunication across cultures. Theories from linguistics, anthropology and pragmatics are explored in relation to interactional sociolinguistics and how sociocultural knowledge shapes language use and interpretation in conversations.
The document provides guidance on different types of business letters, including their typical structure and formatting. It describes letters of inquiry, transmittal, complaint, good news, bad news, and application, noting that each typically includes an introduction, body, and conclusion section. Guidelines are also given for writing effective business letters in general, such as considering your audience, purpose, tone, and essential letter components.
The document provides guidance on proper business grammar and writing techniques. It discusses using powerful verbs, active voice, subject-verb agreement, pronouns, adjectives vs adverbs, contractions, lay vs lie, affect vs effect, and other commonly confused terms. It emphasizes avoiding redundant or sexist language and tailoring writing to the intended audience using a "you approach." Resources for further reference on business English skills are also listed.
FellowBuddy.com is an innovative platform that brings students together to share notes, exam papers, study guides, project reports and presentation for upcoming exams.
We connect Students who have an understanding of course material with Students who need help.
Benefits:-
# Students can catch up on notes they missed because of an absence.
# Underachievers can find peer developed notes that break down lecture and study material in a way that they can understand
# Students can earn better grades, save time and study effectively
Our Vision & Mission – Simplifying Students Life
Our Belief – “The great breakthrough in your life comes when you realize it, that you can learn anything you need to learn; to accomplish any goal that you have set for yourself. This means there are no limits on what you can be, have or do.”
Like Us - https://www.facebook.com/FellowBuddycom
The document provides information on letters and their components. It discusses the different types of letters, including formal business letters and informal personal letters. Guidelines are given for key parts of letters such as the address, date, salutation, body, complimentary close, and signature. Different formats for letter writing like full block, semi-block and modified block are also described. Finally, the document notes some common abbreviations used in letter writing and differences between hard copy and electronic letters.
Cohesion refers to the use of linguistic devices like pronouns, conjunctions and lexical repetition to link sentences together, while coherence depends on the reader interpreting how the ideas in a text are related. A text can be cohesive through these linking devices without necessarily making logical sense or being coherent. Coherence is achieved when the reader can interpret how each sentence relates semantically to the overall meaning of the text.
All & sundry use English for text messaging. They use ‘techniques’ & appear ‘message-savvy’ & adopt ‘cults’. Their primary motive is relationship building, sustenance, enrichment and social interaction. Many researchers have studied the language of the text messages. They have opined that textese English can have a positive or negative or no effect whatsoever on the English of the students. This presentation is an attempt to show how textese English has had a negative impact/adverse effect on students in India.
The document discusses the structure of arguments in language. It defines an argument as an expression that helps complete the meaning of a predicate. Predicates take one, two, or three arguments to form a predicate-argument structure. An adjunct is an optional part of a sentence that does not affect the sentence if removed. Valency theory explores the nature of predicates, arguments, and adjuncts. Transitivity relates to whether a verb can take direct objects and how many. Selectional properties determine the semantic content of a predicate's arguments. Theta theory assigns thematic roles like agent and patient to arguments.
The document discusses key concepts in interactional sociolinguistics including politeness, contextualization cues, framing, conversational inference, and code-switching. It also examines their contributions to understanding intercultural communication and preventing miscommunication across cultures. Theories from linguistics, anthropology and pragmatics are explored in relation to interactional sociolinguistics and how sociocultural knowledge shapes language use and interpretation in conversations.
The document discusses the key elements of communication and barriers to effective communication. It identifies the main elements of communication as being not isolated, involving at least two individuals, and primarily for the exchange of information. It then outlines the main types of barriers as psychological, organizational, cultural, and process barriers. Psychological barriers include emotions like fear, anger, and anxiety. Cultural barriers involve differences in language, gender, religion, and status. Process barriers relate to issues with senders, receivers, mediums, feedback, and encoding or decoding messages.
Cohesion refers to the grammatical and lexical links within a text that connect different parts, such as the use of synonyms, pronouns, and verb tenses. Coherence is how the meanings and sequences of ideas relate to each other from a general to specific or problem to solution structure. While cohesion focuses on language links, coherence makes the overall ideas of the text sensible; a text can have cohesion but lack coherence if the ideas are not well structured.
This document provides guidance on proper email etiquette and management. It discusses best practices for writing professional emails, such as using accurate, concise and clear language. It also offers tips for structuring, formatting and proofreading emails. The document recommends managing emails effectively using techniques like the 2-minute rule and 4Ds approach. It provides guidance on responding to emails in a timely manner, appropriate use of email functions, and out of office messages. The overall document aims to help users communicate professionally and efficiently through email.
