This document discusses how the built environment impacts active transportation. It begins by defining active transportation as human-powered modes of transportation like walking and cycling. It then discusses how attributes of the built environment like density, connectivity, land use diversity, and street design can encourage people to choose active transportation. The document measures different aspects of the built environment that are associated with active transportation, like density, connectivity, land use mix, and street network qualities. It also discusses how the built form, pedestrian density, and permeability can impact walkability. Overall, the document analyzes how urban planning and design can create environments that better support active and sustainable transportation.
Conceptualizing Sustainable Transportation for City of Pune, India.IJERA Editor
Pune the second largest city of Maharashtra state of Indian union is witnessing large scale urban sprawl and its
negative ramifications in last couple of decades. Urban sprawl is defined as dispersed and discontinuous
suburban land development associated with low population densities and high auto dependence. This
phenomenon is adversely affecting sustainability of the city because of its negative environmental, social and
economic impacts. It saps local resources, destroys open space and farmland, and increases the energy
consumption of mobility by promoting long travel distances. Another problem is high levels of traffic
congestion and harmful emissions causing environmental pollution. There is a plethora of research that sought
to address the issue of urban sustainability and combat sprawl; little has been done on developing analytical
tools that could be used to assess the future of urban sustainability for Indian cities and for Pune in particular.
This paper explores that how particular land use development patterns or the expansion of the current urban
transportation infrastructure are likely to impact urban sustainability.
Analyzing the indicators walkability of cities, in order to improving urban ...IJMER
Urban design is a technique and knowledge seeking to organize and improve urban qualities and increase the quality of citizenship life. Based on the perspectives and objectives of urban design, the dominant intention in all urbanism activities is to reach high humanistic and social dimensions. In fact, what give meaning to a city are the social aspects raised in recent urban activities, in addition to the physical and visual body of it. Over the past decade the quality of the walking environment has become
a significant factor in transportation planning and design in developed countries. It is argued that the pedestrians’ environment has been ignored in favors of automobile. The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of walkability on property values and investment returns. Research method is descriptive. The method of collected data is field. Also, were used questionnaire tools in order to
collecting data. On the other hand, was referred to municipality 9 region due to, studied area was located in this urban region. In continue, was used SWOT technique in order to analyzing questionnaire. At finally, proposed
strategies in order to improving urban space qualif
Analyzing the indicators walkability of cities, in order to improving urban v...IJMER
Urban design is a technique and knowledge seeking to organize and improve urban qualities
and increase the quality of citizenship life. Based on the perspectives and objectives of urban design, the
dominant intention in all urbanism activities is to reach high humanistic and social dimensions. In fact,
what give meaning to a city are the social aspects raised in recent urban activities, in addition to the
physical and visual body of it. Over the past decade the quality of the walking environment has become
a significant factor in transportation planning and design in developed countries. It is argued that the
pedestrians’ environment has been ignored in favors of automobile. The purpose of this study was to
examine the effects of walkability on property values and investment returns. Research method is
descriptive. The method of collected data is field. Also, were used questionnaire tools in order to
collecting data. On the other hand, was referred to municipality 9 region due to, studied area was
located in this urban region.
In continue, was used SWOT technique in order to analyzing questionnaire. At finally, proposed
strategies in order to improving urban space qualify.
Conceptualizing Sustainable Transportation for City of Pune, India.IJERA Editor
Pune the second largest city of Maharashtra state of Indian union is witnessing large scale urban sprawl and its
negative ramifications in last couple of decades. Urban sprawl is defined as dispersed and discontinuous
suburban land development associated with low population densities and high auto dependence. This
phenomenon is adversely affecting sustainability of the city because of its negative environmental, social and
economic impacts. It saps local resources, destroys open space and farmland, and increases the energy
consumption of mobility by promoting long travel distances. Another problem is high levels of traffic
congestion and harmful emissions causing environmental pollution. There is a plethora of research that sought
to address the issue of urban sustainability and combat sprawl; little has been done on developing analytical
tools that could be used to assess the future of urban sustainability for Indian cities and for Pune in particular.
This paper explores that how particular land use development patterns or the expansion of the current urban
transportation infrastructure are likely to impact urban sustainability.
Analyzing the indicators walkability of cities, in order to improving urban ...IJMER
Urban design is a technique and knowledge seeking to organize and improve urban qualities and increase the quality of citizenship life. Based on the perspectives and objectives of urban design, the dominant intention in all urbanism activities is to reach high humanistic and social dimensions. In fact, what give meaning to a city are the social aspects raised in recent urban activities, in addition to the physical and visual body of it. Over the past decade the quality of the walking environment has become
a significant factor in transportation planning and design in developed countries. It is argued that the pedestrians’ environment has been ignored in favors of automobile. The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of walkability on property values and investment returns. Research method is descriptive. The method of collected data is field. Also, were used questionnaire tools in order to
collecting data. On the other hand, was referred to municipality 9 region due to, studied area was located in this urban region. In continue, was used SWOT technique in order to analyzing questionnaire. At finally, proposed
strategies in order to improving urban space qualif
Analyzing the indicators walkability of cities, in order to improving urban v...IJMER
Urban design is a technique and knowledge seeking to organize and improve urban qualities
and increase the quality of citizenship life. Based on the perspectives and objectives of urban design, the
dominant intention in all urbanism activities is to reach high humanistic and social dimensions. In fact,
what give meaning to a city are the social aspects raised in recent urban activities, in addition to the
physical and visual body of it. Over the past decade the quality of the walking environment has become
a significant factor in transportation planning and design in developed countries. It is argued that the
pedestrians’ environment has been ignored in favors of automobile. The purpose of this study was to
examine the effects of walkability on property values and investment returns. Research method is
descriptive. The method of collected data is field. Also, were used questionnaire tools in order to
collecting data. On the other hand, was referred to municipality 9 region due to, studied area was
located in this urban region.
