gastric resection, reconstruction and post gastrectomy syndromessanyal1981
discussion regarding history of gastrectomy, types of gastrectomy, billroth I, billroth II and roux en y gastrojejunostomy........discussion of post gastrectomy syndromes
PARASTOMAL HERNIA : An ostomy is an artificial opening through the abdominal wall for the intestine or ureter in order to discharge feces or urine. Hernias that are associated with colostomies, ileostomies, jejunostomies or urostomies, where viscus penetrates the abdominal wall are called as paraostomal hernias
gastric resection, reconstruction and post gastrectomy syndromessanyal1981
discussion regarding history of gastrectomy, types of gastrectomy, billroth I, billroth II and roux en y gastrojejunostomy........discussion of post gastrectomy syndromes
PARASTOMAL HERNIA : An ostomy is an artificial opening through the abdominal wall for the intestine or ureter in order to discharge feces or urine. Hernias that are associated with colostomies, ileostomies, jejunostomies or urostomies, where viscus penetrates the abdominal wall are called as paraostomal hernias
Colon cancer epidemiology, risk factors, and etiology, pathology, screening, diagnosis, workup, staging, treatment, chemotherapy and follow-up.
These slides are selections from the major references in surgery, oncology, and internal medicine. I have tried to gather the information from valid and recently-updated references such as NCCN guidelines and Cancer statistics. I hope it helps!
Introduction .
Statics.
Risk factors.
survival rate.
Staging , Grading.
Special investigations.
WHO Classification .
Most common Benign and Malignant salivary gland Tumors
Clinical presentation and prognosis.
Surgical Treatment .
Summary.
Salivary gland tumors account for 2% to 6.5% of all head and neck neoplasms, are more common in female with a peak incidence in their 60s and 70s, but can occur in all age groups.
The majority of neoplasms occur in the parotid, and pleomorphic adenoma is the most common benign tumor and mucoepidermoid carcinoma the most common malignant tumor.
Irregular margins, bony invasions, the presence of metastatic lymph nodes and perineural spread can all be signs of malignancy.
Necrosis can also characterize malignancy.
Benign tumors were more common than malignant ones.
The prevalent benign tumor was PA, and the prevalent malignant tumors were ACC and MEC.
The smaller the gland more likely that a mass is malignant.
Flu Vaccine Alert in Bangalore Karnatakaaddon Scans
As flu season approaches, health officials in Bangalore, Karnataka, are urging residents to get their flu vaccinations. The seasonal flu, while common, can lead to severe health complications, particularly for vulnerable populations such as young children, the elderly, and those with underlying health conditions.
Dr. Vidisha Kumari, a leading epidemiologist in Bangalore, emphasizes the importance of getting vaccinated. "The flu vaccine is our best defense against the influenza virus. It not only protects individuals but also helps prevent the spread of the virus in our communities," he says.
This year, the flu season is expected to coincide with a potential increase in other respiratory illnesses. The Karnataka Health Department has launched an awareness campaign highlighting the significance of flu vaccinations. They have set up multiple vaccination centers across Bangalore, making it convenient for residents to receive their shots.
To encourage widespread vaccination, the government is also collaborating with local schools, workplaces, and community centers to facilitate vaccination drives. Special attention is being given to ensuring that the vaccine is accessible to all, including marginalized communities who may have limited access to healthcare.
Residents are reminded that the flu vaccine is safe and effective. Common side effects are mild and may include soreness at the injection site, mild fever, or muscle aches. These side effects are generally short-lived and far less severe than the flu itself.
Healthcare providers are also stressing the importance of continuing COVID-19 precautions. Wearing masks, practicing good hand hygiene, and maintaining social distancing are still crucial, especially in crowded places.
Protect yourself and your loved ones by getting vaccinated. Together, we can help keep Bangalore healthy and safe this flu season. For more information on vaccination centers and schedules, residents can visit the Karnataka Health Department’s official website or follow their social media pages.
Stay informed, stay safe, and get your flu shot today!
Tom Selleck Health: A Comprehensive Look at the Iconic Actor’s Wellness Journeygreendigital
Tom Selleck, an enduring figure in Hollywood. has captivated audiences for decades with his rugged charm, iconic moustache. and memorable roles in television and film. From his breakout role as Thomas Magnum in Magnum P.I. to his current portrayal of Frank Reagan in Blue Bloods. Selleck's career has spanned over 50 years. But beyond his professional achievements. fans have often been curious about Tom Selleck Health. especially as he has aged in the public eye.
