The document discusses communication audits, which involve evaluating an organization's communication processes and systems. A communication audit aims to determine if all stakeholders are receiving intended messages, identify strengths and weaknesses, and indicate areas for improvement. The key steps of conducting an audit involve securing management commitment, identifying current practices, setting success standards, developing an action plan, and measuring results. Common audit methods include questionnaires, interviews, focus groups, and analyzing communication outputs and stakeholder feedback. The goals are to improve communication quality and relationships within the organization.
Corporate Communication is described by some experts as framework in which all communication specialists, namely Marketing, Organizational and Management integrate the totality of the organizational message, thereby helping to define the Corporate Image as means to improve corporate performance
Experiential marketing uses positive, memorable experiences to create valuable emotional bonds between consumers and brands. Emotions profoundly impact the way people think and act; and, in experiential marketing, consumers who experience events that generate goodwill associate those positive feelings with the respective brand. This dynamic results in increased consumer brand awareness and brand loyalty.
An outline of the relevance and significance of social media to businesses and how 'Word of Mouse' engagement has changed traditional marketing strategy.
9 Important Skills to Teach Our ChildrenKatie Wells
Many kids make it to adulthood with a vast knowledge of technology, but without some basic practical skills. Here are nine basic skills we owe it to our kids to teach them, and they're simple to pass along!
Corporate Communication is described by some experts as framework in which all communication specialists, namely Marketing, Organizational and Management integrate the totality of the organizational message, thereby helping to define the Corporate Image as means to improve corporate performance
Experiential marketing uses positive, memorable experiences to create valuable emotional bonds between consumers and brands. Emotions profoundly impact the way people think and act; and, in experiential marketing, consumers who experience events that generate goodwill associate those positive feelings with the respective brand. This dynamic results in increased consumer brand awareness and brand loyalty.
An outline of the relevance and significance of social media to businesses and how 'Word of Mouse' engagement has changed traditional marketing strategy.
9 Important Skills to Teach Our ChildrenKatie Wells
Many kids make it to adulthood with a vast knowledge of technology, but without some basic practical skills. Here are nine basic skills we owe it to our kids to teach them, and they're simple to pass along!
How to Build Rapport, Interest, and Credibility When ProspectingSalesScripter
Building rapport with sales prospects can be challenging but there are actually some small things to do on a cold call to help.
Confirm that you are not interrupting anything
It is safe to assume that your prospect will be busy when you cal them. This is because they are either busy working if you are performing B2B calling or they may be busy relaxing if you are doing more B2C calling. With that in mind, it can go a long way toward building rapport if you check with the prospect if you are interrupting anything.
Notice that we do not say to ask them if they are busy, because we already know that they are busy. We are checking to see if we are interrupting anything. Here is a great way to do that early in a cold call and this simple question can help to build rapport.
Future of Technical Communication: Transformation from being a Cost Center to...Ravi Kumar A
Session on how to transform technical information team into a Profit Center at #stcindia2016.
Traditionally, technical information business unit (TIBU) in enterprise companies is seen as cost-center. We are usually centers of excellence providing ancillary services to the revenue generating product development teams.
With the changing dynamics of the times and technologies, our domain has been evolving. Be it google-searchable content, social media, communities, rich media, UX, omni-channel content, TIBU has a never-before opportunity to transform into a profit center. Further, the emphasis on better user experience and customer experience is now at the core of the product design.
Session Outline
The article provides insights into the following thoughts:
• A paradigm shift from cost center to profit center
• Is technical content the new sales opportunity?
• How to leverage new generation content creation, content consumption, and content analytics.
• Cost of customer acquisition-engagement through technical content.
• How technical content can enhance brand experience.
• The ways of generating revenue through technical content.
Checklist Communication Strategy DevelopmentEwen Le Borgne
This presentation was given during a workshop on strategic communication for the Water and Sanitation Forum in Ethiopia (hosted under CRDA) and is based on a checklist of strategic questions developed by IRC Water and Sanitation Centre (www.irc.nl) to help develop a communication strategy. The workshop was facilited by me and Livia Iotti for the RiPPLE project and by Simret Yasabu for WaterAid Ethiopia.
Research is essential element in public relation. Public relations are the act of
communicating to the public in order to create an acceptable image of the company
in which we are working for. This means a public relations professional need to
understand what the public considers an acceptable image, which is often done
through research. It provides the initial information necessary to plan public
relation action and to evaluate its effectiveness. Without research, public relations
would not be a true management function.
Public relations
Public relations (PR) are the practice of deliberately managing the spread
of information between an individual or an organization (such as a business,
government agency, or a nonprofit organization) and the public.
Public relations are used to build relationships with employees, customers,
stockholders, voters, or the general public.
Public relations research
Public relations research is a simple use of communication to persuade public.
Public relations research is an essential part of public relations management.
Types of Public relations research
There are three types of public relations research. These are in the following:
1. Applied research
2. Basic Research
3. Introspective Research
The descriptions of these are given below:
Chapter 5 Program Evaluation and Research TechniquesCharlene R. .docxchristinemaritza
Chapter 5 Program Evaluation and Research Techniques
Charlene R. Weir
Evaluation of health information technology (health IT) programs and projects can range from simple user satisfaction for a new menu or full-scale analysis of usage, cost, compliance, patient outcomes, and observation of usage to data about patient's rate of improvement.