In continue, was used SWOT technique in order to analyzing questionnaire. At finally, proposed
strategies in order to improving urban space qualify.
Short write up looks at the Norms and standards evolved for the use of planners in undertaking exercise for planning of human settlements at city of local level- defining the role, importance, intent, content, approach and the objectives to be achieved.. It calls for rationalisation of planning norms based on research , with the aim to make them cost-effective, land efficient, more productive and people and sustainability focus
Indian Options for Managing Global Warming Through Ruralisation and Rationali...JIT KUMAR GUPTA
Paper looks at the option of adopting dual strategy , revolving round not only rationalising the development of cities but also promoting ruralisation through effective planning. New option will look at making villages more self-contained, self-sufficient, providing basic amenities and services besides generating employment for the rural inhabitants, creation of synergy between rural and urban settlements, rationalising planning, promoting accessibility, minimising mobility, planning for people not for vehicle and creating green built environment..
A presentation by Mr Neil Frost (CEO: iSAHA International), at the Transport Forum SIG: "Sustainable Transport" on 6 August 2015 hosted by University of Johannesburg's Institute of Transport and Logistics Studies (Africa), or ITLS (Africa). The theme of the presentation was: "Sustainable Integrated Transport".
Urban planning is a technical and political process concerned with the development and design of land use and the built environment, including air, water, and the infrastructure passing into and out of urban areas, such as transportation, communications, and distribution networks.
Urban planning deals with physical layout of human settlements. The primary concern is the public welfare,which includes considerations of efficiency, sanitation, protection and use of the environment,as well as effects on social and economic activities.
Urban planning is considered an interdisciplinary field that includes social science, architecture, human geography, politics, engineering and design sciences. It is closely related to the field of urban design and some urban planners provide designs for streets, parks, buildings and other urban areas.
Urban planning is also referred to as urban and regional planning, regional planning, town planning, city planning, rural planning, urban development, physical planning, urban management or some combination in various areas worldwide.
A New Strategy for Sustainable Transportation
Learn more at: http://www.boozallen.com/insights/insight-detail/beyond-mobility-a-new-strategy-for-sustainable-transportation
Sustainable Transport Best Practices andBarry Wellar
The 2007 Fleming Lecture begins with a brief review of Canada’s progress in achieving core element standing for geographic factors in sustainable transport best practices. This part of the paper grounds sustainable transport in metropolitan regions, and then establishes the essential role of geographic factors in the sustainability of transport systems in Canada, and particularly in its metropolitan transportation systems. With that foundation in place, the paper then presents findings that reveal the extremely limited implementation of nine sustainable transport best practices in Canada’s metropolitan regions, and the consequent lack of regard for geographic factors in matters related to achieving sustainable transport practices.
Forward Thinking: A Study In Transportation, Land Use And Urban Design In Nag...Willy Prilles
Presentation of the University of British Columbia (UBC) Transportation and Land Use Group on June 7, 2007 at the Bicol Science and Technology Centrum, Naga City, in conjunction with their Naga Planning Studio Course.
Advanced Brainstorm Carrefour (ABC): The Science of the City
Naples, March 2016
Presentation by Luigi Fusco Girard
Background: the challenges
This Meeting
Some expected conclusions
ORGANIC TRANSPORTATION NETWORKS: HUMAN-ORIENTED RENEWAL OF MODERN MEGAPOLISESOleksandr Galychyn
Studies related to the growth of the transportation networks from the second half of the 20th century have constantly
been focused on the topological complexity of motorized&public transportation network (internal
geometry&dynamics, occupied space, and geographical settings), or the structural properties (complexity of network
structure). However, those studies have failed to incorporate the concept of an integrated public-soft transportation
network, and the human-oriented transportation system, and its structural elements: soft transportation network,
accessible nodes called Transit-Oriented Developments (TODs) (internal geometry&dynamics), healthy
neighborhoods (accessible space occupied by transportation networks) and, most importantly, its topological
attributes. Additionally, the relative location (urban geographical settings) haven't been adequately represented in
their models to refine through the cumulative effects of internal&external constraints the final output model: humanoriented
transportation system and to formulate a finalized concept of the organic approach for megalopolises.
In this paper, the advanced phases of transportation network growth: integrated public-soft transportation network
and human-oriented transportation system will be discussed. Secondly, the topological attributes of those networks
will be determined by comparing to the our concept of human-oriented transportation system, integrated public-soft
transportation network in Finland (Helsinki) with ordinary one in Italy (Rome) through the organic transportation
approach perspective, taking into account an existing set of the topological attributes for each case study as well as
technological considerations. Thirdly, the concept of human-oriented transportation system will be implemented in
the relative location of Bozcaada to transform it to the Organic Island. Thus, a new conceptual model for the organic
approach for megalopolises (accessible& sustainable society coexist &develop alongside the sustainable mobility)
will be proposed.