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Introduction
Many have been interested in Tom Selleck health. not only because of his enduring presence on screen but also because of the challenges. and lifestyle choices he has faced and made over the years. This article delves into the various aspects of Tom Selleck health. exploring his fitness regimen, diet, mental health. and the challenges he has encountered as he ages. We'll look at how he maintains his well-being. the health issues he has faced, and his approach to ageing .
Early Life and Career
Childhood and Athletic Beginnings
Tom Selleck was born on January 29, 1945, in Detroit, Michigan, and grew up in Sherman Oaks, California. From an early age, he was involved in sports, particularly basketball. which played a significant role in his physical development. His athletic pursuits continued into college. where he attended the University of Southern California (USC) on a basketball scholarship. This early involvement in sports laid a strong foundation for his physical health and disciplined lifestyle.
Transition to Acting
Selleck's transition from an athlete to an actor came with its physical demands. His first significant role in "Magnum P.I." required him to perform various stunts and maintain a fit appearance. This role, which he played from 1980 to 1988. necessitated a rigorous fitness routine to meet the show's demands. setting the stage for his long-term commitment to health and wellness.
Fitness Regimen
Workout Routine
Tom Selleck health and fitness regimen has evolved. adapting to his changing roles and age. During his "Magnum, P.I." days. Selleck's workouts were intense and focused on building and maintaining muscle mass. His routine included weightlifting, cardiovascular exercises. and specific training for the stunts he performed on the show.
Selleck adjusted his fitness routine as he aged to suit his body's needs. Today, his workouts focus on maintaining flexibility, strength, and cardiovascular health. He incorporates low-impact exercises such as swimming, walking, and light weightlifting. This balanced approach helps him stay fit without putting undue strain on his joints and muscles.
Importance of Flexibility and Mobility
In recent years, Selleck has emphasized the importance of flexibility and mobility in his fitness regimen. Understanding the natural decline in muscle mass and joint flexibility with age. he includes stretching and yoga in his routine. These practices help prevent injuries, improve posture, and maintain mobilit
Recomendações da OMS sobre cuidados maternos e neonatais para uma experiência pós-natal positiva.
Em consonância com os ODS – Objetivos do Desenvolvimento Sustentável e a Estratégia Global para a Saúde das Mulheres, Crianças e Adolescentes, e aplicando uma abordagem baseada nos direitos humanos, os esforços de cuidados pós-natais devem expandir-se para além da cobertura e da simples sobrevivência, de modo a incluir cuidados de qualidade.
Estas diretrizes visam melhorar a qualidade dos cuidados pós-natais essenciais e de rotina prestados às mulheres e aos recém-nascidos, com o objetivo final de melhorar a saúde e o bem-estar materno e neonatal.
Uma “experiência pós-natal positiva” é um resultado importante para todas as mulheres que dão à luz e para os seus recém-nascidos, estabelecendo as bases para a melhoria da saúde e do bem-estar a curto e longo prazo. Uma experiência pós-natal positiva é definida como aquela em que as mulheres, pessoas que gestam, os recém-nascidos, os casais, os pais, os cuidadores e as famílias recebem informação consistente, garantia e apoio de profissionais de saúde motivados; e onde um sistema de saúde flexível e com recursos reconheça as necessidades das mulheres e dos bebês e respeite o seu contexto cultural.
Estas diretrizes consolidadas apresentam algumas recomendações novas e já bem fundamentadas sobre cuidados pós-natais de rotina para mulheres e neonatos que recebem cuidados no pós-parto em unidades de saúde ou na comunidade, independentemente dos recursos disponíveis.
É fornecido um conjunto abrangente de recomendações para cuidados durante o período puerperal, com ênfase nos cuidados essenciais que todas as mulheres e recém-nascidos devem receber, e com a devida atenção à qualidade dos cuidados; isto é, a entrega e a experiência do cuidado recebido. Estas diretrizes atualizam e ampliam as recomendações da OMS de 2014 sobre cuidados pós-natais da mãe e do recém-nascido e complementam as atuais diretrizes da OMS sobre a gestão de complicações pós-natais.
O estabelecimento da amamentação e o manejo das principais intercorrências é contemplada.
Recomendamos muito.
Vamos discutir essas recomendações no nosso curso de pós-graduação em Aleitamento no Instituto Ciclos.
Esta publicação só está disponível em inglês até o momento.