Objectives
At the completion of this chapter the reader will be prepared to:
1.Identify the main components of program evaluation
2.Discuss the differences between formative and summative evaluation
3.Apply the three levels of theory relevant to program evaluation
4.Discriminate program evaluation from program planning and research
5.Synthesize the core components of program evaluation with the unique characteristics of informatics interventions
Key Terms
Evaluation, 72
Formative evaluation, 73
Logic model, 79
Program evaluation, 73
Summative evaluation, 73
Abstract
Evaluation is an essential component in the life cycle of all health IT applications and the key to successful translation of these applications into clinical settings. In planning an evaluation the central questions regarding purpose, scope, and focus of the system must be asked. This chapter focuses on the larger principles of program evaluation with the goal of informing health IT evaluations in clinical settings. The reader is expected to gain sufficient background in health IT evaluation to lead or participate in program evaluation for applications or systems.
Formative evaluation and summative evaluation are discussed. Three levels of theory are presented, including scientific theory, implementation models, and program theory (logic models). Specific scientific theories include social cognitive theories, diffusion of innovation, cognitive engineering theories, and information theory. Four implementation models are reviewed: PRECEDE-PROCEED, PARiHS, RE-AIM, and quality improvement. Program theory models are discussed, with an emphasis on logic models.
A review of methods and tools is presented. Relevant research designs are presented for health IT evaluations, including time series, multiple baseline, and regression discontinuity. Methods of data collection specific to health IT evaluations, including ethnographic observation, interviews, and surveys, are then reviewed.
Introduction
The outcome of evaluation is information that is both useful at the program level and generalizable enough to contribute to the building of science. In the applied sciences, such as informatics, evaluation is critical to the growth of both the specialty and the science. In this chapter program evaluation is defined as the “systematic collection of information about the activities, characteristics, and results of programs to make judgments about the program, improve or further develop program effectiveness, inform decisions about future programming, and/or increase understanding.”1 Health IT interventions are nearly always embedded in ...
Running head: IMPROVEMENT OPPORTUNITY 1
IMPROVEMENT OPPORTUNITY 3
Quality Tool Analysis
The supply chain management sphere has an issue when considering a pharmacy facility organization. The problem with the pharmaceutical supply chain operations has resulted from all individuals lacking access to the most noteworthy quality medication and in addition keep up levels in medical care that occurs in the arrangement of supplying medicine, notwithstanding giving the improvement of new knowledge, aptitudes and systems that invigorate the advancement of medicine supply chain management. The quality tool used to recognize these issues is data collection sheet which gathers the essential information to have the capacity to answer any inquiries that may emerge. The quintessence of the data is that the reason for existing is apparent and that the data mirrors the fact of the matter, is anything but difficult to gather and utilize. A quantitative method was used to gather the data. The data collection sheet is being used in the dispersion of factors of the articles delivered, classification of broken things locating of the defects of the pieces, recognizing reasons for deformities and verification check or support undertakings (Awad, 2012).
To arrive at the problem, a questionnaire was utilized together with the data collection sheet. There was a clear framework on how data was to be gathered and with what sort of document will be made and how the gather data ought to be utilized. How the data will be analyzed was additionally sketched out, and the individual who ought to oversee gathering the data was distinguished. For the optimization of data accumulation, Sharp and McDermott (2009) suggest that the data collection be finished by an experienced auditor and in an arbitrary example of the exercises, of the general population and of the groups of the territories that they ought to be observed. The association recognized an experienced auditor was utilized to gather data and examine it since they have a high likelihood of giving precise data.
Stakeholder Analysis
Commonly, as an expert, one needs to think the what before the who when confronting an undertaking. Along these lines, they underscore the deliverables instead of the general population. The principal procedure of the communication knowledge zone, to be executed in the initiation of the task, is to identify the individuals with an interest.
One method for this procedure is partner examination, which a procedure of systematically collecting and investigating quantitative and qualitative data with the end goal to figure out what premiums specific must be considered all through the venture. It permits to recognize the interests, expectations, and impact of the interested individuals and relates them to the motivation behind the underta.
covers OD Objectives ,strategy and OD Interventions( covering all the models of Interventions) , Organisational change( Types of Change; Process of change, Models, Change agent
Article 1Question1. What is that project Provide complete .docxdavezstarr61655
Article 1:
Question:
1. What is that project? Provide complete description. Consider using PPM.
2. What was the scoop, deliverable, and results of the project?
3. What constraints did you experience and how did you handle them?
4. If you had to do the same project again, what changes will you recommend?
Degree endorsement is the strategy by which all social occasions (underpins, customers, clients, et cetera.) formally grasp the degree of the wander. It requires a survey of work things and results to ensure that they are done precisely and tasteful. If the analysis closes carelessly, the expansion endorsement process should see and record the level and level of satisfaction (Wortmann, J.C. 2012). Augmentation endorsement differs from quality control since it essentially incorporates affirmation of work comes to fruition, while quality control implies the rightness of activity happens. Eventual outcomes of undertaking, occasion or occasion of all or part of the result are the outcome of the execution of the wander plan. Records submitted to the endeavor thing portrayal must be available for review. The terms used to portray this record (plans, judgments, particular files, outlines, et cetera.) vary according to the application region (Wortmann, J.C. 2012).
