Commercial vegetable production of brinjal and chilli is discussed. Brinjal (Solanum melongena) and chilli (Capsicum frutescence, C. annum) are important vegetable crops grown in India. Brinjal is mostly grown in West Bengal, Gujarat, and Maharashtra. Chilli is grown in Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka, and Maharashtra. Both crops require warm temperatures between 20-30°C for optimal growth. Various varieties are recommended for different regions. Standard agronomic practices like nursery raising, fertilizer application, irrigation, and pest and disease management are covered.

1. Commercial Vegetable Production
of Brinjal and Chilli
Speaker: P. M. Sankhla

2. It is one of the most common, popular and principal crop
grown in India. It can be grown in almost all parts of India,
except on higher elevations, round the year. It is highly
productive and also called as poor's man crop.
Botanical Name: Solanum melongena
Brinjal or Egg plant
Family: Solanaceae
Use: Use as cooked vegetable either alone
or mix with other vegetables. It is also
used for pickle making and
Dehydration industries
Origin: India

3. Medicinal Value
 It is good for diabetic.
 White brinjal are good for diabetic patients
 It is also act as an excellent remedy for those suffering from liver
complain
 Helpful in improving the sleepingness
Area:
India ranks first for producing brinjal in the world and its share is
27.55% in total world production.
West Bangal ranks first for brinjal production. Its share is about 23%.
State Area Production Productivity
Gujarat 72,000 ha 12.36 Lakh MT 17.2 MT/ha

4. Plant Description
1. It is self pollinated crop
2. Flowers are hermaphrodite
3. Crop is monoecious
4. It is annual herb and dicot.
Botanical Description
• Brinjal is a growing up to 1.5 m high.
• Brinjal is classified as annual herb because of its non-woody stem.
• Both leaves and stem are covered with fine hairs. There are 5 stamens
attached to the corolla tube and a single superior ovary.
• Its root system is fibrous. The fruits are berries with many seeds.
• Fruits are either long or round and vary in colour according to the
variety: white, orange, green, purple or black.

5. Flower Types
1. Long styled - with big size ovary.
2. Medium styled - with medium size ovary
3. Pseudo short styled - with rudimentary ovary.
4. True short style - With very rudimentary ovary, do not bear fruits.
• Pollen viability up to 8 to 10 days Anthesis starts from 7.30 and
continue till 11.00 A.M.
• Pick time: 8.30 to 10.30 A.M. Pollen dehision starts from 9.30 to 10.
AM Fruits set up to 70 to 86 %.

6. Flower Types
Long Styled Medium Styled Short Styled

7. Composition and Uses
Food value Amount Food value Amount
Moisture 92.7 % Protein 1.4 g
Fat 0.3 g Minerals 0.3 g
CHO 4.0 g Thiamin 0.04 mg
Vit. A 124 I.U. Nicotinic acid 0.09 mg
Riboflavin 0.1 mg Vit. C 12 mg
Per 100 g edible portion
Bitterness is brinjal is due to high amount of Glycoalkaloids
It produces bitterly taste and off flavor. Generally it is vary within the range of 0.37 to
4.83 mg/ 100 g pulp in most of the commercial varieties.
Discoloration is due to high polyphenol oxidase activity.

8. Composition and Uses

9. Varieties
Organisation Name of varieties
IARI, New Delhi Pusa Purple Long, Pusa Purple Cluster, Pusa Bindu, Pusa Upkar,
Pusa Kranti, Pusa Anmol, Pusa Purple Round, Pusa Bhairav, Pusa
Hybrid-5, 6, 9
IIHR, Bangalore Arka sheel, Arka Shirish, Arka Kusumkar, Arka Navneet, Arka
Anand, Arka Keshav, Arka Nidhi, Arka Neelkanth
PAU, Ludhiana Punjab Bahar, Punjab Barsati, Punjab Neelum, Punjab Sadabahar
JAU Gujarat Brinjal Hy.–2, Junagadh Brinjal Green Round -1,
Junagadh Brinjal-2, Junagadh Brinjal-2
Recommended
for Gujarat
Dolly-5, Gujarat Hybrid Brinjal-1, ABH-1, Gujarat Oblong
Brinjal-1, Junagadh Raviya, PLR-1, Gujarat Long Brinjal-1,
Gujarat Brinjal Long –1, Surati Raviya

10. Varieties

11. Varieties

12. Varieties

13. Varieties

14. Varieties

15. Varieties

16. Varieties recommended for different parts
of Gujarat
Area Name of varieties
Middle Gujarat ABH-1, GBH-1, GBH-2, Dolly-5, Gujarat Hybrid Brinjal-1
Saurashtra PLR-1, KS-224, GHBL-1, Dolly-5, Gujarat Brinjal Hy.–2,
Junagadh Brinjal Green Round -1, Junagadh Brinjal-2,
Junagadh Brinjal-2
South Gujarat Surati Ravaiya , Bilimora Bhartha.