This document provides an overview of semiotics, including its history, definitions, key figures, and concepts. Semiotics is the study of signs and symbols and their use or interpretation. It has its roots in ancient Greek philosophy and more recently in the work of Ferdinand de Saussure, Charles Sanders Pierce, and Roland Barthes. Saussure introduced key concepts like the signifier/signified relationship and the arbitrary nature of linguistic signs. Pierce explored signs in a broader context and classified three types of signs: symbols, icons, and indexes. Barthes studied how signs and images represent culture and ideology, introducing concepts like denotation, connotation, and myth. Semiotics provides tools for analyzing meaning in texts and
The slides contain a short account of the relationship between discourse analysis and interactional sociolinguistics linguistics. They also provide a short account of different approaches to politeness. The influence of Gumperz and Goffman on politeness and facework is highlighted.
Power relationships exist in workplaces based on employee positions and levels within an organization. This is evident in two conversations analyzed between employees at a movie theater. In the first conversation between two attendants of similar age, there is an informal and friendly relationship with social closeness and humor. In the second conversation between an attendant and older manager, there is social distance, respect, and minimal humor due to their different roles and ages. While small talk is used in both, the manager controls its use to emphasize or de-emphasize power dynamics based on the relationship. Age plays an important role in shaping these workplace interactions and power relationships.
This document provides information on business letters, including their purpose, format, and tips for writing them effectively. Business letters are formal correspondence between businesses used for purposes like placing orders, inquiries, credit requests, and conveying goodwill. The standard format includes elements like the letterhead, date, inside address, subject, salutation, body, complimentary close, signature, and enclosures. Key aspects are to be concise, complete, considerate of the reader, clear, correct, and courteous in tone and content. Proper letter writing helps ensure persuasive, well-considered communication between businesses.
This document provides a comparison between tragedies and epics. It defines tragedies as works with serious conflicts and unhappy endings. Tragedies depict the downfall of kings, queens, and heroes through divine justice and fate. Epics are very long works that include digressions and descriptions. They tell stories of heroes over long journeys and include many secondary characters and gods. Key differences are that epics have longer plots composed of multiple tragic plots, use hexameter metre, and deal with the fortunes of people rather than individuals. Examples of tragedies include Hamlet and Manvini Bhavai, while epics include The Iliad, Odyssey, Paradise Lost, and the Mahabharata and
The document provides an overview of critical discourse analysis (CDA). It discusses how CDA emerged from critical linguistics and examines how language both shapes and is shaped by society. CDA is concerned with studying texts to reveal the discursive sources of power, dominance, and bias. The document also describes Fairclough's three-dimensional model of CDA and how it analyzes the text, discursive practice, and social practice dimensions of language.
Oral communication describes any interaction that uses spoken words to convey a message. It has several advantages like being more time efficient and allowing for immediate feedback and clarification. However, it also has limitations such as messages not being retained for long and the inability to take back words once spoken. Effective oral communication requires clear pronunciation, brevity, precision, conviction and choosing appropriate words and register for the audience. It can be improved by reading, listening, and practicing speaking in different situations. Common types include face-to-face interactions, video conferencing, telephone calls, presentations, interviews and group discussions.
Letter writing, Business, Personal letter Writing formatHafiz Nauman
This document provides information about writing letters, including business letters. It discusses the key parts and mechanics of letter writing such as the letterhead, date, inside address, salutation, body, complimentary close, signature, and enclosure. It explains the purpose and content that should be included in each part. Additionally, it describes the two main categories of letters - business letters and personal letters. Finally, it outlines the general formats for letters, including the full block, semi-block, and modified block styles.
The document provides guidance on writing effective business letters, including the purpose, audience, form, and typical parts of a business letter. It discusses the key components of a business letter such as the heading, inside address, salutation, body, complimentary close, signature, and enclosures. Specific tips are provided, such as using an easy to read font, one to one and a half inch margins, avoiding abbreviations, and keeping the letter to one page or less. Common business letter styles like block and modified block format are also outlined.
This document provides an overview of transitivity and theme/rheme analysis in systemic functional grammar. It defines transitivity as how meaning is represented in clauses and how speakers encode their view of reality. It describes the key components of transitivity processes - processes, participants, and circumstances. It outlines six major process types: material, mental, relational, behavioral, verbal, and existential. For each process type, it defines the participants and provides examples. The document also analyzes the participants and process types used in different parts of the short story "Heroic Mother".
This document discusses variation analysis, which examines patterns in alternative ways of saying the same thing in a language. Variationists assume that social context influences language use. They study how speech varies based on social and linguistic factors by observing language use in different social settings. The document contrasts the vernacular, which is language used with little attention to style, with more prestigious forms that may be used when speech is being observed or judged. It provides examples of linguistic variation in words, pronunciations, and syntax. The end discusses narrative and list as different text types that have distinct information structures related to temporal sequencing, descriptions, and evaluations.
Semantics is the study of meaning in language. It is a branch of linguistics that examines how meaning is constructed and interpreted through signs and symbols like words, phrases, and sentences. Understanding semantics is essential for studying language acquisition and how meaning can be constructed, clarified, or obscured through things like ambiguity, synonyms, and context.