A B S T R A C T
The typological features of university campus areas are shaped according to their locations in the city. Campuses in city centers carry great potentials for students’ cultural, intellectual and artistic activities, especially for those from faculty of architecture and design, with close relations to the city. In big metropolitan cities, it is hard to reserve land for campuses therefore they emerge as vertical settlements. On the other hand, campuses built on the periphery mainly feature horizontal planning characteristics due to availability of land. The aim of this paper is to develop an approach for measuring architecture students’ aesthetic experience of vertical and horizontal campuses in relation to sense of place theory. Recently, emerging technologies in cognitive science, such as brain imaging techniques, activity maps, sensory maps, cognitive mapping and photo-projective method etc., have enabled advanced measurement of aesthetic experience. In this exploratory research, using ‘photo-projective method’, students will be asked to interpret and draw ‘cognitive maps’ of the places that they are happy to be (defined place) or to see (landscape) on the campus. Based on students’ impressions and experiences, it will be possible to compare aesthetic experience on vertical and horizontal campus. Thus, a comprehensive approach for improving campus design according to users’ aesthetic experiences and sense of place rather than building technology, law, development and finance driven obligations will be introduced.
JOURNAL OF CONTEMPORARY URBAN AFFAIRS (2020), 4(2), 13-26.
https://doi.org/10.25034/ijcua.2020.v4n2-2
Conceptualizing Sustainable Transportation for City of Pune, IndiaIJERA Editor
Pune the second largest city of Maharashtra state of Indian union is witnessing large scale urban sprawl and its
negative ramifications in last couple of decades. Urban sprawl is defined as dispersed and discontinuous
suburban land development associated with low population densities and high auto dependence. This
phenomenon is adversely affecting sustainability of the city because of its negative environmental, social and
economic impacts. It saps local resources, destroys open space and farmland, and increases the energy
consumption of mobility by promoting long travel distances. Another problem is high levels of traffic
congestion and harmful emissions causing environmental pollution. There is a plethora of research that sought
to address the issue of urban sustainability and combat sprawl; little has been done on developing analytical
tools that could be used to assess the future of urban sustainability for Indian cities and for Pune in particular.
This paper explores that how particular land use development patterns or the expansion of the current urban
transportation infrastructure are likely to impact urban sustainability.
Short write up looks at the Norms and standards evolved for the use of planners in undertaking exercise for planning of human settlements at city of local level- defining the role, importance, intent, content, approach and the objectives to be achieved.. It calls for rationalisation of planning norms based on research , with the aim to make them cost-effective, land efficient, more productive and people and sustainability focus
Indian Options for Managing Global Warming Through Ruralisation and Rationali...JIT KUMAR GUPTA
Paper looks at the option of adopting dual strategy , revolving round not only rationalising the development of cities but also promoting ruralisation through effective planning. New option will look at making villages more self-contained, self-sufficient, providing basic amenities and services besides generating employment for the rural inhabitants, creation of synergy between rural and urban settlements, rationalising planning, promoting accessibility, minimising mobility, planning for people not for vehicle and creating green built environment..
A presentation by Mr Neil Frost (CEO: iSAHA International), at the Transport Forum SIG: "Sustainable Transport" on 6 August 2015 hosted by University of Johannesburg's Institute of Transport and Logistics Studies (Africa), or ITLS (Africa). The theme of the presentation was: "Sustainable Integrated Transport".
Urban planning is a technical and political process concerned with the development and design of land use and the built environment, including air, water, and the infrastructure passing into and out of urban areas, such as transportation, communications, and distribution networks.
Urban planning deals with physical layout of human settlements. The primary concern is the public welfare,which includes considerations of efficiency, sanitation, protection and use of the environment,as well as effects on social and economic activities.
Urban planning is considered an interdisciplinary field that includes social science, architecture, human geography, politics, engineering and design sciences. It is closely related to the field of urban design and some urban planners provide designs for streets, parks, buildings and other urban areas.
Urban planning is also referred to as urban and regional planning, regional planning, town planning, city planning, rural planning, urban development, physical planning, urban management or some combination in various areas worldwide.
A New Strategy for Sustainable Transportation
Learn more at: http://www.boozallen.com/insights/insight-detail/beyond-mobility-a-new-strategy-for-sustainable-transportation
Sustainable Transport Best Practices andBarry Wellar
The 2007 Fleming Lecture begins with a brief review of Canada’s progress in achieving core element standing for geographic factors in sustainable transport best practices. This part of the paper grounds sustainable transport in metropolitan regions, and then establishes the essential role of geographic factors in the sustainability of transport systems in Canada, and particularly in its metropolitan transportation systems. With that foundation in place, the paper then presents findings that reveal the extremely limited implementation of nine sustainable transport best practices in Canada’s metropolitan regions, and the consequent lack of regard for geographic factors in matters related to achieving sustainable transport practices.
Forward Thinking: A Study In Transportation, Land Use And Urban Design In Nag...Willy Prilles
Presentation of the University of British Columbia (UBC) Transportation and Land Use Group on June 7, 2007 at the Bicol Science and Technology Centrum, Naga City, in conjunction with their Naga Planning Studio Course.