17. Climate and Soil
Climate:
A well drain and fertile soil is desirable for this crop. Brinjal is a hardy crop
and can be grown on variety of soil, but does best on silt loam or clay loam
soil. Soil pH should in the range of 5.5 to 6.8. Soil is prepared up to good tilth
prior to transplanting of seedling.
Soil:
Brinjal requires long warm growing season for commercial production. Mean
temperature of 20-300 C is most favorable for its successful production. Plants
are killed by severe frost. The seeds germinate satisfactorily at 25 to 28oC. In
cool season, growth is slow and fruit quality is poor in size and colour.

18. Raising of Seedling
Raising of Seedling
Sowing time:
As per tomato crop
Sowing season Nursery sowing Transplanting
Kharif June-July July -Aug
Rabi Sept- Oct. Oct.- Nov.
Summer Jau-Feb. Feb.-March
Seed Rate: 250-300 g/ha
Spacing: 90 cm x 60 cm, 60 cm x 60 cm, 90 cm x 75 cm , 90 cm x 90 cm

19. Manures and Fertilizer
• F.Y.M 15-20 t/ha Should be thoroughly mixed at the time of soil
preparation
N (Kg/ha) P2O5 (Kg/ha) K2O (Kg/ha) Time of application
50 50 50 Basal
50 00 00 Top dressing at
flowering
100 50 50 Total

20. Interculture and weeding
• Brinjal is a slow growing crop is unable to compete with fast-growing
weeds.
• Shallow inter cultivation is given to remove weeds from the early
growth.
• About 3-4 hoeing and hand weeding are normally needed for an effective
control of weeds. proper aeration and good growth of the plants
• Mulching in brinjal with black polythene film reduces weed growth,
increase growth, early bearing and yield.
Chemical weed control in brinjal is also recommended. Application of
Fluchloralin@1-1.5kg ai/ha or Pendimethalin@0.5 kg ai/ha as a pre
emergence and one hand weeding at 30 days after transplanting give a good
crop.

21. Irrigation
Light and frequent irrigation should be given through the growing
seasons of the crop. 12 to 15 days interval should be kept during
winter and 6 to 8 days during the summer. In monsoon there is no
need of irrigation but if there is long spell of dry period then irrigation
should be given. Timely irrigation is essential for good fruit -set and
its development. Drip irrigation is beneficial for reducing water use
and weed control.
 Farmer belong to middle Gujarat region (Narmada cannal area) where
is soil is deep black grown brinjal are advise to give total 12 irrigation
of 80 mm. depth in which Ist should be given at T.P. & following three
should be given at an interval of 10 to 12 days & remaining 5 are
given at an interval of 15 to 17 days & then last three are given at an
interval of 10 days.

22. Irrigation
• They also advise to do mulch with 50 micron black polythene sheet,
covering 80% area after one month of T.P. So they can get 27% more
yield & 12% more income.
• Instead of polythene sheet they can also use wheat straw or castor
seed coat powder as a mulching material. They also advise to adopt
drip irrigation with mulch so they can get 50% more yield, 24%
saving of water.
• In South Gujarat region farmers are advise to do mulching with black
polythene sheet covering 100% area and give only 7 irrigation at an
interval of 45 to 50 days in winter & 30 to 35 days in summer, So they
can get 57% more net income.

23. Use of Growth regulator
• Soaking of Seeds in 2-4 -D 5 ppm solution for 24 hours or spraying
whole plant with 2-4 -D at 2 ppm can helped in increasing the fruit
set during few flower cluster open.
• 2% urea + 50 ppm IAA (50 mg IAA in 1.0 l of water) sprayed
treatment had given early flower & increased yield compared to
control in cv. Pusa Kranti.

24. Harvesting and Yield
• The fruits are harvested when they are tender and attractive in
appearance. The fruit are harvested before it fully ripe and when it
attains a good size and colour. The surface of the fruit should not lose
its bright and glossy appearance. Harvesting should be done every
third day by cutting the stalk from the stem with knife or other sharp
instrument.
The Average yield varies from 30 to 40 t/ha.