This document discusses theories of language and gender from historical perspectives. It covers dominance approaches viewing women's speech as subordinate due to societal inequalities. Difference theory sees gender differences in language due to socialization into different subcultures. Current social constructionist theory views gender as negotiated through interaction rather than innate. Variation within and across cultures is explored, finding women sometimes have restricted access to prestigious languages or act as cultural brokers between groups.
Discourse analysis refers to studying language use beyond the sentence level, including conversational exchanges and written texts. There are several approaches to discourse analysis from different disciplines. These include speech act theory (language as action), conversation analysis (structure of dialogue), interactional sociolinguistics (context and social identities), ethnography of communication (culture and communication), pragmatics (meaning based on context), and variation analysis (linguistic structures in texts). Each approach provides a distinct perspective for analyzing discourse in social contexts.
This document defines and provides examples of different semantic roles including agent, patient or theme, instrument, experiencer, and location. It explains that semantic roles describe the underlying relationship that participants have with the main verb in a clause. For example, in the sentence "The boy kicked the ball", the boy is the agent performing the action of kicking, while the ball is the theme or patient that is affected by the action. The document also introduces feature notation as a method to express the existence or non-existence of semantic properties using plus and minus signs, such as [+HUMAN] to denote entities that are human.
Communication ethics deals with the principles governing different forms of communication and considers what is right and wrong. It focuses on maintaining a balance between speaking and listening, and the appropriate use of criticism, praise and emotional appeals. Upholding truth, access to information, understanding diverse perspectives, and avoiding harm are some of the key principles of ethical communication across interpersonal, mass media, and corporate contexts. Codes of ethics provide guidelines to help navigate complex communication situations and make ethical choices.
This document discusses communication ethics and provides information on key topics such as:
- The definition of communication ethics and how it deals with the principles governing communication.
- Four principles of interpersonal communication including that it is inescapable, irreversible, complicated, and contextual.
- Frameworks for ethical decision making including deontological, utilitarian, and virtue ethics.
- Examples of unethical communication such as coercive, destructive, and deceptive behaviors.
- The importance of codes of ethics, freedom of expression balanced with limits, and maintaining ethics in mass communication.
The document discusses the key elements of communication and barriers to effective communication. It identifies the main elements of communication as being not isolated, involving at least two individuals, and primarily for the exchange of information. It then outlines the main types of barriers as psychological, organizational, cultural, and process barriers. Psychological barriers include emotions like fear, anger, and anxiety. Cultural barriers involve differences in language, gender, religion, and status. Process barriers relate to issues with senders, receivers, mediums, feedback, and encoding or decoding messages.
Cohesion refers to the grammatical and lexical links within a text that connect different parts, such as the use of synonyms, pronouns, and verb tenses. Coherence is how the meanings and sequences of ideas relate to each other from a general to specific or problem to solution structure. While cohesion focuses on language links, coherence makes the overall ideas of the text sensible; a text can have cohesion but lack coherence if the ideas are not well structured.
This document provides guidance on proper email etiquette and management. It discusses best practices for writing professional emails, such as using accurate, concise and clear language. It also offers tips for structuring, formatting and proofreading emails. The document recommends managing emails effectively using techniques like the 2-minute rule and 4Ds approach. It provides guidance on responding to emails in a timely manner, appropriate use of email functions, and out of office messages. The overall document aims to help users communicate professionally and efficiently through email.
This document provides an overview of semiotics, including its history, definitions, key figures, and concepts. Semiotics is the study of signs and symbols and their use or interpretation. It has its roots in ancient Greek philosophy and more recently in the work of Ferdinand de Saussure, Charles Sanders Pierce, and Roland Barthes. Saussure introduced key concepts like the signifier/signified relationship and the arbitrary nature of linguistic signs. Pierce explored signs in a broader context and classified three types of signs: symbols, icons, and indexes. Barthes studied how signs and images represent culture and ideology, introducing concepts like denotation, connotation, and myth. Semiotics provides tools for analyzing meaning in texts and
The slides contain a short account of the relationship between discourse analysis and interactional sociolinguistics linguistics. They also provide a short account of different approaches to politeness. The influence of Gumperz and Goffman on politeness and facework is highlighted.
Power relationships exist in workplaces based on employee positions and levels within an organization. This is evident in two conversations analyzed between employees at a movie theater. In the first conversation between two attendants of similar age, there is an informal and friendly relationship with social closeness and humor. In the second conversation between an attendant and older manager, there is social distance, respect, and minimal humor due to their different roles and ages. While small talk is used in both, the manager controls its use to emphasize or de-emphasize power dynamics based on the relationship. Age plays an important role in shaping these workplace interactions and power relationships.
