Nationalism has significantly influenced the writing of history. Historians such as Johann Gottfried Herder and Johann Gottlieb Fichte helped craft a German national identity in the 18th-19th centuries. Nationalist ideologies often distort archaeology and ancient history to fit national mythologies. The Subaltern School emerged in 1980s India as an extension of Marxism, focusing on marginalized groups and criticizing the elite biases of Indian nationalist and Orientalist histories. Key figures included Ranajit Guha, David Arnold, and Dipesh Chakrabarty.

2.  The chief problematic aspect of Marxist
historiography has been an argument on
the nature of history as determined
or dialectical; this can also be stated as the
relative importance
of subjective and objective factors in
creating outcomes.

3.  Subjectivity is a central philosophical concept,
related..to consciousness, agency, personhood,
reality , and truth , which has been variously
defined by sources. Three common definitions
include that subjectivity is the quality or
condition of: Something being a subject ,
narrowly meaning an individual who
possesses conscious experiences, such as
perspectives, feelings, beliefs, and desires.

4.  Something being a subject, broadly meaning an
entity that has agency, meaning that it acts
upon or wields power over some other entity
(an object).
 Some information, idea, situation, or physical
thing considered true only from the perspective
of a subject or subjects.

5.  It posits a direction of history, towards an end
state of history as classless human society.
 It is both a historical and a liberatory project.
 Historians who use Marxist methodology, but
disagree with the mainstream of Marxism,
often describe themselves as marxist historians

6.  Friedrich Engels most important historical
contribution was Der deutsche
Bauernkrieg (The German Peasants' War), which
analysed social warfare in early Protestant
Germany in terms of emerging capitalist
classes. The German Peasants' War indicate the
Marxist interest in history from below and class
analysis, and attempts a dialectical (relating to the
logical discussion of ideas and opinions) analysis.
 The Condition of the Working Class in England in
1844

7.  Marx's most important works on social and
political history include
 The Eighteenth Brumaire of Louis Napoleon
 The Communist Manifesto
 The German Ideology
 Das Kapital dealing with the historical
emergence..of capitalists
and proletarians(working-class people)
from pre-industrial English society.

8.  The chief tenets of Marxist historiography are the
centrality of socia class and economic constraints
in determining historical outcomes.
 oppressed nationalities,
 Key to understanding Marxist historiography is his
view of labour.
 For Marx "historical reality is none other than
objectified labour, and all conditions of labour
given by nature, including the organic bodies of
people, are merely preconditions and
'disappearing moments' of the labour process.

9.  Marx developed his theory of historical materialism
 Materialism is a form of philosophical monism which
holds that matter is the fundamental substance in
nature, and that all things, including mental aspects
and consciousness, are results of material interactions.
 Historical materialism is the methodological
approach of Marxist historiography that focuses on
human societies and their development over time,
claiming that they follow a number of observable
tendencies.
 For Marx, "The first historical act is... the production of
material life itself.

10.  Marxist history not only begins with labour, it
ends in production:
"history does not end by being resolved into "self-
consciousness" as "spirit of the spirit," but that
in it at each stage there is found a material
result: a sum of productive forces, a historically
created relation of individuals to nature and to
one another, which is handed down to each
generation from its predecessor..."

11.  Marxist historiography suffered in the Soviet
Union
 Notable histories include the Short Course
History of the Communist Party of the Soviet
Union (Bolshevik), published in the 1930s, which
was written in order to justify the nature of
Bolshevik party life under Joseph Stalin.

12.  Inside the Communist Party of Great
Britain (CPGB) formed in 1946.
 Interest in “history from below“ and class
structure in early capitalist society.
 Christopher Hill and E. P. Thompson left the
CPGB after the 1956 Hungarian Revolution

13.  E. P. Thompson - The Making of the English
Working Class
 Louis Althusser - The Poverty of Theory
 C. L. R. James - The Black Jacobins

14.  D. D. Kosambi is considered the founding
father of Marxist historiography.
 The senior-most scholars of Marxist
historiography are
 R. S. Sharma
 Irfan Habib
 D. N. Jha
 K. N. Panikkar

15.  India’s Ancient Past
 Aspects of Political Ideas and
Institutions in Ancient India
 Sudras in Ancient India: A Social
History of the Lower Order Down to
Circa AD 600 - 1958
 Looking for the Aryans
 Indian Feudalism

16.  Early Medieval Indian Society: A Study
in Feudalisation
 Perspectives in Social and Economic
History of Ancient India
 Urban Decay in India c. 300- c. 1000
 Communal History and Rama's
Ayodhya