25. Grading
• According to I.S.I. three grades
1. Super
2. Fancy
3. Commercial.
Packing
In gunny bags or in
bamboo baskets or in
plastic crates.

26. Seed Production in Brinjal
• All the cultural operations are same as per commercial crop. Some important points
are as under:
• 1. Isolation distance
• A. 100 m for certified seeds
• B. 200 m for foundation seed
• C. 400 m for nucleolus seeds.
• 2. Adjust the season during high temp, there may be a chance of parthenocarpic
fruits or no crop
• during rainy season.
• 3. Do proper rouging three times i.e. 1. Before flowering 2. At flowering 3. At fruit
maturity stage.
• 4. Harvest fruits when they are fully ripe ( yellow colour )
• 5. Extracts the seeds by removing the outer skin and by making the slice. Then
allow for soaking the material in water for over right.
• 6. The seeds are separated by washing in running water, shade dry sieve & stored in
clean dry container. ( No moisture content more than 8%) in the seeds) The Av.
seeds yield is 100 to 120 kg/ha.

27. Plant Protection
1. Brinjal Fruit and Shoot Borer
Insect and Pest
It is one of the major and serious insect pests
of brinjal. A short pinkish caterpillar bores
into the terminal shoot and eats internal
tissue; it bores into the young fruit through
the calyx leaving on visible sings of
infestation. The large holes usually seen on
the fruits are the exist holes of caterpillar.
Control Measure
Remove and destroyed the affected plant with pest.
ii) The affected crops should be sprayed with phosphamidon
(demicron-100 EC) @.0.5 ml or diochlorovos (Sumthion-50
Ecfolilhion-50 ECc) @1 ml per litter of water at fortnightly
interval or spraying with carbaryl 0.20%.

28. Plant Protection
1. Brinjal Stem borer
2. Leaf eating caterpillar
3. Mite and Jassids
Insect and Pest

29. Plant Protection
1. Damping off
Disease
It is a serious disease of brinjal seedlings and mainly occurs in
nursery bed. The disease infected seedlings rot at ground level and
then the plants fall over ground. The seedlings die in patches.
Control Measure
1. The seed bed should be treated with Formalin before sowing of
seeds.
2. The seeds should be treated with Cerasan or Agrosan before sowing
of seed.
3. The seedlings in the nursery should be sprayed with any fungicides
at regular interval.

30. Plant Protection
1. Phomopsis Blight/Fruit Rot
Disease
Dark brown lesions appear on the stem and round to oval spots are
formed on the leaves. Disease fruits show short and watery lesions
which become black and mummified.
Control Measure
i. Use of disease free seeds, seeds treatment with some fungicide and long
crop rotation are the most common remedial measures of this disease.
ii. Disease resistant variety (Such as Pusa Bhairab, Pusa Purple Cluster etc.)
should be Cultivated,
iii. The disease can effectively be controlled by weekly spraying of nursery
and field with Mancozeb (Dithane M-45) @ 2.5 gm per litter of water.

31. Plant Protection
2. Phomopsis Blight/Fruit Rot
Disease
Damping off

32. Plant Protection
3. Little Leaf
Disease
The affected plant produces numerous tinny
yellow leaves and does not bear fruits. The
disease is transmitted by leaf hopper.
Control Measure
i. The disease affected plants should be destroyed.
ii. The insect vector should be controlled by spraying the crop with
Dimethoate (Rogor-30 EC or Oxydemiton methyl (Metasystox-25
EG)
iii. Disease resistant variety such as Pusa Purple Cluster should be
cultivated.

33. It is specially likes for its pungency, spicy tastes, besides the
appealing colour it adds to the food. It has important role in
our daily diet. They are use to increase the palatability and
taste of cooked vegetables.
Botanical Name: Capsicum frutescence (Hot chilli)
C. annum (Sweet chilli)
Chilli
Family: Solanaceae Origin: Mexico

34. Uses
 Chilli powder is used in culinary preparation.
 The pickle of chillies is very famous.
 Extract of chilli is used in " ginger bear" and other beverages,
 It is also used in medicine as a carminative,
 Poultry feed.
 It also used to flavour soup and sauces.
 Sweet chillies are directly use as vegetable.
Food value Quantity Food value Quantity
Moisture 85.7 % Carbohydrate 3.0 g
Protein 2.9 g Phosphorus (P) 80 mg
Fat 0.6 g Potassium (K) 217 mg
Minerals 1.0 g Vitamin C 111 mg
Fibre 6.8 g Vitamin A 292 I.U.