Prof. Marcus Renato de Carvalho
www.agostodourado.com
- Video recording of this lecture in English language: https://youtu.be/lK81BzxMqdo
- Video recording of this lecture in Arabic language: https://youtu.be/Ve4P0COk9OI
- Link to download the book free: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/nephrotube-nephrology-books.html
- Link to NephroTube website: www.NephroTube.com
- Link to NephroTube social media accounts: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/join-nephrotube-on-social-media.html
MANAGEMENT OF ATRIOVENTRICULAR CONDUCTION BLOCK.pdfJim Jacob Roy
Cardiac conduction defects can occur due to various causes.
Atrioventricular conduction blocks ( AV blocks ) are classified into 3 types.
This document describes the acute management of AV block.
ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE IN HEALTHCARE.pdfAnujkumaranit
Artificial intelligence (AI) refers to the simulation of human intelligence processes by machines, especially computer systems. It encompasses tasks such as learning, reasoning, problem-solving, perception, and language understanding. AI technologies are revolutionizing various fields, from healthcare to finance, by enabling machines to perform tasks that typically require human intelligence.
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Knee anatomy and clinical tests 2024.pdfvimalpl1234
This includes all relevant anatomy and clinical tests compiled from standard textbooks, Campbell,netter etc..It is comprehensive and best suited for orthopaedicians and orthopaedic residents.
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3. • A polyp is a discrete mass of tissue that protrudes into the lumen of the
bowel.
• Polyp’ is a term derived from the Greek word polypous, which means
‘morbid lump.’
• Generally, this term describes any mass protruding into the lumen of a
hollow vessel, anywhere in the gastro-intestinal, genito-urinary or
respiratory tracts
4. Methods for Detection
• Colorectal polyps usually are clinically silent.
• They most often are detected either incidentally during investigation
for non-specific symptoms.
• As part of the evaluation for iron deficiency anemia
• or in asymptomatic people being screened for colorectal neoplasia
5. Fecal Occult Blood Testing
• In general, polyps smaller than 1 cm do not bleed.
• polyp detected after a positive test result may be coincidental and that the FOBT
result is not directly attributable to bleeding from the polyp
• Upon colonoscopic evaluation, less than half of these people will have a colorectal
neoplasm, and among the lesions found, adenomas outnumber carcinomas by 3:1.
• false positives can occur if the patient recently had ingested vegetable peroxidases (in
turnips, radishes, melons, broccoli,carrots, cauliflower, cucumbers, grapefruit,
mushrooms) or red meat (containing myoglobin), and false negatives can occur in the
presence of high doses of antioxidants such as vitamin C.
Morikawa T, Kato J, Yamaji Y. Sensitivity of immunochemical fecal occult blood test to small colorectal adenomas. Am J Gastroenterol
2007;102(10):2259–64.
6. Fecal Immunochemical Testing
• To avoid some of the drawbacks of FOBTs, fecal immunochemical
testing (FIT) uses antibody-based detection of human hemoglobin in
the stool.
• the overall sensitivity for detecting any adenoma ranged from 11.4%
to 58.0%, and 25.4% to 71.5% for advanced adenomas.
• detects more cancers than adenomas
Hundt S, Haug U, Brenner H. Comparative evaluation of immunochemical fecal occult blood tests for colorectal
adenoma detection.Ann Intern Med 2009;150(3):162–9.
7. Barium Enema
• The detection of adenomas by barium enema (BE) depends on their
size.
• In the National Polyp Study, the detection ratesof adenomas smaller
than 6 mm, 6 to 10 mm, and larger than 10 mm were 32%, 53%, and
48%, respectively.
Winawer SJ, Stewart ET, Zauber AG, et al. A comparison of colonoscopy and double-contrast barium enema for surveillance afterpolypectomy.
N Engl J Med 2000;342:1766–72.
8. Colonoscopy
• Considered the gold standard for detecting polyps
• Colonoscopy also can miss neoplasms, especially those located at
flexures or behind folds.
• In general, missed adenomas tend to be small.
• Studies had demonstrated adenoma miss rates of 0% to 6% for
adenomas larger than 1 cm, 12% to 13% for adenomas 6 to 9 mm, and
15% to 27% for adenomas smaller than 6 mm.
• NBI did not show an improvement in ADR over high-definition white-
light endoscopy
Rex DK. Maximizing detection of adenomas and cancers during colonoscopy. Am J Gastroenterol 2006;101:2866–77.
9. CT Colonography
• Also known as virtual colonoscopy, CTC involves scanning the colon
with a helical or spiral CT scanner to produce both 2- and 3-
dimensional images of the colon and rectum.