Advanced Brainstorm Carrefour (ABC): The Science of the City
Naples, March 2016
Presentation by Luigi Fusco Girard
Background: the challenges
This Meeting
Some expected conclusions
ORGANIC TRANSPORTATION NETWORKS: HUMAN-ORIENTED RENEWAL OF MODERN MEGAPOLISESOleksandr Galychyn
Studies related to the growth of the transportation networks from the second half of the 20th century have constantly
been focused on the topological complexity of motorized&public transportation network (internal
geometry&dynamics, occupied space, and geographical settings), or the structural properties (complexity of network
structure). However, those studies have failed to incorporate the concept of an integrated public-soft transportation
network, and the human-oriented transportation system, and its structural elements: soft transportation network,
accessible nodes called Transit-Oriented Developments (TODs) (internal geometry&dynamics), healthy
neighborhoods (accessible space occupied by transportation networks) and, most importantly, its topological
attributes. Additionally, the relative location (urban geographical settings) haven't been adequately represented in
their models to refine through the cumulative effects of internal&external constraints the final output model: humanoriented
transportation system and to formulate a finalized concept of the organic approach for megalopolises.
In this paper, the advanced phases of transportation network growth: integrated public-soft transportation network
and human-oriented transportation system will be discussed. Secondly, the topological attributes of those networks
will be determined by comparing to the our concept of human-oriented transportation system, integrated public-soft
transportation network in Finland (Helsinki) with ordinary one in Italy (Rome) through the organic transportation
approach perspective, taking into account an existing set of the topological attributes for each case study as well as
technological considerations. Thirdly, the concept of human-oriented transportation system will be implemented in
the relative location of Bozcaada to transform it to the Organic Island. Thus, a new conceptual model for the organic
approach for megalopolises (accessible& sustainable society coexist &develop alongside the sustainable mobility)
will be proposed.
A B S T R A C T
The typological features of university campus areas are shaped according to their locations in the city. Campuses in city centers carry great potentials for students’ cultural, intellectual and artistic activities, especially for those from faculty of architecture and design, with close relations to the city. In big metropolitan cities, it is hard to reserve land for campuses therefore they emerge as vertical settlements. On the other hand, campuses built on the periphery mainly feature horizontal planning characteristics due to availability of land. The aim of this paper is to develop an approach for measuring architecture students’ aesthetic experience of vertical and horizontal campuses in relation to sense of place theory. Recently, emerging technologies in cognitive science, such as brain imaging techniques, activity maps, sensory maps, cognitive mapping and photo-projective method etc., have enabled advanced measurement of aesthetic experience. In this exploratory research, using ‘photo-projective method’, students will be asked to interpret and draw ‘cognitive maps’ of the places that they are happy to be (defined place) or to see (landscape) on the campus. Based on students’ impressions and experiences, it will be possible to compare aesthetic experience on vertical and horizontal campus. Thus, a comprehensive approach for improving campus design according to users’ aesthetic experiences and sense of place rather than building technology, law, development and finance driven obligations will be introduced.
JOURNAL OF CONTEMPORARY URBAN AFFAIRS (2020), 4(2), 13-26.
https://doi.org/10.25034/ijcua.2020.v4n2-2
Conceptualizing Sustainable Transportation for City of Pune, IndiaIJERA Editor
Pune the second largest city of Maharashtra state of Indian union is witnessing large scale urban sprawl and its
negative ramifications in last couple of decades. Urban sprawl is defined as dispersed and discontinuous
suburban land development associated with low population densities and high auto dependence. This
phenomenon is adversely affecting sustainability of the city because of its negative environmental, social and
economic impacts. It saps local resources, destroys open space and farmland, and increases the energy
consumption of mobility by promoting long travel distances. Another problem is high levels of traffic
congestion and harmful emissions causing environmental pollution. There is a plethora of research that sought
to address the issue of urban sustainability and combat sprawl; little has been done on developing analytical
tools that could be used to assess the future of urban sustainability for Indian cities and for Pune in particular.
This paper explores that how particular land use development patterns or the expansion of the current urban
transportation infrastructure are likely to impact urban sustainability.
In today’s world with the ever increasing traffic it is inherent that we immediately find an optimum solution for it so that we can move on from being a developing nation to a super power.
There is a great need to resolve our transportation issues at the earliest as connectivity is of grave importance. Finding a systematic and organized way around the current situation is only going to benefit us in the long run. Better connectivity reduces transportation costs immensely and saves time in traveling.
A B S T R A C T
The study aimed to answer the question of how pedestrianisation can influence walkability to increasing physical activity vitality and livability of urban spaces. Therefore, after the theoretical understanding of the framework of the research, the study will focus on experimental research on the Salamis rode of Famagusta to assess the problems of walkability in the street to propose a sustainable and human friendly solution for this area. The main aim of the research is to find what is the interrelation between pedestrianisation in public urban spaces and walkability? Therefore, it concludes that walkability as a part of pedestrianisation scheme will lead to increase the quality of the urban environment by increasing safety and organization in urban infra-instructors.
CONTEMPORARY URBAN AFFAIRS (2018) 2(1), 102-112. Doi: 10.25034/ijcua.2018.3666
www.ijcua.com
International Refereed Journal of Engineering and Science (IRJES) is a peer reviewed online journal for professionals and researchers in the field of computer science. The main aim is to resolve emerging and outstanding problems revealed by recent social and technological change. IJRES provides the platform for the researchers to present and evaluate their work from both theoretical and technical aspects and to share their views.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
Pedestrian priority in urban area and usefulness towards communityeSAT Journals
Abstract Transportation network has become nerve of any city, the paradox here is that though meant for human travel, these roads hardly provide any quality space for those who are without vehicles (well known as pedestrian). Due to the ambiguous position of non-motorized travel in an urban transportation system, the transportation conditions for non-motorized travel are getting worse in cities, which illustrate the urgent need for the improvement for same. There is a requirement of combining traffic issues with pedestrian in a comprehensive manner and will make it an important part of road design. Preservation of nature, opportunities for cultural interface, a resource conserving environment with workable public transit and more occasions for walking should be prime objectives of urban planners. For urban development, pedestrian system should be well designed, safe and convenient. The Pedestrian Zone is the primary component of every street in a city. It is not only a zone to ensure smooth, comfortable, conflict free movement of pedestrians and public transport users, but also an area which shapes social interactions, safety and quality of life of people in a city. Pedestrian priority thus becomes a major and a very important phenomenon for urban development which in a way helps quality of life in an urban area. With the increase in population and keeping in view the world pedestrian scenario, this paper will bring some notices to facilities required, mode of travels to be looked upon and other such major issues are discussed.