The audit should fuse such activities as estimation, testing and testing to choose if the results meet the essentials. Examinations are differing called studies, thing reviews, surveys and walking goes; in a couple of regions of utilization, these unmistakable terms have thin and specific significance (Wortmann, J.C. 2012). A record that a customer or support has recognized that a wander or stage thing ought to be masterminded and scattered. This affirmation may be unexpected, especially toward the complete of the stage. Control overextension changes imply (a) factors that impact contrasts in the degree to ensure that the movements are useful, (b) to choose the degree of changes, and (c) to regulate genuine changes at the period of the occasion and when.
Changes inside the control go must be completely joined into other control shapes (time control, cost control, quality control) (Morris, Peter W.G. 2010). Execution reports give information about the feasibility of the degree, for instance, widely appealing thing culmination, and which are assuredly not. The execution report may moreover enable the endeavor to gathering to recollect issues that may incite issues later on (Morris, Peter W.G. 2010).A change request can occur in various structures verbal or formed, quick or underhanded, outside or internal, legally endorsed, or optional. The movements might be extended or may be allowed to restrain the degree. The structure that controls the augmentation change chooses the technique in which the degree of the endeavor can be changed. It consolidates chronicles, following edges, and underwriting levels required to decide changes (Morris, Peter W.G. 2010).
Article 2:
Question:
1. Wha.
Organisation Effectiveness Assessment looks at some diagnostic models that can help diagnose the problems of organisations and how to find solutions to such problems. Consults need to have skills in how to assess organisations for change, efficiency or funding in the case of non-profit organisations.
The Slides cover:
1. What is an organisation?
2. The Open Systems Model
3. What is organisational effectiveness?.
4. Approaches to measuring organisational effectiveness
5. What is organisational Analysis?
6. Organisational Analysis Cycle
7. Purposes and perspectives of organisational analysis.
8. Data Collection Methods. (Imagery; questionnaire; interviews;Observation;Focus groups; Secondary material, etc.
9. Advantages and Disadvantages of Data Collection Methods
10.Use of appropriate organizational diagnostic models to assess organisations.
a. Kurt Lewin’s Force Field Model;
b. Likert’s Management System Model;
c. McKenzie’s 7S Model;
d. Weisbord 6-Box Model
11. Organisational Capacity Assessment Tools (OCAT).
a. Why conduct Organisational Capacity Assessment?
b. Organisational Capacity Assessment Process;
c. Application of an OCAT Tool
Writing an Organisational Assessment Report.
Decision making is necessary for every organization and for proper decision making, certain things are needed such as information and knowledge, without which decisions cannot be made.
In Chapter 8.4 of the text, the author lays out several action items.docxrochellscroop
In Chapter 8.4 of the text, the author lays out several action items and practices that can be used to achieve good communication inside an organization.
For each of the three practices, outline a scenario describing how that particular practice has been, or could be, implemented in your current organization.
Choose three of the scenarios that you have outlined and discuss them in a short paper. Also discuss the impact of technology on the communication system. Does technology improve or confuse the system?
4.1 Practice 1: Hire, Develop, and Retain Effective Communicators
In a 1998 survey of 480 companies and public organizations by the National Associ- ation of Colleges and Employers, communication abilities are ranked number one among personal qualities of college graduates sought by employers. Work experi- ence and motivation are second and third.[21] Clearly, one of the reasons why com- munication skills are so important is that these skills are essential for facilitating or- ganizational change. A less obvious reason why good communicators are essential is that these individuals understand how to design and enhance the communication systems within an organization so that information flows more effectively. For example, Rob Goffee and Gareth Jones argue that effective leaders “communicate with care.” Communicating with care means that the leaders choose their channels of communication strategically, tailor their message to the aims of the change initiative, authentically disclose intimate details when appropriate, and are very sensitive to the pace and timing of their communications.[22] Clearly, any employee with this subtle set of skills is a rare and valuable human resource, and the organization does well to enhance this skill set in as many individuals as pos- sible, since their skill can be leveraged into improved communication systems for the entire organization.
4.2 Practice 2: Invest in Information Technologies and Experiment With New Formats
The number one capital investment for most organizations is in information tech- nologies; the primary new means of communicating within organizations. By some accounts, information technologies account for 35% to 50% of all business capital investment in the United States.[23] There are several obvious reasons for this high level of investment—the clear benefits of productivity gains due to improved in- formation, the transition from an industrial to an information-based economy, and the declining cost of information technologies coupled with increasing capabilities. However, information sharing is the essence of communication, and so effect- ive information technologies are an essential ingredient to making an organization change capable. Information is being shared more extensively with not only senior executives but also with the entire organization. Examining trends in information sharing in trying to understand organizations that were “built to change,” Ed Lawl- er and Chris.
30 page flip book containing information about consumer, their rights, common food adulterants and important information on any product fir ensuring its quality..
