Communicable Disease Mumps Community Health Nursing
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Mumps is a viral disease caused by the mumps virus. It is characterized by painful swelling of the parotid glands, called parotitis, which is usually preceded by fever, headache, malaise, muscle pain, and loss of appetite. The mumps virus is transmitted through respiratory secretions and direct contact, and has an incubation period of 16-18 days. While vaccination is the best prevention, treatment focuses on relieving symptoms through rest, hydration, and use of antipyretics.
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This document provides an overview of several common viral infections, including measles, rubella, roseola infantum, mumps, pertussis, chickenpox, and hepatitis. For each infection, it discusses the causative agent, epidemiology, clinical manifestations, complications, diagnosis, treatment and prevention. Key details are provided about the transmission, symptoms and public health importance of controlling these infectious diseases.
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Measles, mumps, and chickenpox are vaccine-preventable viral diseases. Measles causes respiratory and neurological complications and over 1 million deaths annually worldwide. Chickenpox results in a rash and can lead to pneumonia or encephalitis. Mumps causes parotid gland swelling and can result in meningitis or orchitis. Vaccines exist for all three diseases and have greatly reduced global cases, though outbreaks still occur in unvaccinated populations. Routine childhood immunization is the primary prevention strategy.
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mumps.pptx
Mumps is a viral infection that causes swelling of the salivary glands. It is caused by the mumps virus and primarily affects children aged 5-15 years old. Common symptoms include fever and swelling of the parotid glands near the ears. Complications can include meningitis, deafness, orchitis, and oophoritis. Treatment focuses on relieving symptoms and prevention is achieved through the MMR vaccine.
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Although Artemia has been known to man for centuries, its use as a food for the culture of larval organisms apparently began only in the 1930s, when several investigators found that it made an excellent food for newly hatched fish larvae (Litvinenko et al., 2023). As aquaculture developed in the 1960s and ‘70s, the use of Artemia also became more widespread, due both to its convenience and to its nutritional value for larval organisms (Arenas-Pardo et al., 2024). The fact that Artemia dormant cysts can be stored for long periods in cans, and then used as an off-the-shelf food requiring only 24 h of incubation makes them the most convenient, least labor-intensive, live food available for aquaculture (Sorgeloos & Roubach, 2021). The nutritional value of Artemia, especially for marine organisms, is not constant, but varies both geographically and temporally. During the last decade, however, both the causes of Artemia nutritional variability and methods to improve poorquality Artemia have been identified (Loufi et al., 2024).
Brine shrimp (Artemia spp.) are used in marine aquaculture worldwide. Annually, more than 2,000 metric tons of dry cysts are used for cultivation of fish, crustacean, and shellfish larva. Brine shrimp are important to aquaculture because newly hatched brine shrimp nauplii (larvae) provide a food source for many fish fry (Mozanzadeh et al., 2021). Culture and harvesting of brine shrimp eggs represents another aspect of the aquaculture industry. Nauplii and metanauplii of Artemia, commonly known as brine shrimp, play a crucial role in aquaculture due to their nutritional value and suitability as live feed for many aquatic species, particularly in larval stages (Sorgeloos & Roubach, 2021).
Unlocking the mysteries of reproduction: Exploring fecundity and gonadosomati...
The pygmy halfbeak Dermogenys colletei, is known for its viviparous nature, this presents an intriguing case of relatively low fecundity, raising questions about potential compensatory reproductive strategies employed by this species. Our study delves into the examination of fecundity and the Gonadosomatic Index (GSI) in the Pygmy Halfbeak, D. colletei (Meisner, 2001), an intriguing viviparous fish indigenous to Sarawak, Borneo. We hypothesize that the Pygmy halfbeak, D. colletei, may exhibit unique reproductive adaptations to offset its low fecundity, thus enhancing its survival and fitness. To address this, we conducted a comprehensive study utilizing 28 mature female specimens of D. colletei, carefully measuring fecundity and GSI to shed light on the reproductive adaptations of this species. Our findings reveal that D. colletei indeed exhibits low fecundity, with a mean of 16.76 ± 2.01, and a mean GSI of 12.83 ± 1.27, providing crucial insights into the reproductive mechanisms at play in this species. These results underscore the existence of unique reproductive strategies in D. colletei, enabling its adaptation and persistence in Borneo's diverse aquatic ecosystems, and call for further ecological research to elucidate these mechanisms. This study lends to a better understanding of viviparous fish in Borneo and contributes to the broader field of aquatic ecology, enhancing our knowledge of species adaptations to unique ecological challenges.
Deep Software Variability and Frictionless Reproducibility
Deep Software Variability and Frictionless ReproducibilityUniversity of Rennes, INSA Rennes, Inria/IRISA, CNRS
The ability to recreate computational results with minimal effort and actionable metrics provides a solid foundation for scientific research and software development. When people can replicate an analysis at the touch of a button using open-source software, open data, and methods to assess and compare proposals, it significantly eases verification of results, engagement with a diverse range of contributors, and progress. However, we have yet to fully achieve this; there are still many sociotechnical frictions.