Sustainable Urban Corridors in Khartoum Case of Mohammed Najeeb StreetDr. Amarjeet Singh
This article aims at measuring the sustainability of the streets of Khartoum using the Pedestrian Environmental Quality Index (P.E.Q.I.). This index has six categories: Intersection safety; traffic; street design; perceived safety; land use; and perceived walkability. Each category has several items. As a case study, Mohammed Najeeb main street is studied since it represents main streets in Khartoum. Results show that the sustainability standard of the studied street is below average (40%). Conclusions are written. And recommendations are drawn.
Sustainable Urban Transport Planning Considering Different Stakeholder Groups...BME
Sustainable urban transport requires smart and environmentally-friendly technical solutions. It also needs to meet the demands of different user groups, including current and potential future users, in order to avoid opposition of the citizens and to support sustainable development decisions. While these requirements are well-known, conducting full surveys of user needs and preferences are tedious and costly, and the interests of different user groups may be contradictory. We therefore developed a methodology based on the prevalent Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP), which is capable of dealing with the inconsistencies and uncertainties of users’ responses by applying an Interval Analytic Hierarchy Process (IAHP) through comparing the results of passengers to reference stakeholder groups. For a case study in Mersin, a coastal city in southern Turkey with 1.7 Million inhabitants, three groups were surveyed with questionnaires: 40 users of the public transport system, 40 non-users, and 17 experts. Based on interval pairwise comparison matrices, consisting of whole judgments of all groups, the IAHP methodology could attain a consensual preference ranking for a future public transportation system between the three groups. A sensitivity analysis revealed that the factor ranking was very stable.
Urban Public Space Axis Rector of Green Infrastructure in the Current City of...IEREK Press
The current city calls for the reconsideration of a close relationship between gray infrastructure and public spaces, understanding the infrastructure as a set of items, equipment, or services required for the functioning of a country, a City. Ambato, Ecuador, is a current intermediate city, has less than 1% of the urban surface with use of public green spaces, which represents a figure below the 9m2/ hab., recommended by OMS. The aim of this paper was to identify urban public spaces that switches of green infrastructure in the city today, applying a methodology of qualitative studies. With an exploratory descriptive level analysis, in three stages, stage of theoretical foundation product of a review of the existing literature, which is the theoretical support of the relationship gray infrastructure public spaces equal to green infrastructure. Subsequent to this case study, discussed with criteria aimed at green infrastructure and in the public spaces of the study area. Finally, after processing and analysis of the results, we provide conclusions for urban public space as a definition of the green infrastructure of the current city of Latin America; in the latter, the focus is to support this article.
Urban Public Space Axis Rector of Green Infrastructure in the Current City of...IEREK Press
The current city calls for the reconsideration of a close relationship between gray infrastructure and public spaces, understanding the infrastructure as a set of items, equipment, or services required for the functioning of a country, a City. Ambato, Ecuador, is a current intermediate city, has less than 1% of the urban surface with use of public green spaces, which represents a figure below the 9m2/ hab., recommended by OMS. The aim of this paper was to identify urban public spaces that switches of green infrastructure in the city today, applying a methodology of qualitative studies. With an exploratory descriptive level analysis, in three stages, stage of theoretical foundation product of a review of the existing literature, which is the theoretical support of the relationship gray infrastructure public spaces equal to green infrastructure. Subsequent to this case study, discussed with criteria aimed at green infrastructure and in the public spaces of the study area. Finally, after processing and analysis of the results, we provide conclusions for urban public space as a definition of the green infrastructure of the current city of Latin America; in the latter, the focus is to support this article.
NON-MOTORIZED TRANSPORT AND SUSTAINABLE URBAN PLANNING: A CASE STUDY OF PUNE ...IAEME Publication
With changing urbanization pattern along with socio-economic growth, a transport demand in urban area of India is growing rapidly. Non-motorized modes of transport have a significant role in catering to transport demand and ensuring a sustainable transport system for India. Indian situation is very different. India is poor in hydro-carbon and capital resources but rich in man power and animal draft power. A sustainable transport system must meet the mobility and accessibility needs of people by providing safe and environmentally friendly modes of transportation. Non-motorized transportation (NMT) meets these objectives of sustainability as it utilizes indigenously available human and animal energy which is non-polluting, safe, affordable and user friendly and need only a small fraction of the capital required for motorized transport.
Existing Condition of Urban Mobility in Kathmandu ValleyIJRTEMJOURNAL
Mobility of the city is very important for livable cities. General impression of the people regarding
the urban mobility in Kathmandu Valley is very bad. Perception of the people is gathered through the
questionnaire from people of Kathmandu. Various indicators are grouped in six categories namely -
environmental criteria, social/cultural sustainability, economic criteria,
infrastructure/engineering/technological, institutional sustainability and good governance. Questionnaire survey
was conducted to assess the people’s perception of three districts of Kathmandu Valley. This study deals the
people’s perception. Finding of the study will be useful for developing the sustainability criteria for urban
transportation and consider the various policy decision regarding the efficient mobility of Kathmandu Valley.