Organizations can be viewed as systems in which management creates the architecture for the system of production. Managers' role in organizational design is central but must be understood in the context of their overall responsibilities within the organization. Management operates through functions such as planning, organizing, staffing, leading/directing, controlling/monitoring, and reporting. These functions enable management to create strategies and compile resources to lead operations and monitor outputs. The concept of management has acquired special significance in the present competitive and complex market oriented world. Efficient and purposeful management is absolutely essential for the survival of any organization. Management concept is comprehensive and covers all aspects of business. In simple words, management means utilizing available resources in the best possible manner and also for achieving well defined objectives. It is a distinct and dynamic process involving use of different resources for achieving well defined objectives. The resources are: men, money, materials, machines, methods and markets. These are the six basic inputs in management process (six M's of management) and the output is in the form of achievement of objectives. It is the end result of inputs and is available through efficient management process. In the book entitled “Fifty Management Techniques” author Michael Ward had suggested different management techniques for managing strategy, operating, decision, marketing, pricing, finance, people and learning for successful accomplishment of goals and objective of the organization and this seminar is based on the same book. These techniques are not only useful for any profit oriented private organization but also beneficial for public sector organization like public extension system.
Stress is the body’s physical and psychological response to a specific demand made of us or to an event in our life. In some cases it motivates and encourages us to complete a task we find difficult so that we can take pride in ourselves and what we achieve.
Stress is the body’s physical and psychological response to a specific demand made of us or to an event in our life. In some cases it motivates and encourages us to complete a task we find difficult so that we can take pride in ourselves and what we achieve.
Stress is the body’s physical and psychological response to a specific demand made of us or to an event in our life. In some cases it motivates and encourages us to complete a task we find difficult so that we can take pride in ourselves and what we achieve.
INTRODUCTION
TO
ADVERTISING AND MARKETING COMMUNICATION
MARKETING COMMUNICATION
Marketing communication (MarCom) is a fundamental and complex part of a company’s marketing efforts. Loosely defined, MarCom can be described as all the messages and media you deploy to communicate with the market.
Marketing communication includes advertising, direct marketing, branding, packaging, your online presence, printed materials, PR activities, sales presentations, sponsorships, trade show appearances and more.
Marketing communication has two objectives. One is to create and sustain demand and preference for the product. The other is to shorten the sales cycle.
• Earth, along with the other planets, is believed to have been born 4.5 billion years ago as a solidified cloud of dust and gases left over from the creation of the Sun.
• For perhaps 500 million years, the interior of Earth stayed solid and relatively cool, perhaps 2,000°F.
• The main ingredients were iron and silicates, with small amounts of other elements, some of them radioactive.
• As millions of years passed, energy released by radioactive decay—mostly of uranium, thorium, and potassium—gradually heated Earth, melting some of its constituents.
• The iron melted before the silicates, and, being heavier, sank toward the center.
• This forced up the silicates that it found there.
• After many years, the iron reached the center, almost 4,000 mi deep, and began to accumulate. No eyes were around at that time to view the turmoil that must have taken place on the face of Earth—gigantic heaves and bubblings on the surface, exploding volcanoes, and flowing lava covering everything in sight.
• Finally, the iron in the center accumulated as the core. Around it, a thin but fairly stable crust of solid rock formed as Earth cooled.
• Depressions in the crust were natural basins in which water, rising from the interior of the planet through volcanoes and fissures, collected to form the oceans. Slowly, Earth acquired its present appearance.
• Earth, along with the other planets, is believed to have been born 4.5 billion years ago as a solidified cloud of dust and gases left over from the creation of the Sun.
• For perhaps 500 million years, the interior of Earth stayed solid and relatively cool, perhaps 2,000°F.
• The main ingredients were iron and silicates, with small amounts of other elements, some of them radioactive.
• As millions of years passed, energy released by radioactive decay—mostly of uranium, thorium, and potassium—gradually heated Earth, melting some of its constituents.
• The iron melted before the silicates, and, being heavier, sank toward the center.
• This forced up the silicates that it found there.
• After many years, the iron reached the center, almost 4,000 mi deep, and began to accumulate. No eyes were around at that time to view the turmoil that must have taken place on the face of Earth—gigantic heaves and bubblings on the surface, exploding volcanoes, and flowing lava covering everything in sight.
• Finally, the iron in the center accumulated as the core. Around it, a thin but fairly stable crust of solid rock formed as Earth cooled.
• Depressions in the crust were natural basins in which water, rising from the interior of the planet through volcanoes and fissures, collected to form the oceans. Slowly, Earth acquired its present appearance.
Computer is an electronic device that is designed to work with Information. The term computer is derived from the Latin term ‘computare’, this means to calculate or programmable machine. Computer cannot do anything without a Program. It represents the decimal numbers through a string of binary digits. The Word 'Computer' usually refers to the Center Processor Unit plus Internal memory.
Charles Babbage is called the "Grand Father" of the computer. The First mechanical computer designed by Charles Babbage was called Analytical Engine. It uses read-only memory in the form of punch cards.
Computer is an advanced electronic device that takes raw data as input from the user and processes these data under the control of set of instructions (called program) and gives the result (output) and saves output for the future use. It can process both numerical and non-numerical (arithmetic and logical) calculations.