Inspired by David Donoho's vision, this talk aims to revisit the three crucial pillars of frictionless reproducibility (data sharing, code sharing, and competitive challenges) with the perspective of deep software variability.
Our observation is that multiple layers — hardware, operating systems, third-party libraries, software versions, input data, compile-time options, and parameters — are subject to variability that exacerbates frictions but is also essential for achieving robust, generalizable results and fostering innovation. I will first review the literature, providing evidence of how the complex variability interactions across these layers affect qualitative and quantitative software properties, thereby complicating the reproduction and replication of scientific studies in various fields.
I will then present some software engineering and AI techniques that can support the strategic exploration of variability spaces. These include the use of abstractions and models (e.g., feature models), sampling strategies (e.g., uniform, random), cost-effective measurements (e.g., incremental build of software configurations), and dimensionality reduction methods (e.g., transfer learning, feature selection, software debloating).
I will finally argue that deep variability is both the problem and solution of frictionless reproducibility, calling the software science community to develop new methods and tools to manage variability and foster reproducibility in software systems.
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be linked to genomics information for crop improvement at all growth stages have become as important as genotyping. Thus,
high-throughput phenotyping has become the major bottleneck restricting crop breeding. Plant phenomics has been defined as the high-throughput, accurate acquisition and analysis of multi-dimensional phenotypes
during crop growing stages at the organism level, including the cell, tissue, organ, individual plant, plot, and field levels. With the rapid development of novel sensors, imaging technology,
and analysis methods, numerous infrastructure platforms have been developed for phenotyping.
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Communicable Disease Mumps Community Health Nursing
- 1. Mumps
- 2. Mumps is a viral disease caused by the mumps virus. Initial symptoms of mumps are non-specific and include fever, headache, malaise, muscle pain, and loss of appetite. These symptoms are usually followed by painful swelling of the parotid glands, called parotitis, which is the most common symptom of a mumps infection. Definition
- 4. Etiology • Mumps is caused by the mumps virus, which is an RNA virus, Rubulavirus. • Rubulavirus is within the genus Paramyxovirus and is a member of the family Paramyxoviridae. • Humans are the only natural host of the mumps virus.
- 5. Mode of Transmission • The virus is primarily transmitted by respiratory secretions such as droplets and saliva, as well as via direct contact with an infected person. • Mumps is highly contagious and spreads easily in densely populated settings. • Transmission can occur from one week before the onset of symptoms to eight days after.
- 6. Incubation Period • The incubation period of mumps is 16-18 days; however, it can vary from 14-25 days. Mostly children and young adults get infected with this virus. Risk Factors • Risk factors for mumps include immunodeficiency, international travel and lack of vaccination. Statistics • Most cases reported in 2006 and 2009-2010 were associated with a few large, localized outbreaks. However, since 2014, more than 1,000 mumps cases have been reported each year, and in 2019 nearly every state reported mumps cases.
- 7. Pathophysiology Respiratory Transmission of Virus Replication in nasopharynx and regional lymph nodes Viremia 12-25 days after exposure with spread to other tissues Multiple tissues infected during viremia Mumps
- 8. Clinical Manifestations • Is a highly infectious child-hood disease • Incubation period usually 16-18 days (range, 12-25 days) • Mumps starts with moderate fever, malaise, pain on chewing or swallowing, particularly acidic liquid. • Followed by the inflammation of salivary glands, particularly the parotid glands. • The swelling appears in front of the ear.
- 9. • Orchitis, oophoritis, mastitis, pancreatitis, hearing loss, meningitis, and encephalitis • More common among adults than children • Less likely in vaccinated persons compared to unvaccinated persons • Meningitis, encephalitis, pancreatitis, and hearing loss 1% or less among infected persons in the postvaccine era Complications
- 10. Therapeutic Interventions (Medical and Pharmacological Management) There's no specific medical treatment for mumps. Treatment is supportive by treating symptoms, using antipyretics and analgesics.
- 11. Nursing Management/Intervention • The patient must rest in bed until the fever goes away. • Isolate the patient, to prevent spreading the disease to others. • Use antipyretics and analgesics to ease symptoms. • Avoid giving food that require chewing. • Avoid giving sour foods that stimulates saliva production. • Encourage patient to drink plenty of water. • Use cold compress to ease the swelling glands.
- 12. Prevention • Vaccination is the best way to prevent mumps and mumps complications. • This vaccine is included in the combination measles-mumps-rubella (MMR) and measles-mumps-rubella-varicella (MMRV) vaccines.
- 13. References Davison, P. (2023, August 8). Mumps. StatPearls - NCBI Bookshelf. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK534785/ Mumps - Symptoms & causes - Mayo Clinic. (2022b, November 23). Mayo Clinic. https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/mumps/symptoms-causes/syc-20375361 PinkBook: Mumps | CDC. (n.d.). https://www.cdc.gov/vaccines/pubs/pinkbook/mumps.html Wikipedia contributors. (2023). Mumps. Wikipedia. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mumps