• In the first large study to involve a pure asymptomatic screening
population, CTC had a sensitivity of 86% for polyps 5 to 9 mm and
92% for polyps larger than 10 mm
Pickhardt PJ, Choi JR, Hwang I, et al. Computed tomographic virtual colonoscopy to screen for colorectal neoplasia in asymptomatic adults. N
Engl J Med 2003;349:2191–200.
10. Stool DNA Testing
• DNA-based CRC screening approaches are based on the premise that
tumor cells are shed into the lumen and abnormal DNA from these
neoplastic lesions will be detectable in the stool.
• fecal DNA testing detected only 42% of advanced adenomatous
polyps.
13. According to size polyps are classified into 3 groups:
1. Diminutive (1 to 5 mm)
2. Small (6 to 9 mm)
3. Large (≥10mm)
14. Laterally spreading tumors (LSTs)
• Non-polypoid lesions 10 mm or larger in diameter are referred to as
LSTs
• They have a low vertical axis and extend laterally along the colonic
luminal wall.
15. LSTs are morphologically subclassified
into granular type (LST-G) (A, B), which
have a nodular surface, and non-granular
type (LST-NG), which have a smooth
surface (C, D).
This macroscopic distinction is important
to facilitate the endoscopic removal plan as
it provides information about the risk of
cancer or submucosal fibrosis in order to
anticipate the technical ease or difficulty of
the removal.
16. • LST-G have the lowest risk (0.5%; 95% ), whereas LST-NG have the
highest risk of submucosal invasion (31.6%)
Bogie RMM, Veldman MHJ, Snijders LARS, et al. Endoscopic subtypes of colorectal laterally spreading tumors (LSTs) and the
risk of submucosal invasion: a meta-analysis. Endoscopy 2018;50:263-82.
17.
18. Optical diagnosis
• Endoscopic prediction of the histologic class of a polyp may influence
the resection approach to ensure complete removal.
• optical diagnosis of colorectal lesions is feasible in routine clinical
practice and comparable to the current reference standard,
histopathology.
19. The Narrow Band Imaging International Colorectal Endoscopic (NICE)
classification provides a validated criterion for the classification-
• Type 1 (serrated class lesions–hyperplastic and sessile serrated
lesions)
• Type 2 (adenomas)
• Type 3 (those with deep submucosal invasion).
20.
21. • This classification have achieved 93% concordance of optical
diagnosis and pathology, and a >90% negative predictive value for
rectosigmoid lesions.
ASGE Technology Committee; Abu Dayyeh BK, Thosani N, et al. ASGE Technology Committee systematic review and meta-analysis
Gastrointest Endosc 2015;81:502; e1–e16
22. Workgroup Serrated Polyps and
Polyposis-WASP) criteria added 4
sessile serrated lesion features (ie,
clouded surface, indistinctive
borders, irregular shape, and
dark spots inside crypts) to the
NICE classification
23. • valley sign is highly specific (>90%)
for conventional adenoma in
diminutive (<5 mm) lesions,
suggesting it to be a valid predictor of
adenomatous histology in diminutive
colorectal lesions
24. Its application has been shown to be useful in assessing the most
clinically relevant approaches:
• leave hyperplastic diminutive lesions of the rectum and sigmoid colon
• remove all adenomas anywhere in the colon and any serrated lesions
proximal to sigmoid colon and >5 mm.
• biopsy and refer to surgery lesions with deep submucosal invasion.
25. CONVENTIONALADENOMAS
Histologic Features
• Characterized by abnormal cellular proliferation and renewal, resulting
in hypercellularity of colonic crypts, with cells that appear
hyperchromatic and depleted of mucin with elongated nuclei arranged
in a picket-fence pattern.
• In a study involving 13,992 participants who underwent screening
colonoscopy, 5891 nontumorous polyps were removed; of these, 3469
(59.0%) were adenomatous.
Lieberman D, Moravec M, Holub J, Michaels L, Eisen G. Polyp size and advanced histology in patients undergoing colonoscopy screening:
Gastroenterology 2008; 135: 1100-5.
26. Tubuler Villous Tubullovillous
at least 80% of the
glands are of the
branching tubule
type
20-80% of the glands
are villous
at least 80% of the
glands are of villiform
type
27. • Of all adenomatous polyps, TAs account for 80-86%, tubulovillous for
8-16%, and villous adenomas for 3-16%.
• By definition, all conventional adenomas are dysplastic.