A computer is an electronic machine, capable of performing basic operations like addition, subtraction, multiplication, division, etc. The computer is also capable of storing information, which can be used later. It can process millions of instructions in a few seconds and at the same time with high accuracy. Hence a computer can be defined as an automatic electronic machine for performing calculations or controlling operations that are expressible in numerical or logical terms. Computers are very accurate and save time by performing the assigned task very fast. They don’t get bored.
Advertising is a form of marketing communication used to promote or sell something, usually a business's product or service.
The word advertising comes form the latin word "advertere meaning” to turn the minds of towards". Some of the definitions given by various authors are:
According to William J. Stanton, "Advertising consists of all the activities involved in presenting to an audience a non-personal, sponsor-identified, paid-for message about a product or organization."
According to American Marketing Association "advertising is any paid form of non-personal presentation and promotion of ideas, goods and services by an identified sponsor".
Advertising is used for communicating business information to the present and prospective customers. It usually provides information about the advertising firm, its product qualities, place of availability of its products, etc. Advertisement is indispensable for both the sellers and the buyers. However, it is more important for the sellers. In the modern age of large scale production, producers cannot think of pushing sale of their products without advertising them. Advertisement supplements personal selling to a great extent. Advertising has acquired great importance in the modern world where tough competition in the market and fast changes in technology, we find fashion and taste in the customers.
Agriculture in developing countries must undergo a significant transformation in order to meet the related challenges of achieving food security and responding to climate change. Projections based on population growth and food consumption patterns indicate that agricultural production will need to increase by at least 70 percent to meet demands by 2050. Most estimates also indicate that climate change is likely to reduce agricultural productivity, production stability and incomes in some areas that already have high levels of food insecurity. Developing climate-smart agriculture is thus crucial to achieving future food security and climate change goals. This seminar describe an approach to deal with the above issue viz. Climate Smart Agriculture (CSA) and also examines some of the key technical, institutional, policy and financial responses required to achieve this transformation. Building on cases from the field, the seminar try to outlines a range of practices, approaches and tools aimed at increase the resilience and productivity of agricultural product systems, while also reducing and removing emissions. A part of the seminar elaborates institutional and policy options available to promote the transition to climate-smart agriculture at the smallholder level. Finally, the paper considers current gaps and makes innovative suggestion regarding the combined use of different sources, financing mechanism and delivery systems.
Agriculture in developing countries must undergo a significant transformation in order to meet the related challenges of achieving food security and responding to climate change. Projections based on population growth and food consumption patterns indicate that agricultural production will need to increase by at least 70 percent to meet demands by 2050. Most estimates also indicate that climate change is likely to reduce agricultural productivity, production stability and incomes in some areas that already have high levels of food insecurity. Developing climate-smart agriculture is thus crucial to achieving future food security and climate change goals. This seminar describe an approach to deal with the above issue viz. Climate Smart Agriculture (CSA) and also examines some of the key technical, institutional, policy and financial responses required to achieve this transformation. Building on cases from the field, the seminar try to outlines a range of practices, approaches and tools aimed at increase the resilience and productivity of agricultural product systems, while also reducing and removing emissions. A part of the seminar elaborates institutional and policy options available to promote the transition to climate-smart agriculture at the smallholder level. Finally, the paper considers current gaps and makes innovative suggestion regarding the combined use of different sources, financing mechanism and delivery systems.
“Growth with Social Justice” has been the basic objective of the development planning in India since independence.In order to achieve these objectives,Government of India has launched several welfare schemes and programme for needy section of society. Different segment of population got benefitted by these welfare schemes, which have led to significant changes. Some of these changes are distinctly visible – especially in the economic sphere with the adoption of new technologies, diversified production, and sophisticated management. Changes have also taken place in the social sphere – with affirmative action for disadvantaged communities and with women enjoying by and large more freedoms than ever before. This seminar attempts to critically analyze the welfare efforts in India and how the changes occur over a period of time in these welfare programmes with special focus on poverty alleviation programme and women empowerment programmes.
June 3, 2024 Anti-Semitism Letter Sent to MIT President Kornbluth and MIT Cor...Levi Shapiro
Letter from the Congress of the United States regarding Anti-Semitism sent June 3rd to MIT President Sally Kornbluth, MIT Corp Chair, Mark Gorenberg
Dear Dr. Kornbluth and Mr. Gorenberg,
The US House of Representatives is deeply concerned by ongoing and pervasive acts of antisemitic
harassment and intimidation at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT). Failing to act decisively to ensure a safe learning environment for all students would be a grave dereliction of your responsibilities as President of MIT and Chair of the MIT Corporation.
This Congress will not stand idly by and allow an environment hostile to Jewish students to persist. The House believes that your institution is in violation of Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, and the inability or
unwillingness to rectify this violation through action requires accountability.
Postsecondary education is a unique opportunity for students to learn and have their ideas and beliefs challenged. However, universities receiving hundreds of millions of federal funds annually have denied
students that opportunity and have been hijacked to become venues for the promotion of terrorism, antisemitic harassment and intimidation, unlawful encampments, and in some cases, assaults and riots.
The House of Representatives will not countenance the use of federal funds to indoctrinate students into hateful, antisemitic, anti-American supporters of terrorism. Investigations into campus antisemitism by the Committee on Education and the Workforce and the Committee on Ways and Means have been expanded into a Congress-wide probe across all relevant jurisdictions to address this national crisis. The undersigned Committees will conduct oversight into the use of federal funds at MIT and its learning environment under authorities granted to each Committee.