This document provides information on business letters, including their purpose, format, and tips for writing them effectively. Business letters are formal correspondence between businesses used for purposes like placing orders, inquiries, credit requests, and conveying goodwill. The standard format includes elements like the letterhead, date, inside address, subject, salutation, body, complimentary close, signature, and enclosures. Key aspects are to be concise, complete, considerate of the reader, clear, correct, and courteous in tone and content. Proper letter writing helps ensure persuasive, well-considered communication between businesses.
This document provides a comparison between tragedies and epics. It defines tragedies as works with serious conflicts and unhappy endings. Tragedies depict the downfall of kings, queens, and heroes through divine justice and fate. Epics are very long works that include digressions and descriptions. They tell stories of heroes over long journeys and include many secondary characters and gods. Key differences are that epics have longer plots composed of multiple tragic plots, use hexameter metre, and deal with the fortunes of people rather than individuals. Examples of tragedies include Hamlet and Manvini Bhavai, while epics include The Iliad, Odyssey, Paradise Lost, and the Mahabharata and
The document provides an overview of critical discourse analysis (CDA). It discusses how CDA emerged from critical linguistics and examines how language both shapes and is shaped by society. CDA is concerned with studying texts to reveal the discursive sources of power, dominance, and bias. The document also describes Fairclough's three-dimensional model of CDA and how it analyzes the text, discursive practice, and social practice dimensions of language.
Oral communication describes any interaction that uses spoken words to convey a message. It has several advantages like being more time efficient and allowing for immediate feedback and clarification. However, it also has limitations such as messages not being retained for long and the inability to take back words once spoken. Effective oral communication requires clear pronunciation, brevity, precision, conviction and choosing appropriate words and register for the audience. It can be improved by reading, listening, and practicing speaking in different situations. Common types include face-to-face interactions, video conferencing, telephone calls, presentations, interviews and group discussions.
Letter writing, Business, Personal letter Writing formatHafiz Nauman
This document provides information about writing letters, including business letters. It discusses the key parts and mechanics of letter writing such as the letterhead, date, inside address, salutation, body, complimentary close, signature, and enclosure. It explains the purpose and content that should be included in each part. Additionally, it describes the two main categories of letters - business letters and personal letters. Finally, it outlines the general formats for letters, including the full block, semi-block, and modified block styles.
The document provides guidance on writing effective business letters, including the purpose, audience, form, and typical parts of a business letter. It discusses the key components of a business letter such as the heading, inside address, salutation, body, complimentary close, signature, and enclosures. Specific tips are provided, such as using an easy to read font, one to one and a half inch margins, avoiding abbreviations, and keeping the letter to one page or less. Common business letter styles like block and modified block format are also outlined.
This document provides an overview of transitivity and theme/rheme analysis in systemic functional grammar. It defines transitivity as how meaning is represented in clauses and how speakers encode their view of reality. It describes the key components of transitivity processes - processes, participants, and circumstances. It outlines six major process types: material, mental, relational, behavioral, verbal, and existential. For each process type, it defines the participants and provides examples. The document also analyzes the participants and process types used in different parts of the short story "Heroic Mother".
This document discusses variation analysis, which examines patterns in alternative ways of saying the same thing in a language. Variationists assume that social context influences language use. They study how speech varies based on social and linguistic factors by observing language use in different social settings. The document contrasts the vernacular, which is language used with little attention to style, with more prestigious forms that may be used when speech is being observed or judged. It provides examples of linguistic variation in words, pronunciations, and syntax. The end discusses narrative and list as different text types that have distinct information structures related to temporal sequencing, descriptions, and evaluations.
Semantics is the study of meaning in language. It is a branch of linguistics that examines how meaning is constructed and interpreted through signs and symbols like words, phrases, and sentences. Understanding semantics is essential for studying language acquisition and how meaning can be constructed, clarified, or obscured through things like ambiguity, synonyms, and context.
This document discusses theories of language and gender from historical perspectives. It covers dominance approaches viewing women's speech as subordinate due to societal inequalities. Difference theory sees gender differences in language due to socialization into different subcultures. Current social constructionist theory views gender as negotiated through interaction rather than innate. Variation within and across cultures is explored, finding women sometimes have restricted access to prestigious languages or act as cultural brokers between groups.
Discourse analysis refers to studying language use beyond the sentence level, including conversational exchanges and written texts. There are several approaches to discourse analysis from different disciplines. These include speech act theory (language as action), conversation analysis (structure of dialogue), interactional sociolinguistics (context and social identities), ethnography of communication (culture and communication), pragmatics (meaning based on context), and variation analysis (linguistic structures in texts). Each approach provides a distinct perspective for analyzing discourse in social contexts.
This document defines and provides examples of different semantic roles including agent, patient or theme, instrument, experiencer, and location. It explains that semantic roles describe the underlying relationship that participants have with the main verb in a clause. For example, in the sentence "The boy kicked the ball", the boy is the agent performing the action of kicking, while the ball is the theme or patient that is affected by the action. The document also introduces feature notation as a method to express the existence or non-existence of semantic properties using plus and minus signs, such as [+HUMAN] to denote entities that are human.