Finding shows that mobility situation of Kathmandu Valley is not good and indicates the need of improvement.
International Refereed Journal of Engineering and Science (IRJES)irjes
International Refereed Journal of Engineering and Science (IRJES) is a leading international journal for publication of new ideas, the state of the art research results and fundamental advances in all aspects of Engineering and Science. IRJES is a open access, peer reviewed international journal with a primary objective to provide the academic community and industry for the submission of half of original research and applications.
Similar to Cohesive City: Built Environment and Active Transport (20)
Lithological Investigation at Tombia and Opolo Using Vertical Electrical Soun...IJLT EMAS
Vertical electrical soundings (VES) was carried out in Opolo and Tombia all in Yenagoa local government area, Bayelsa state, Nigeria to understand the resistivity distribution of its subsurface which serves as a tool in investigating subsurface lithology. All VES sounding were stacked together to generate 1D pseudo tomogram and was subsequently interpreted. The interpreted VES curve results shows that Opolo consists of three layers within the depth of investigation. Sandy clay with mixture of silt make up the first layer (Top layer) with resistance value ranging from 24-63Ωm. The second layer is made up of thick clay with very low resistivity values ranging from 3-19Ωm. The third layer is sandyclay with its resistance value ranging from 26-727Ωm.Tombia also reveals that the area is in three layers within the depth of investigation. Sandy clay with a mixture of fine sand made up the first layer (Top soil) with its resistance values ranging from 40-1194Ωm. The second layer is made up of fine sand with resistivity value ranging from 475-5285Ωm. The third layer is made up of sandy clay/sand with its resistance value ranging from 24-28943Ωm.The results of the 1D pseudo tomogram also reveals that Tombia and Opolo consists of three layers within the depth of investigation and pseudo tomograms serves as a basis tool for interpreting lithology and identifying lithological boundaries for the subsurface
Public Health Implications of Locally Femented Milk (Nono) and Antibiotic Sus...IJLT EMAS
The study is to determine the PH and moisture content
of Nono sold in Port Harcourt , the prevalence of Pseudomonas
aeruginosa in Fura da nono and finally the antibiotic resistance
pattern of Pseudomonas aeruginosa isolated from the fermented
products. nono samples were purchased from Borikiri in
portharcourt township. A total of 20 samples were assessed to
determine their microbiological quality and to conduct antibiotic
susceptibility test. Moisture content and pH of the samples were
also assessed. Enumeration of the total viable bacterial count
(TVBC), Total coliform count (TCC) and Total Pseudomonal
count (TPC) were also assessed to determine the sanitary quality
of the product. The PH ranges between 2.99 to 3.89 while the
moisture content ranges between 80% to 88%. The result
obtained from the microbial culture indicated that a wide array
of microorganism were present in Fura da nono including species
of Bacilu, klebsiella, Pseudomonas Staphylococcus aureus,
Streptococcus, Lactobacillus and Escherichia coli.. The highest
TVBC, TCC and TPC were 9.8x103
cfu/ml, 10x103
cfu/ml and
9.7x103
cfu/ml respectively. Antibiotic susceptibility was
conducted using 12 broad spectrum antibiotics and compared
against a standard provided by the Clinical laboratory standard
institute (CLSI). Gentamycin, Ofloxacin and Levofloxacin
recorded 100% resistance , while Cotrimoxazole, Ciprofloxacin,
Vancomycin, Nitrofurantoin, Norfloxacin and Azithromycin
recorded 100% susceptibility as indicated by the complete clear
zone of inhibition.It was discovered that the absence of
regulatory agencies like National Agency for Food Drug
Administration and Control (NAFDAC) in the regulation of the
quality of the product was the cause of the high contamination,
since there were no quality control measures in its production
line .It was recommended that NAFDAC should provide a
standard operating procedure for local food producers and
should include them in their scope for regulation.
Bioremediation Potentials of Hydrocarbonoclastic Bacteria Indigenous in the O...IJLT EMAS
Hydrocarbon pollution Remediation by Enhanced
Natural Attenuation method was adopted to remediate the
hydrocarbon impacted site in Ogoniland Rivers State, Nigeria .
The research lasted for 6 months. Samples were collected at
monthly intervals . samples were collected intermittently
between Feb 2019 to July 2019 . Mineral salt medium containing
crude oil was used as a sole source of carbon and energy for the
isolation of hydrocarbonoclastic bacteria. Samples were
collected from the four (4) local government that made up
Ogoniland and they includes Khana(k), Gokana (G),Tai (T),
Eleme (E) and transported immediately to the laboratory for
analysis. The microbial and physicochemical properties of the
soil samples varied with the different local government areas.
Seven bacteria genera were isolated from the samples from the
four locations, viz, Pseudomonas, Lactobacter, Micrococcus,
Arthrobacter, Bacillus, Brevibacterium and Mycobacterium
were isolated and identified. the seven isolate were indigenous in
the study area. Nutrient were added to identified plots of
hydrocarbon pollution polluted site within the four local
government and they were able degrade hydrocarbon within a
short of period of time. Reassessment of physicochemical
parameter impacted site was used to judge the bioremediation
potentials of microorganism
Comparison of Concurrent Mobile OS CharacteristicsIJLT EMAS
It is challenging for the mobile industry to supply the best features of the devices with its increasing customer requirements. Among the progress of technologies, the mobile industry is the fastest growing; as it keeps pace with rapidly changing market demands. This paper compares between the currently available mobile devices based on its user interface, security, memory utilization, processor, and device architecture. The mobile products launched from 2015-19 are used for comparison. Current results after comparison with earlier study found that many mobile devices and features became obsolete in a short time span supporting the aggressive growth of mobile industry.