• The Committee on Education and the Workforce has been investigating your institution since December 7, 2023. The Committee has broad jurisdiction over postsecondary education, including its compliance with Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, campus safety concerns over disruptions to the learning environment, and the awarding of federal student aid under the Higher Education Act.
• The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is investigating the sources of funding and other support flowing to groups espousing pro-Hamas propaganda and engaged in antisemitic harassment and intimidation of students. The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is the principal oversight committee of the US House of Representatives and has broad authority to investigate “any matter” at “any time” under House Rule X.
• The Committee on Ways and Means has been investigating several universities since November 15, 2023, when the Committee held a hearing entitled From Ivory Towers to Dark Corners: Investigating the Nexus Between Antisemitism, Tax-Exempt Universities, and Terror Financing. The Committee followed the hearing with letters to those institutions on January 10, 202
Unit 8 - Information and Communication Technology (Paper I).pdfThiyagu K
This slides describes the basic concepts of ICT, basics of Email, Emerging Technology and Digital Initiatives in Education. This presentations aligns with the UGC Paper I syllabus.
A review of the growth of the Israel Genealogy Research Association Database Collection for the last 12 months. Our collection is now passed the 3 million mark and still growing. See which archives have contributed the most. See the different types of records we have, and which years have had records added. You can also see what we have for the future.
A workshop hosted by the South African Journal of Science aimed at postgraduate students and early career researchers with little or no experience in writing and publishing journal articles.
This slide is special for master students (MIBS & MIFB) in UUM. Also useful for readers who are interested in the topic of contemporary Islamic banking.
Operation “Blue Star” is the only event in the history of Independent India where the state went into war with its own people. Even after about 40 years it is not clear if it was culmination of states anger over people of the region, a political game of power or start of dictatorial chapter in the democratic setup.
The people of Punjab felt alienated from main stream due to denial of their just demands during a long democratic struggle since independence. As it happen all over the word, it led to militant struggle with great loss of lives of military, police and civilian personnel. Killing of Indira Gandhi and massacre of innocent Sikhs in Delhi and other India cities was also associated with this movement.
Exploiting Artificial Intelligence for Empowering Researchers and Faculty, In...Dr. Vinod Kumar Kanvaria
Exploiting Artificial Intelligence for Empowering Researchers and Faculty,
International FDP on Fundamentals of Research in Social Sciences
at Integral University, Lucknow, 06.06.2024
By Dr. Vinod Kumar Kanvaria
Normal Labour/ Stages of Labour/ Mechanism of LabourWasim Ak
Normal labor is also termed spontaneous labor, defined as the natural physiological process through which the fetus, placenta, and membranes are expelled from the uterus through the birth canal at term (37 to 42 weeks
Biological screening of herbal drugs: Introduction and Need for
Phyto-Pharmacological Screening, New Strategies for evaluating
Natural Products, In vitro evaluation techniques for Antioxidants, Antimicrobial and Anticancer drugs. In vivo evaluation techniques
for Anti-inflammatory, Antiulcer, Anticancer, Wound healing, Antidiabetic, Hepatoprotective, Cardio protective, Diuretics and
Antifertility, Toxicity studies as per OECD guidelines
Natural birth techniques - Mrs.Akanksha Trivedi Rama University
Communication audit
1. Communication Audit
The nature of a communication strategy
It is a truism that organisations seeking a competitive advantage must design their systems to at least
match, and then exceed, world best practice. Organisational communication is no different. It has been
suggested (Clampitt and Berk, 2000) that a world-class communication system has five key attributes:
• The leadership team has a strategic commitment to effective communication.
• Employees at all levels have the appropriate communication skills.
• There is a proper infrastructure of channels to meet organisational objectives.
• There are proper communication policies and procedures to meet organisational objectives.
• Information is managed in a way to meet organizational objectives.
Communication strategies are all about strengthening relationships, sharing ownership of key issues and
relating communication priorities to key business issues. If an organisation does not develop and
implement a coherent strategy to manage its communication, ad hoc and often dysfunctional methods
will develop. A strategy provides both a path along which communications can be guided, and a
structural set of processes and procedures to ensure success in this field. We have therefore suggested
that a communication strategy can be defined as :
‘A process which enables managers to evaluate the communication consequences of the decision
making process, and which integrates this into the normal business planning cycle and psyche of the
organisation.’ (Tourish and Hargie, 1996, p.12)
Flowing from this, what concretely must managers do to develop a communication strategy and
implement an audit process that will evaluate its effects? A number of excellent reviews are now
available (e.g. Clampitt et al., 2000). Drawing upon this research, we suggest the following process:
1. Secure senior management commitment
2. Identify current practice (i.e. audit)
3. Set standards to measure success
4. Develop an action plan to achieve the standards
5. Measure the results (i.e. audit again)
We now discuss these steps in the context of outlining a robust communication audit process.
Meaning and Definition
The term audit first appeared in academic literature in the 1950s, and it has since been used on
business, human resources and public relation practitioners. At its most basic, an audit is simply an
evaluation of a designated process. A Communication Audit will thus be an evaluation of a
communication process. It will be an investigation of how the internal (or external) communication
processes in an organization actually work.