Communication ethics deals with the principles governing different forms of communication and considers what is right and wrong. It focuses on maintaining a balance between speaking and listening, and the appropriate use of criticism, praise and emotional appeals. Upholding truth, access to information, understanding diverse perspectives, and avoiding harm are some of the key principles of ethical communication across interpersonal, mass media, and corporate contexts. Codes of ethics provide guidelines to help navigate complex communication situations and make ethical choices.
This document discusses communication ethics and provides information on key topics such as:
- The definition of communication ethics and how it deals with the principles governing communication.
- Four principles of interpersonal communication including that it is inescapable, irreversible, complicated, and contextual.
- Frameworks for ethical decision making including deontological, utilitarian, and virtue ethics.
- Examples of unethical communication such as coercive, destructive, and deceptive behaviors.
- The importance of codes of ethics, freedom of expression balanced with limits, and maintaining ethics in mass communication.
Communication Process, Principles, and EthicsDaryl Casiano
Communication process, principles, and ethics defines communication and ethics, and discusses the fundamentals and principles of ethical communication. Effective communication requires identifying who needs to receive the message, when they should be told, what information they need, through what channel it will be delivered, and who will control the process. Listening is identified as equally or more important than speaking for good communication. Communication can be measured through surveys, analysis of message frequency and content, and network analysis.
This document presents the Universal Declaration of Ethical Principles for Psychologists. It establishes four core ethical principles that psychologists worldwide should uphold: 1) Respect for the dignity of persons and peoples, 2) Competent caring for well-being, 3) Integrity, and 4) Professional and scientific responsibilities to society. Each principle is accompanied by a list of related values that provide further guidance on how to promote each principle. The Declaration aims to provide a common moral framework to guide psychologists' work while also allowing for local adaptation of ethical standards.
This document summarizes several theories of mediated communication and culture. It discusses theories related to mass communication vs mediated communication, media richness, uses and gratifications theory, agenda setting theory, and cultivation theory. It also covers theories of culture including Hofstede's cultural dimensions, gender differences in communication, and generational differences. Finally, it explains face negotiation theory and how conflict styles vary across cultures based on concepts of self-face and other-face concern.
Communication approach and culture in the global working1saidms1980
1. Intercultural communication involves interaction between people with distinct cultural perceptions and symbol systems that can alter communication. Culture is shared learned behaviors transmitted between generations to promote survival.
2. There are three approaches to studying culture - the social science, interpretive, and critical approaches. Culture has characteristics such as being learned, transmitted, based on symbols, dynamic, and integrated.
3. Cultural differences exist regarding dimensions like individualism/collectivism, power distance, masculinity/femininity, uncertainty avoidance, and long/short term orientation. Problems can arise from seeking similarities over differences, anxiety, and uncertainty.
This chapter discusses key concepts in intercultural communication including culture, communication, context, and power. Culture can be defined in multiple ways but includes learned patterns of group perceptions and behaviors. Communication is a process through which reality is constructed. Context refers to the physical and social settings influencing communication. Cultural values shape communication and conflict behaviors. Power also influences communication in subtle ways through dimensions like age, gender, and socioeconomic status.
This document provides an overview of key concepts for teaching diversity and social justice, including media literacy, understanding different perspectives, addressing stereotypes and prejudice, and promoting social justice. It discusses how media messages are constructed, experienced differently, and contain embedded values and points of view. It also outlines types of diversity like gender, race, sexuality, and ability that impact cultural understanding and defines terms like stereotype, prejudice, discrimination, and oppression.
This document summarizes Marquita L. Byrd's theory of Multicultural Communication (MCC). MCC aims to provide a conceptual framework to guide research, pedagogy, and practice of communication within multicultural societies. It addresses limitations of existing intercultural frameworks for understanding communication among diverse groups living within the same nation. MCC defines multicultural communication as occurring within a shared geo-political system and is informed by theories including critical race theory, intersectionality, and multiculturalism. The theory is intended to increase understanding of power dynamics and social identities that shape communication among diverse populations within a nation.
This document summarizes Marquita L. Byrd's theory of Multicultural Communication (MCC). MCC aims to provide a conceptual framework to guide research, pedagogy, and practice of communication within multicultural societies. It addresses limitations of existing intercultural frameworks for understanding communication among diverse groups coexisting within the same nation. MCC defines key terms, assumptions, and questions to guide future research on power dynamics, identity, attitudes and relationships between cultural groups communicating within shared national contexts.
This document discusses organizational behavior and communication within organizations. It covers key topics such as the importance of communication for coordination, performance, and informing employees. Effective communication includes listening, being transparent, and two-way communication up and down the organizational hierarchy. Barriers to communication like personal emotions and physical or semantic obstacles can interfere with understanding. Non-verbal communication and different forms of formal and informal communication networks within an organization are also examined.