35. Pungency and Pigment
 The pungency in chillies is due to an alkaloid 'Capsaicin' (C18,
H27, No3)
 The extent of pungency present in central placenta > seed > ovary
wall
 Generally the content of capsaicin varies from 0.2-0.4%.
Pungency
Pigment
Red colour of chilli is due to Capxanthin

36. Area and Production
 In India chilli is cultivated in
a area of 7.92 Lakh Ha
 A.P., Karnataka an
Maharashtra accounts 75%
of total production
 Major producing district of
Gujarat is Vadodra, Anand,
B.K., Rajkot, Tapi and
Junagadh.

37. Hot chilli and Sweet chilli
Difference between hot chilli and sweet chilli
Sweet Chilli Hot chilli
B.N. is Capsicum annum B.N. is Capsicum. frutescens
Less pungent More pungent
Origin place is Maxico Origin place is South America
It is also called as Bell pepper or
sweet pepper or capsicum or simla
mirch
It is also called red chilli or hot
chilli
Fruits borne singly Fruits borne in cluster
Fruit size is large Fruit size is large or small
Varieties: California Wonder, Yolo
Wonder
Varieties: G-4, Pusa Jwala, Arka
Lohit
Mostly used for salad and vegetables
purposes
Mostly used for condiments and
spicy taste

38. Hot chilli and Sweet chilli
Hot Chilli Paprika
Sweet Chilli

39. Soil and climate
Soil:
pH: 6-6.5
Climate:
Ideal Temp. 20 °C to 25 °C; Fruit development adversely affected beyond 37.5 °C
Varieties:
Hot Chilli Pusa Jwala, Arka Basant, G-4 (Bagyalakshmi), G- 5
(Andhra Jyoti), NP-46A, S-49, , Arka Lohit, CO, 1,2,3,
Pusa Sadabahar,, MDU-1, PKM-1, Pant-C, Pant-C 2
Sweet chilli California Wonder, Yolo Wonder, Arka Mohini, Arka
Gaurav
Recommended and released for Gujarat: G-4, S-49,
Rasham Patta, GVC-101, GVC-111, GVC-121, AVNPC-
131.

40. Cultivation Practices
Sowing time:
Sowing season Nursery sowing Transplanting
Kharif June-July July -Aug
Rabi Sept- Oct. Oct.- Nov.
Summer Jan-Feb. Feb.-March
Seed rate : 750-1000 g/ha
Spacing : 45 x 45 cm., 45 x 30, 60 x45 cm., 60 x 60 cm.
Nursery management ( Raising of seedlings) : As per other tomato crops
Transplanting : When seedlings are of 15-20 cm ht (4 to 6 weeks old )
should be transplanted

41. Manures and Fertilizer
15 to 20 t/ha FYM should be incorporate during soil preparation
N2 P2 O5 K2 O Time of application
50 50 50 Basal
25 00 00 20-25 DAT (Days After
Transplanting)
25 00 00 At flowering
25 00 00 At each harvest

42. Cultivation Practice
Irrigation:
• Chilli is grown both as rain fed and irrigated crop.
• First irrigation is given after the transplanting and subsequent
irrigations are given 5-7 days interval depending on weather and
conditions of soil during summer and rainy season and after.
• Every 10 to 15 days in winter.
• The maintenance of uniform soil moisture is essential to prevent
blossom and fruit drops.
Weed control:
• Pre- emergence ( before T.P.) Pendimethalin- 1.0kg/ ha. or
fluchloralin 1.0 kg/ha.

43. Harvesting and Yield
Harvesting:
 Flowering starts from 1.5 to 2 months after T.P. and it takes
another month for mature green chilli.
 The mature green chilli can be harvested every 20 days up to
6 to 8 pickings.
 The ripe red chilli harvested at full mature (colour break)
stage. 2 to 3 pickings are done for red chilli.
100 kg of ripe chilli gives 25 to 40 kg dry chill
depending on variety.
Yield:
• Green chilli: 10-15 t/ha. Dry chilli: 2.5-3 t/ha

44. Disease and Pest Management
Insect attacking chilli plants
 Chilli Thrips, Fruit Borer and Aphid
Disease:
• Damping off : Fungal (at nursery)
• Bacterial leaf spot : Bacterial
• Anthracnose : Fungal
• Leaf curl : Viral (Transmitted by Aphid and thrips)

45. THANKS