Design of Complex Adders and Parity Generators Using Reversible GatesIJLT EMAS
This paper shows efficient design of an odd and even parity generator, a 4-bit ripple carry adder, and a 2-bit carry look ahead adder using reversible gates. Number of reversible gates used, garbage output, and percentage usage of outputs in implementing each combinational circuit is derived. The CLA used 10 reversible gates with 14 garbage outputs, with 50% percentage performance usage.
Design of Multiplexers, Decoder and a Full Subtractor using Reversible GatesIJLT EMAS
This paper shows an effective design of combinational circuits such as 2:1, 4:1 multiplexers, 2:4 decoder and a full subtractor using reversible gates. This paper also evaluates number of reversible gates used and garbage outputs in implementing each combinational circuit.
Multistage Classification of Alzheimer’s DiseaseIJLT EMAS
Alzheimer’s disease is a type of dementia that destroys
memory and other mental functions. During the progression of
the disease certain proteins called plaques and tangles get
deposited in hippocampus which is located in the temporal lobe
of brain. The disease is not a normal part of aging and gets
worsen over time. Medical imaging techniques like Magnetic
Resonance Imaging (MRI), Computed Tomography (CT) and
Positron Emission Tomography (PET) play significant role in the
disease diagnosis. In this paper, we propose a method for
classifying MRI into Normal Control (NC), Mild Cognitive
Impairment (MCI) and Alzheimer’s Disease(AD). An overall
outline of the methodology includes textural feature extraction,
feature reduction process and classification of the images into
various stages. Classification has been performed with three
classifiers namely Support Vector Machine (SVM), Artificial
Neural Network (ANN) and k-Nearest Neighbours (k-NN)
Design and Analysis of Disc Brake for Low Brake SquealIJLT EMAS
Vibration induced due to friction in disc brake is a
theme of major interest and related to the automotive industry.
Squeal noise generated during braking action is an indication of
a complicated dynamic problem which automobile industries
have faced for decades. For the current study, disc brake of 150
cc is considered. Vibration and sound level for different speed
are measured. Finite element and experimentation for modal
analysis of different element of disc brake and assembly are
carried out. In order to check that precision of the finite element
with those of experimentation, two stages are used both
component level and assembly level. Mesh sensitivity of the disc
brake component is considered. FE updating is utilized to reduce
the relative errors between the two measurements by tuning the
material. Different viscoelastic materials are selected and
constrained layer damping is designed. Constrained layer
damping applied on the back side of friction pads and compared
vibration and sound level of disc brake assembly without
constrained layer damping with disc brake assembly having
constrained layer. It was observed that there were reduction in
vibration and sound level. Nitrile rubber is most effective
material for constrained layer damping.
The aim of this article is to device strategies for
establishing and managing tomato processing industry, which
aims to enhance the taste experiences on different tomato
products for the people. Management needed for a successful
business is analyzed in each and every aspect. The five important
steps in management- planning, organizing, staffing, leading and
controlling are applied in management of the industry. Planning-
In the planning process, activities required to achieve desired
goals are thought about. This process involves the creation and
maintenance of a plan, those include psychological aspects that
require conceptual skills. Organizing- Organizing is a systematic
processing in order to attain objectives of structuring,
integrating, co-ordinating task, and activities. Staffing- Staffing is
the process of acquiring, deploying, and retaining a workforce of
sufficient quantity and quality to create positive impacts on the
organization’s effectiveness. Leading- Communicating,
motivating, inspiring and encouraging employees are key aspects
of process of leading, task of which is towards a higher level of
productivity of organization. Controlling- Controlling measures
the deviation of actual performance from the standard
performance, discovers the causes of such deviations and helps in
taking corrective actions.
This paper deals with the functioning of a Propylene
Recovery Unit (PRU) in a chemical industry and the various
Managerial and Human Resource considerations that need to be
accounted for, in this process. This report discusses various
aspects that are to be considered, before initializing the setup of
PRU, ranging from a Management perspective. Mission and
objective was decided and subsequently the managerial model
was developed. Propylene is an indispensible raw material that
has a variety of end use. A detailed analysis pertaining to
propylene demand in the market along with major sources has
been incorporated in this paper. Emphasis has been placed on
the type of departmentation required. Managerial aspects of
various functions ranging from warehousing to quality control
have also been taken into consideration. Delegations of functional
departments have been defined to prevent redundancy of duties
and major managerial functions of Planning, Organizing,
Staffing, Leading and Controlling has also been discussed.
Internal and External factors that affect the company have been
analyzed through SWOT Analysis and MBO strategies are also
broadly classified. Finally, Total Quality Management and
strategies for adoption of Lean Manufacturing as also touched
upon briefly.
This business model is intended to provide an online
platform connecting the general public customers with the
producers of groceries and food products such as fruits,
vegetables, meat and dairy products. The producers are selected
based on their production methods and their quality. The model
obtains the demand from the customers and the supply is found
from the producers. The prices of the products are fixed
according to the supply and demand. The customers' orders can
be classified into two different categories: 1. Bulk orders and 2.