17.  1977 Ancient India was banned by the Janata
Party government in 1978

18.  The Agrarian System of Mughal India 1556–1707.
 An Atlas of the Mughal Empire: Political and
Economic Maps
 Essays in Indian History – Towards a Marxist
Perception.
 The Economic History of Medieval India: A
Survey.
 Medieval India: The Study of a Civilization.
 People's History of India – Part 1: Prehistory

19.  People’s History of India Part 2 : The Indus
Civilization
 A People's History of India Vol. 3 : The Vedic Age.
(Co-author Vijay Kumar Thakur) Aligarh
Historians Society
 A People's History of India – Vol 4 : Mauryan
India. (Co-author Vivekanand Jha) Aligarh
Historians Society
 A People's History of India – Vol 28 : Indian
Economy, 1858–1914. Aligarh Historians Society

20.  1980, Studies in early Indian economic history,
 1993, Economy and Society in Early India: Issues
and Paradigms
 1997, Society and Ideology in India
 1997, Ancient India: In Historical Outline
 2002, Holy Cow: Beef in Indian Dietary Traditions
 2004, Early India: A Concise History
 2009, Myth of the Holy Cow

21.  Against Lord and State: Religion and Peasant
Uprisings in Malabar
 0
 Culture, Ideology and Hegemony – Intellectuals
and Social Consciousness in Colonial India
 Before the Night Falls.

22.  Historiography is the study of how history is
written. One pervasive influence upon the
writing of history has been nationalism, a set
of beliefs about political legitimacy and
cultural identity.
 identified as early as the late Roman Empire.
 The eighteenth and nineteenth century saw the
resurgence of national ideologies. During
the French revolution a national identity was
crafted, identifying the common people with
the Gauls.

23.  In Germany historians and humanists, such
as Johann Gottfried Herder and Johann
Gottlieb Fichte, identified a linguistic and
cultural identity of the German nation, which
became the basis of a political movement to
unite the fragmented states of
this German nation

24.  That one nation may turn into another nation
over time
 Hindu nationalists claiming as the origin of
their religion the Indus Valley Civilization
 the Albanians claiming as their origin
the Illyrians
 the Georgians claiming as their origin
the Mushki

25.  Nationalist ideologies frequently employ
results of archaeology and ancient history
as propaganda, often significantly distorting
them to fit their aims, cultivating
national mythologies and national mysticism.

26.  Nationalism was so much taken for granted as
the "proper" way to organize states and view
history that nationalization of history was
essentially invisible to historians until fairly
recently

27.  Then scholars such as
Ernest Gellner
Benedict Anderson
Anthony D. Smith
made attempts to step back from nationalism and
view it critically. Historians began to ask
themselves how this ideology had affected the
writing of history.

28.  Cambridge scholars argue that the nationalist
movement “reflected local problems and
contests for power rather than opposition to
British rule”
 Cambridge historians - Seal and Lewis Namier
have argued that “national organizations”
developed as provincial leaders used “exalted
rhetoric” to gain support from the masses

29.  Bipan Chandra
 Sarkar, Sumit
 Dr. Fauja Singh
 V.S. Joshi
 S.R. Bakshi
 Jawaharlal Nehru
 Dr. Tara Chand
 Pattabhi Sitaramayya (an official historian of
the Congress)

30.  R.C. Majumdar
 S.N. Sen
 Dr. Kamlesh Mohan
 K.K. Khullar
 S.R. Bakshi
 D.P.Das
 Jagmohan Singh
 Chaman Lal

31.  The Subaltern School of Historiography is an
extension of Marxism. With its emergence
began the written history of the people
 The Subaltern historians mainly criticized the
Indian Nationalist and Orientalist Schools of
history writing as these groups were
representing the elitist history alone by
ignoring the oppressed and the ‘small voices’
in India.

32.  The school took its roots from two main names;
Antonio Gramsci and Michel Foucault.
Gramsci was the founder of Communist Party
of Italy

33.  Historiography emerged in 1980's out of the
study of Indian history.
 The credit of introduction of
'Subaltern Studies' goes to Ranajit Guha
 Focus on Power/Knowledge Relationship
 Focus on the Marginalized Sections of Society
 Extension of Marxism
 Criticism on Colonialism

34.  Ranajit Guha
 David Arnold
 David Hardiman
 Dipesh Chakrabarty
 Partha Chatterjee