This document discusses key concepts in cultural communication and intercultural competence. It outlines universal vs communal cultures and normative vs subjective cultures. Cultural components include beliefs, values, traditions, norms, symbols, rules and taboos. Culture is learned through enculturation and communication and is dynamic. Understanding culture requires examining both etic and emic approaches. The document also discusses high and low context cultures and issues that can arise in cross-cultural contexts like misunderstandings and power dynamics. Learning intercultural communication provides tools to avoid pitfalls and cultural biases and helps develop cultural understanding.
Mass media plays a significant role in shaping society and culture by influencing our identities, notions of gender and ethnicity, and sense of self. Media images and stories provide the symbols and resources through which we understand ourselves and our shared culture. Communication theory examines the relationships between media and politics, the influence of media on social issues like crime and violence, and the economic and normative aspects of media such as freedom of expression and commercialization. Theories take either a media-centric view that emphasizes the autonomy of media, or a society-centric view that sees media as reflecting broader social and political forces.
This document discusses communication and its importance in health promotion. It defines communication and outlines several communication theories. Effective communication principles include having a sender, message, channel, receiver, and feedback. Barriers to communication like attitudes and cultural differences are examined. The document also covers different media types, characteristics of good communicators, and ethical issues around persuasive health promotion communication.
For this assignment, you will research and analyze a communication tDustiBuckner14
For this assignment, you will research and analyze a communication theory. Your paper should be at least 1200 words, use at least four authoritative sources of which at least two are peer-reviewed journal articles, be written in third person, take a scholarly tone, and reflect APA format and documentation rules. (Worth 25% of your final grade.)
Here are some reflection questions to get your started:
Why were you drawn to this theory? What captivated you to want to write about it?
What have you learned about the theory?
How do you relate to it? Have you seen it used in the media, such as in news coverage, speeches, political advertisements or commercials for products?
Is the theory still applicable today? Does it still have meaning? How is it reflected in the workplace? In the social setting?
What have the critics said about the theory?
Make sure to use in-text citations and end-of-text references in APA style.
Communication Theories
Cognitive Dissonance Theory
Cognitive Dissonance Theory argues that the experience of dissonance (or incompatible beliefs and actions) is aversive and people are highly motivated to avoid it. In their efforts to avoid feelings of dissonance, people will avoid hearing views that oppose their own, change their beliefs to match their actions, and seek reassurance after making a difficult decision.
Communication Accommodation Theory
This theoretical perspective examines the underlying motivations and consequences of what happens when two speakers shift their communication styles. Communication Accommodation theorists argue that during communication, people will try to accommodate or adjust their style of speaking to others. This is done in two ways: divergence and convergence. Groups with strong ethnic or racial pride often use divergence to highlight group identity. Convergence occurs when there is a strong need for social approval, frequently from powerless individuals.
Coordinated Management of Meaning
Theorists in Coordinated Management of Meaning believe that in conversation, people co-create meaning by attaining some coherence and coordination. Coherence occurs when stories are told, and coordination exists when stories are lived. CMM focuses on the relationship between an individual and his or her society. Through a hierarchical structure, individuals come to organize the meaning of literally hundreds of messages received throughout a day.
Cultivation Analysis
This theory argues that television (and other media) plays an extremely important role in how people view their world. According to Cultivation Analysis, in modern Culture most people get much of their information in a mediated fashion rather than through direct experience. Thus, mediated sources can shape people’s sense of reality. This is especially the case with regard to violence, according to the theory. Cultivation Analysis posits that heavy television viewing cultivates a sense of the world that is more violen ...
Creating a Contact-Ready Earth - Kathleen D. ToerpeKtoerpe
Contact scenarios - explored through the analogy of the Columbian decimation of indigenous tribes; the spread of Enlightenment science and philosophy; or the quantitative risk assessment of the Rio Scale and its recent offspring, the London Scale - all attempt to anticipate the consequences of contact after it has occurred. Can we intervene in the process beforehand and "stack the deck in our favor"? In the same way that public and private institutions conduct diversity training to anticipate, mitigate and prevent clashes arising from stereotypes of race, gender, ethnicity and sexual orientation, can we anticipate, mitigate and even prevent the social and cultural fallout unleashed by extraterrestrial contact well before any ET - microbial or intelligent - is even discovered? In essence, can we prepare ourselves for contact? This presentation goes beyond the immediate answer of increasing STEM literacy, to analyzing key social, cultural and political benchmarks and the kind of collaborative societal efforts needed to achieve them. What tools can we borrow from diversity training and other disciplines? How can we even measure their effectiveness pre-contact? What would a contact-ready Earth look like and where do we begin?
This document summarizes several communication theories, including:
- Mechanistic, psychological, social, and systemic theories of communication.
- Cognitive dissonance theory, communication accommodation theory, and coordinated management of meaning.