2. An evaluation of the entire communication activity of an organization to determine whether or not
every primary and secondary public is receiving appropriate and intended messages…
Accurate information about the state of internal communications can best be obtained through the
implementation of a communication audit. The main advantage of an audit is that it provides ‘an
objective picture of what is happening compared with what senior executives think (or have been told)
is happening’ (Hurst, 1991: 24). The findings provide reliable feedback and this in turn allows managers
to make decisions about where changes to existing practice are required. A communication audit sheds
light on the often hazy reality of an organisation’s performance, and exposes problems and secrets to
critical scrutiny. It enables managers to chart a clear course for improved performance.
The term ‘audit’ is ubiquitous. Financial audits are well established, and clinical audits, medical audits,
and organisation audits are also now widely employed. Three characteristics are, in fact, common to all
audits (Hargie and Tourish, 2000):
1. The accumulation of information. This is the diagnostic phase of the audit. In communication terms,
managers need information about the quality and quantity of communication flowing between different
sectors of the organization.
2. The creation of management systems. This is the prescriptive phase of auditing. Once information has
been gathered, systems must then be put in place to further develop best practice, and to remediate
identified deficits.
3. Accountability. This is the functional aspect of the audit process. Specific individuals should be made
accountable for different aspects of internal communication, so that when problems are highlighted
someone is specifically tasked with ensuring these are swiftly dealt with. If a problem is everyone’s
responsibility it is usually no-one’s responsibility.
Objectives of Communication Audit
During the 1970s the International Communication Association gave the issue of communication audits
a lot of attention. This work identified the following key objectives to be achieved by implementing a
communication audit:
1. Determine the amount of information under load and overload associated with the major
topics, sources and channels of communication.
2. Evaluate the quality of information communicated from and/or to these sources.
3. Evaluate the quality of communication relationships, specifically measuring the extent of
interpersonal trust, supportiveness, sociability and overall job satisfaction.
4. Identify the operational communication networks (for rumours, social and job related
messages), comparing them with planned or formal networks (prescribed by organizational
charts).
5. Determine potential bottlenecks and gatekeepers of information by comparing actual
communication roles of key personnel...with expected roles...
3. 6. Identify categories and examples of commonly occurring positive and negative communication
experiences and incidents.
7. Describe individual, group and organizational patterns of actual communication behaviours
related to sources, channels, topics, length and quality of interactions.
8. Provide general recommendations, derived from the Audit, which call for changes or
improvements in attitudes, behaviours, practices and skills.
(Goldhaber and Rogers, 1979)
Purpose of conducting Communication Audit
To establish communication / public relations goals
To evaluate long-term programs
To identify strengths & weaknesses
To indicate areas for further consideration
Audits could tell managers and organizations the following:
• Who they are talking to.
• Who they should be talking to.
• What issues people are talking about.
• From which sources most people get their information.
• Through what communication channels information reaches people.
• The impact of all this on working relationships.
(Tourish and Hargie, 2000)
Scope of Communication Audit
An audit can examine the entire communication function of an organization or be confined to auditing
the effectiveness of communication with one public. For example, you might audit only internal
communication.
Different approaches to implementing a Communication Audit
1. The questionnaire approach
2. The interview approach
3. The focus group approach
4. Data collection log-sheet methods
4. 5. Critical Incident Technique - CIT
6. Constitutive Ethnography
7. Delphi Technique
As each organization is unique, with its own special needs, it would not be fair to say that one approach
is better than the other one.
The Questionnaire Approach: There are two basic options: choose a pre-existing instrument or develop
a new one. There are several pre-existing instruments:
• Communication Satisfaction Questionnaire - the relationship between communication and job
satisfaction (Downs and Hazen, 1977).
• ICA (International Communication Association) Audit Survey – amount of information received
versus amount desired (Goldhaber and Rogers, 1979).
There will be benefits and drawbacks with both new questionnaires and using the pre-existing.
The Interview Approach: The interview is considered to be one of the most central tools within internal
and external communication audits.
The interview method offer three main advantages over alternative information gathering strategies:
1. Unanticipated information, greater depth and meaning of communication experiences.
2. Enable auditors to get a better understanding of how organizational practices and issues are
perceived and interpreted by the employees.
3. It will serve the need, both for auditors and respondents, for the audit to have a human and
social aspect to discovery of information.
(Millar and Gallagher, 2000)
Focus Group Approach: These are ubiquitous, and have permeated all walks of professional life, from
politics to marketing. They can be used to develop insights at a macro level (such as the impact of
strategic decision-making) or on a micro level (such as detailed responses to particular communication
messages). The open ended and interactive nature of focus groups produce insights from respondents
that are difficult to obtain through other methods. Participants spark one another into action by sharing
and developing ideas. Two main disadvantages are that more introverted staff are reluctant to
participate, and some staff may be unwilling to express honest views in the presence of colleagues.
Critical Incident Technique
This method provide a detail insight into the communication process within the organizations A
methodology used to educate instances of effective and ineffective behaviour in any context. First used
to investigate specific competencies of air pilots in the Second World War. It is widely used in the audit
context, where respondents are free to tell about any effective or ineffective communication
5. experiences they have had. Usually this will be part of a questionnaire survey, but it is also possible to
let this technique stand alone in a communication audit (Lount and Hargie, 1997).