• TAs usually are small and exhibit mild dysplasia, whereas villous
architecture is more often encountered in large adenomas and tends to
be associated with an increased frequency of HGD
Konishi F, Morson BCJ. Pathology of colorectal adenomas: a colonoscopic survey. J Clin Pathol 1982;35:830–41
28. Adenomas are considered advanced-
• if they are 10 mm or more in diameter
• adenomas that are <1 cm in diameter are considered to be advanced if
they contain at least 25% villous features, high-grade dysplasia, or
carcinoma.
Colorectal AdenomasN Engl J Med 2016
29. • If a focus of neoplastic cells grows beyond the basement membrane
into the lamina propria, the lesion is termed intramucosal carcinoma.
• Both HGD and intramucosal carcinoma are noninvasive lesions
without metastatic potential.
• Only when a focus of neoplastic cells has spread through the
muscularis mucosae is the lesion considered invasive carcinoma.
• An adenoma that contains a focus of invasive carcinoma commonly is
referred to as a malignant polyp
30.
31. Malignant Potential of Adenomatous Polyp
• The 3 features that correlate with malignant potential for an
adenomatous polyp are size, histologic type, and degree of dysplasia.
• malignant potential is correlated directly with larger adenoma size,
more villous histology and higher degrees of dysplasia.
• These 3 criteria usually are interdependent.
32. Molecular Pathogenesis
Conventional adenomas and a subset of sessile serrated adenomas
develop through to 3 major pathways:
1. chromosomal instability (CIN)
2. microsatellite instability(MSI).
3. aberrant hypermethylation of CpG island methylator phenotype
(CIMP)
• 85% of sporadic colon cancers arise from conventional adenomas
through the classic adenoma-carcinoma sequence,
33.
34. SERRASTED ADENOMAS
Hyperplastic polyp
Sessile serrated
adenoma
Traditional serrated
adenoma
Histologically these are distinguished
from conventional adenomas
primarily
by a saw-tooth or stellate appearance
of their colonic crypts
35. Hyperplastic Polyp
• HPs, which account for approximately 80% of all serrated lesions.
• characterized by elongated crypts with serrated architecture confined
to the upper half of the crypts.
• proliferation in the basal half of the crypt is regular and non-serrated,
without crowding or cytological atypia.
• HPs are thought to have no malignant potential
36. • HPs are small, round, pale polyps that
are predominantly located in the distal
rectosigmoid colon.
• have absent or thin, lacy overlying
capillaries, and a papillary or stellate
pit pattern.
37. Sessile Serrated Adenoma
• second most common type of serrated lesion (15% to 20%).
• along with TSAs, are considered precursor lesion to CRC arising via
the serrated neoplasia pathway.
• The pathologic hallmarks of SSAs are hyperserration and dilatation
extending to the lower third or the base of the crypt.
• SSAs are also found more commonly in the proximal colon and are
frequently multiple.
38. • SSA are typically larger than HPs,but are also pale and have either a
flat or sessile morphology.
• Distinguishing features of SSA include a cloud-like surface, an
overlying mucus cap, a rim of debris or stool around the lesion, and
obscuration of the underlying mucosal vasculature
39.
40. Traditional serrated adenoma
• TSAs are rare, representing 1% of serrated lesions .
• Grossly, TSAs resemble conventional adenomas in that they are often
polypoid, pedunculated, and are more common in the left colon.
• The presence of ectopic crypt formation appears to be highly specific
to TSAs and is thought to account for the exuberant protuberant
growth associated with TSAs but not SSAs or HPs.
44. Diminutive (<5 mm) and small (6–9 mm) lesions
• Cold snare polypectomy to remove diminutive (<5 mm) and small
(6–9 mm) lesions.
• Recommend against the use of cold forceps polypectomy to remove
diminutive lesions due to high rates of incomplete resection.
• For diminutive lesions <2 mm, if cold snare polypectomy is
technically difficult, jumbo or large-capacity forceps polypectomymay
be considered
45. • Recommend against the use of hot biopsy forceps for polypectomy of
diminutive (<5 mm) and small (6–9 mm) lesion.
• Cold resection methods induce less injury to the submucosal arteries
than polypectomy methods using electrocautery and thus, decrease the
risk of delayed bleeding and perforation
46. Non-pedunculated (10–19 mm) lesions
• Suggest cold or hot snare polypectomy (with or without submucosal
injection) to remove 10–19 mm nonpedunculated lesions.
• EMR should be considered for non-polypoid and serrated lesions in
the 10- to 19-mm size.