- Cultivation analysis, cultural studies theory, dramatism, expectancy violation theory, and face-negotiation theory.
- Groupthink phenomenon, muted group theory, narrative paradigm, organizational sensemaking theory, and relational dialectics theory.
Counselling for effective communication a tool for national securityAlexander Decker
1) The document discusses the importance of effective communication for national security in Nigeria. It argues that many of Nigeria's current security issues stem from ineffective communication between groups.
2) It provides definitions of counselling and communication, and explains several communication models including Shannon and Weaver's linear model and DeFleur's mass communication model that incorporates two-way feedback.
3) Effective communication is described as important for establishing relationships, developing policies, and reducing friction in society, all of which contribute to greater security at individual and national levels.
The document discusses several topics related to ethics including the definition of ethics, different types of ethics like work ethics and personal ethics, key principles of ethics in different fields like journalism, entertainment media, and broadcasting. It also outlines some common issues and guidelines regarding truth, privacy, manipulation, stereotypes, trust, impartiality and serving the public interest. Finally, it lists some examples of unethical practices related to digital media like stealing copyright, intercepting private emails, displaying inappropriate content, and misusing private information.
MISS RAIPUR 2024 - WINNER POONAM BHARTI.DK PAGEANT
Poonam Bharti, a guide of ability and diligence, has been chosen as the champ from Raipur for Mrs. India 2024, Pride of India, from the DK Show. Her journey to this prestigious title is a confirmation of her commitment, difficult work, and multifaceted gifts. At fair 23 a long time ago, Poonam has as of now made noteworthy strides in both her proficient and individual lives, encapsulating the soul of present-day Indian ladies who adjust different parts with beauty and competence. This article dives into Poonam Bharti’s foundation, achievements, and qualities that separated her as a meriting champion of this award.
Insanony: Watch Instagram Stories Secretly - A Complete GuideTrending Blogers
Welcome to the world of social media, where Instagram reigns supreme! Today, we're going to explore a fascinating tool called Insanony that lets you watch Instagram Stories secretly. If you've ever wanted to view someone's story without them knowing, this blog is for you. We'll delve into everything you need to know about Insanony with Trending Blogers!
Amid the constant barrage of distractions and dwindling motivation, self-discipline emerges as the unwavering beacon that guides individuals toward triumph. This vital quality serves as the key to unlocking one’s true potential, whether the aspiration is to attain personal goals, ascend the career ladder, or refine everyday habits.
Understanding Self-Discipline
MISS TEEN LUCKNOW 2024 - WINNER ASIYA 2024DK PAGEANT
In the dynamic city of Lucknow, known for its wealthy social legacy and authentic importance, a youthful star has developed, capturing the hearts of numerous with her elegance, insights, and eagerness. Asiya, as of late delegated as the champ from Lucknow for Miss Youngster India 2024 by the DK Pageant, stands as a confirmation of the monstrous ability and potential dwelling inside the youth of India. This exceptional young lady is a signal of excellence and a paragon of devotion and aspiration.
3. COMMUNICATION
the act or process of communicating; fact of
being communicated.
the imparting or
interchange of thoughts,
opinions, or information by
speech, writing, or signs.
4. ETHICS
a system of moral principles
deals with values relating to human
conduct, with respect to the rightness and
wrongness of certain actions and to the
goodness and badness of the motives and
ends of such actions.
5. COMMUNICATION ETHICS
The principle governing communication, the
right and wrong aspects of it, the moral-
immoral dimensions relevant to
Interpersonal communication are called the
ethics of Interpersonal communication.
6. COMMUNICATION ETHICS
Maintaining the correct balance between
the speaking and listening
the legitimacy of fear and emotional
appeal
degree of criticism and praise
7. COMMUNICATION ETHICS
A death or an overdose of either of the
factors could result in unfavorable
consequences.
The principle of honesty on both sides
should be completely applied because any
amount of insincerity from either the listener
or the speaker would not be prudent.
8. FUNDAMENTALS OF ETHICAL
COMMUNICATION
responsible thinking
decision making
development of relationships and
communities
Contexts
Cultures
Channels
Media
10. PRINCIPLES OF
ETHICAL COMMUNICATION
advocate truthfulness, accuracy, honesty,
and reason as essential to the integrity of
communication.
endorse freedom of expression, diversity
of perspective, and tolerance of dissent to
achieve the informed and responsible
decision making fundamental to a civil
society.
strive to understand and respect other
communicators before evaluating and
responding to their messages.
11. PRINCIPLES OF
ETHICAL COMMUNICATION
promote access to communication resources and
opportunities as necessary to fulfill human potential and
contribute to the well-being of families, communities,
and society.
promote communication climates of caring and mutual
understanding that respect the unique needs and
characteristics of individual communicators.
condemn communication that degrades individuals and
humanity through distortion, intimidation, coercion, and
violence, and through the expression of intolerance and
hatred.