Process of Conducting Communication Audit
1. Analyze all communication outputs
– Newsletters, web sites, Twitter feeds, Facebook pages, internal memos, presentations,
videos, brochures, annual reports, media releases etc.
– Examine the format, tone, style, message, public targeted, quality, distribution, and/or
update schedule (method, frequency)
2. Feedback from publics
o Informal interviews with front-line employees
o Formal interviews with middle and upper management
o Informal interviews with representatives of external publics
- Community/opinion leaders, media gatekeepers, industry professionals
o Informal online feedback from various publics through various channels
- Twitter chats or polls
- Facebook polls etc.
3. Organizing Your Data
Use a data table for organizing data
4. Data presentation & analysis
Prepare an audit report after analyzing data.
Section 1: Explanation of the organization’s mission & background
Section 2: Scope of the audit, rationale & methodology
Section 3: Description of the publics
Section 4: Analysis of each communication tool Quality? Appropriateness for public? Meet a
specific communication need? “fit” with the organization? Accurate & consistent in message?
Section 5: Analysis of interviews
Section 6: Balance sheet of communication strengths & weaknesses; recommendations
Thus, the process of audit implementation should encompass these key stages:
1. Engage senior management commitment
6. At the outset of the audit process a problem focused workshop between senior management
and the auditors should therefore be held. Such an event serves to:
(i) Improve the management team's understanding of what can be achieved by audits, of
how a world-class communication system can be built, and what it might look like in this
organisation.
(ii) Clarify in-depth the value of audits, their role in this particular organisation and the
commitment required from management if maximum advantage is to be obtained.
(iii) Identify the top half dozen issues on which people should be receiving and sending
information.
(iv) Discuss the communication standards the management team believes they should
adopt and live up to.
(v) The identification of a senior person or persons prepared to act as link between the
organisation and the external audit team.
2. Prepare the organisation for the audit
Usually, a simple letter is sufficient to inform staff of the nature of the audit process, and the
timescale which is envisaged. The letter must issue by the Chief Executive, thus putting the
authority of this office behind the audit. This helps to ensure that managers facilitate access to
audit participants, and generally engage with what is going on. It also binds the top
management team into the audit exercise, by publicly identifying them with it. This makes it
more likely that the results of the audit will be taken seriously and used to effect improvements
in performance.
It may be necessary to address these issues during initial communications with audit
participants. The following general rules help:
• Participants should be assured, orally and in writing, that their responses will be treated
confidentially.
• Wherever possible, participants should be selected randomly.
• Only the audit team should have access to questionnaires, tape recordings or anything else
which might identify individual respondents.
• Care should be taken, in writing the report, to ensure that it does not inadvertently enable
readers to identify particular respondents.
3. Data gathering
This normally proceeds in two phases. A small number of preliminary first round interviews
familiarises the audit team with staff or customer views, as well as management concerns. Typically,
respondents will be randomly selected. Feedback obtained by this approach helps in the design of
final questionnaires, if this is the main method to be used.
4. Analysis and action phase
7. A report is now prepared, which comprehensively describes and evaluates communication practices.
A completed audit provides a starting point for planning the balance sheet of strengths and
weaknesses provides a strategic way to determine the problems and opportunities.
Communication Audits equip managers with insights into crucial areas of organizational functioning
which are often ignored. Such insights, based on hard data, provide a good basis for the development of
a sharply focused communication strategy and the strengthening of working relationships. (Hargie and
Tourish, 1996)
Refernece
Clampitt, P., and Berk, L. (2000) A communication audit of a paper mill, in Hargie, O. and Tourish, D.
(Eds.) Handbook of Communication Audits For Organizations, London: Routledge.
Clampitt, P., DeKoch, R. and Cashman, T. (2000) ‘A strategy for communicating about uncertainty’,
Academy of Management Executive 14: 41-57.
Downs, C., and Hazen, M. (1977) ‘A factor analytic study of communication satisfaction’, Journal of
Business Communication 14: 63-73.
Hargie, O. (1997) ‘Training in communication skills: research, theory and practice’, in O. Hargie (ed.) The
Handbook of Communication Skills, London: Routledge.
Hargie, O., and Tourish, D. (2003) How Are We Doing? Measuring and Monitoring Organisational
Communication in D. Tourish and O. Hargie (Eds.) Key Issues in Organizational Communication, London:
Routledge.
Goldhaber, G. (2002) ‘Communication audits in the age of the internet’, Management Communication
Quarterly 15: 451-457.
Goldhaber, G., and Rogers, D. (1979) Auditing Organizational Communication Systems: The ICA
Communication Audit, Dubuque, Ia: Kendall/ Hunt.
Millar, R. and Gallagher, M. (2000) ‘The interview approach’, in Hargie, O., and Tourish, D. (eds) (2000)
Handbook of Communication Audits For Organisations, London: Routledge.
Tourish, D., and Hargie, C., (1996) Internal communication: key steps in evaluating and improving
performance, Corporate Communications: An International Journal, 1:3, 11-16.