47. Non-pedunculated (>20 mm) lesions
• Recommend EMR as the preferred treatment method of large (>20
mm) non-pedunculated colorectal lesions.
• We recommend snare resection of all grossly visible tissue of a lesion
in a single colonoscopy session and in the safest minimum number of
pieces.
• Prior failed attempts at resection are associated with higher risk for
incomplete resection or recurrence.
48. • We suggest the use of a contrast agent, such as indigo carmine or
methylene blue, in the submucosal injection solution to facilitate
recognition of the submucosa from the mucosa and muscularis propria
layers
• We recommend against the use of tattoo, as the submucosal injection
solution.
• The carbon particle suspension may result in submucosal fibrosis and
can thus reduce the technical success of future endoscopic resection of
residual or recurrent lesion
49. • We suggest the use of a viscous injection solution (eg, hydroxyethyl
starch, Eleview, ORISE Gel) for lesions>20mm to remove the lesion.
50. • We recommend against the use of ablative techniques (eg APC, snare
tip soft coagulation) on endoscopically visible residual tissue of a
lesion, as they have been associated with an increased risk of
recurrence.
• We suggest the use of adjuvant thermal ablation of the post- EMR
margin, where no endoscopically visible adenoma remains despite
meticulous inspection.
51. ENDOSCOPIC MUCOSAL RESECTION FOR FLAT AND
SERRATED LESIONS
• EMR is the preferred treatment method of large (>20 mm)
nonpedunculated colorectal lesions.
• Inject-and-Cut EMR Technique- most commonly used technique for
removal of large non-pedunculated lesions.
52. Underwater Endoscopic Mucosal Resection
• It obviates the step of submucosal injection before snare resection.
• When the lumen is distended with water the mucosa and submucosa
floats as folds into the non-distended colon, while the muscularis
propria remains circular.
• The segment of lumen with the lesion is completely immersed under
water, the borders of the polyp are marked using APC or snare tip
coagulation, and the hot snare resection is completed
53. Cold Snare Endoscopic Mucosal Resection
• Cold snare with injection is a recently described method to remove large lesions
without electrocautery tominimize the risk of delayed bleeding and perforation
• prospective study- removed 163 serrated lesions >10 mm (median size, 15 mm;
range, 10–40 mm) using an injection of succinylated gelatin and diluted methylene
blue before piecemeal snare resection without diathermy. Short-term surveillance
colonoscopy in 82% of the lesions (n= 134) at 6 months showed a single
recurrence (0.6%).
Tutticci NJ, Hewett DG. Cold EMR of large sessile serrated polyps at colonoscopy. Gastrointest Endosc 2018;87:837–842
54.
55. Endoscopic Submucosal Dissection
• The indications for colorectal ESD are-
• Large-sized (>20 mm in diameter) lesions that are indicated for
endoscopic rather than surgical resection, and in which en bloc
resection using inject-and-cut EMR is difficult.
• These include, lesion suspected to have submucosal invasion (ie, large
depressed lesion or pseudodepressed LST-NG lesion), mucosal lesions
with fibrosis, local residual early carcinoma after endoscopic
resection, and non-polypoid colorectal dysplasia in patients with
inflammatory bowel disease.
56. Pedunculated lesions
• We recommend hot snare polypectomy to remove pedunculated
lesions >10 mm.
• We recommend prophylactic mechanical ligation of the stalk with a
detachable loop or clips on pedunculated lesions with head >20 mm
or with stalk thickness >5 mm to reduce immediate and delayed post-
polypectomy bleeding
57.
58.
59. • studies have shown that individuals with adenoma, despite adenoma
removal, may have increased risk for CRC compared to the general
population
• Surveillance colonoscopy after baseline removal of adenoma with
high-risk features (eg, size ≥10 mm) reduce risk for incident CRC.
• Impact of surveillance colonoscopy after removal of adenoma with
low-risk features (such as 1–2 adenomas <10 mm) on risk for incident
CRC is uncertain
60.
61.
62.
63. For patients with piecemeal resection of adenoma or SSP >20 mm,
repeat colonoscopy in 6 months.
64.
65.
66.
67.
68. • For patients with HP ≥10 mm, repeat colonoscopy in 3–5 years.
• A 3-year follow-up interval is favored if yhere is concern about
pathologist consistency in distinguishing SSPs from HPs or complete
polyp excision.
• 5-year interval is favored if there is low concerns for consistency in
distinguishing between SSP and HP by the pathologist, and confident
complete polyp excision.