12. PRINCIPLES OF
ETHICAL COMMUNICATION
Being committed to the courageous
expression of personal convictions in pursuit
of fairness and justice.
advocate sharing information, opinions, and
feelings when facing significant choices
while also respecting privacy and
confidentiality.
accept responsibility for the short- and long-
term consequences for our own
communication and expect the same of
others.
18. Gaining Information
Building a Context of Understanding
Establishing Identity
Interpersonal Needs
Inclusion
Control
Affection
19. DISTANCE
Provides necessary space for each
communicative partner to contribute to the
relationship.
Is interpersonal space that nourishes the
very thing that keeps persons together
interpersonally—relationship.
Is an ethical responsibility, not a flaw or a
limitation.
The importance of distance keeps us from
equating interpersonal communication with
ever more closeness.
20. INTERPERSONAL RESPONSIBILITY
Begins with each person’s commitment to
active care for the interpersonal
relationship, owned by neither and nurtured
with or without the support of the Other.
Adheres to the insight of Emmanuel
Levinas, abandoning the expectation of
reciprocity for attentiveness to a call to
responsibility with or without the approval of
the other.
21. INTERPERSONAL RESPONSIBILITY
Involves:
Caring for an interpersonal relationship. As
one seeks a path in life, interpersonal
relationship responsibility invites a balance
between distance and closeness in each
relationship, which defines the quality of our
interpersonal lives (Stewart, 2006).
Sympathy
Empathy
23. DEONTOLOGICAL ETHICS
the most frequented basis of our decision
making process, expressing a commitment
to the most basic principles.
It is regarded as universal, always
applicable whatever the circumstance is.
o We follow these rules
since we think of them as
duties.
24. UTILITARIAN ETHICS
focuses on the results
and whether or not it
would benefit the
majority.
Utilitarianism focuses
on the consequences of
each action or decision.
25. VIRTUE ETHICS
concerned with moral character and places
more weight or value on the dignity of an
individual and a humanity’s task of caring for
one another.
It emphasizes character as opposed to duty
or consequence.
27. SITUATIONAL OR CONTEXTUAL
ETHICS
There is no absolute approach to situations,
each situation should be addressed as
different from each other.
Every problem should be evaluated in its
particular context or situation.
29. Type Example
Coercive Intimidation and threatening others.
Destructive Backstabbing and inappropriate jokes.
Deceptive Euphemism and lying.
Intrusive Eavesdropping, tapping telephones or
monitoring Internet use
Secretive Hoarding information and cover-ups
Manipulative-exploitative Acts which attempt
to gain compliance or control through
exploitation
30. FREEDOM OF
EXPRESSION
Freedom of Expression is a basic
human right, It refers to right to
freedom of expression, including the
freedom to seek, receive, and impart
information and opinions of any kind in
any form.
Internationally, freedom of expression
is protected under the Universal
Declaration of Human Rights and the
International Covenant of Civil and
Political Rights.
Used to seek answers and express
opinions
31. ETHICAL FREEDOM OF
EXPRESSION
Freedom of Expression must be
balanced against society’s need to
maintain order, protect general
welfare and public morality
There should be limits to free
expression, but only when it involves
harm to others
People should refrain from hate
speech, the public use of derogatory
and offensive language denigrating
others, particularly on the basis of
race, ethnicity, gender and/or sexual
orientation.
32. MASS COMMUNICATION
Mass communication is used to
describe the various means by which
individuals and entities relay
information through mass media to
large segments of the population at the
same time.
It is the mass production of messages
(message) or information that is
intended to reach a large amount of
people
Uses mass media; such as
newspapers, TV, radio, books etc.
33. MASS COMMUNICATION
ETHICS
Ethics
Truth
Censorship
Laws
Privacy
Appropriateness
Sensitivity to other
cultures
Respect dignity, privacy,
and well being of a
person
34. ETHIC CODES
Ethic Codes (or Ethical Codes) are moral
guidelines that are used to help assist
people in making decisions, to tell the
difference between ‘right’ and ‘wrong’
and to utilize this understanding to make
ethical choices
There are 3 levels;
Code of ethics (social issues)
Code of conduct (influence to behavior of
employees)
Code of practice (professional
responsibility)
35. CORPORATE CODES OF ETHICS
Honesty - Professional communicators are honest,
accurate and candid in all communications. This
practice encourages the free flow of important
information in the interest of the public
36. CORPORATE CODES OF ETHICS
Confidentiality - Protecting the confidences
and privacy rights of employees and
customers is the duty of professional
communicators. Additionally, they must
abide by legal requirements for disclosing
information that affect the welfare of others
Credit - Give due credit to those who you
get ideas from.
37. CORPORATE CODES OF ETHICS
Free Speech - Principles of free speech and
free ideas should be encouraged.
Courtesy - Sensitivity to cultural values and
beliefs are crucial.