Recipe based. The orders are obtained in a bulk quantity or for a
certain period of time and the products are delivered
periodically as per the customer's need. This model eliminates
the requirements of conventional storage units and also controls
the quality of the products using scientific devices. This model
reduces the wastage of resources as it enables the customer to
estimate their requirements using the help of recipe based
ordering system and also keeps the price constant for the bulk
orders.
Home textile exports are market driven, which implies that they deal with what the foreign market wants and how the home textile exporter could fulfil it, or product driven, where they deal with what the exporter has to offer and how can an appropriate strategy be applied to find the targeted buyers in the foreign market. The requisites of these are that the exporter must know the export plan, production procedure and export documentations. Exporter also must know his/her operational capacity, organizational nature and structure. An attempt is made in this project to understand and examine the nature and structure of the organization of the S3P exports.
Almost 80% of the population are coffee lovers.
Kaffinite sunshine café is guaranteed to become the daily
necessity for all the coffee addicts. A place with good ambience
where people can escape from their daily stress and cherish with
a morning cup of coffee. Our café offers home style delicious
breakfast and snacks. We focus on finding the most aromatic
and exotic coffee beans. We have our branches in many cities of
Tamil Nadu. We have a romantic ambience which attracts youth.
Our café has spectacular interior designs with stupendous taste
of coffee. We have attached our menu which contains multicuisines
at attractive prices. In this paper, we have done SWOT
analysis of our café to know our strengths and weaknesses. We
have also analyzed our opportunities and threats from the
external environment
Management of a Paper Manufacturing IndustryIJLT EMAS
This project focuses on how a paper manufacturing industry looks like and how it operates. For better understanding purpose, we have taken a hypothetical situation here. We have discussed on various factors that are to be considered before constructing a plant. For example, what kind of proprietorship is suitable for this case? We have developed a SWOT Analysis for the plant, thinking about the pros and cons. This project can be a guide for a person who is willing to start up a new manufacturing plant. This report can be used to streamline your approach to planning by outlining the responsibilities of plant managers and external factors, as well as identifying appropriate resources to assist you with the construction of plant.
Application of Big Data Systems to Airline ManagementIJLT EMAS
The business world is in the midst of the next
revolution following the IT revolution – the Big Data revolution.
The sheer volume of data produced is a major reason for the big
data revolution. Aviation and aerospace are typical areas that
can apply big data systems due to the scale of data produced, not
only by the plane sensors and passengers, but also by the
prospective passengers. Data that need to be considered include,
but are not limited to, aircraft sensor data, passenger data,
weather data, aircraft maintenance data and air traffic data.
This paper aims at identifying areas in aviation where big data
systems can be utilized to enhance operational performances
improve customer relations and thereby aiding the ultimate goal
of increased profits at reduced costs. An improved management
model built on a strong big data infrastructure will reduce
operation costs, improve safety, bring down the cost and time
spent on maintenance and drastically improve customer
relations.
Impact of Organisational behaviour and HR Practices on Employee Retention in ...IJLT EMAS
I. INTRODUCTION
Roads are constituted as the most significant component of
India‟s Logistics Industry, accounting for 60 percent of
the total freight movement in the country. A majority of
players in this industry are small entrepreneurs running their
family businesses. As a result, Man Power Development
Investments that pay off in the longer term, have been
minimised respectively. Moreover, these businesses are
typically controlled severely by the proprietor and his / her
family and consequently, making it unattractive for the
professionals. Poor working conditions, Low pay scales
relative to alternate careers, poor or non-existent Manpower
Policies and prevalence of unscrupulous practices have added
to the segment's woes for seeking employment. Thus, it could
be rightly stated that the Transportation, Logistics,
Warehousing and Packaging Sector is considered an
unattractive career option and fails to attract and retain skilled
manpower. Many Organizations have failed to recognize that
Human Resources play an important role in gaining an
immense advantage in today‟s highly competitive Global
Business Environment. While all aspects of managing Human
Resources is important, Employee Retention continues to be
an essential part of Human Resource Management activity
that help the Organizations to achieve their goals and
objectives.
Sustainable Methods used to reduce the Energy Consumption by Various Faciliti...IJLT EMAS
The purpose of this article is to identify the energy
challenges faced by airports especially with regards to the energy
consumed by the terminal building and suggest suitable energy
conservation techniques based on what has already been
implemented in few airports around the world.
We have identified the various facilities and systems which are
responsible for a major share of the consumption of energy by
airport terminals and we have suggested measures to effectively
overcome these problems.
OVERVIEW OF THE COMPANY
Cake Walk sweets and savories
Cake Walk is India‟s No. 1 confectionery and cake
manufacturer with its products exported to over 20 countries
around the world. They are dedicated to the art of producing
innovative and delicious products for sweet lovers of all ages.
Cake Walk‟s products offer tantalizing experiences that sparks
the imagination in people who eat their candy. Of course, this
has been Cake Walk‟s goal since their inception in 1947.
Today, Cake Walk Candy continues to make some of the best
candy in India. They also are a responsible business venture
and contribute positively to the society with their “Learn to
bake” initiative to encourage households to earn by starting
their own small-scale businesses. Cake Walk products can be
enjoyed by kids and adults alike, and their products come in
an array of flavors, shapes and sizes.
Every individual in our planet is busy in his / her own
world these days. The busy schedules and work preoccupations
of many people hinder them from spending nominal amount of
time with their families.
To address this concern, we have come up with our MACH
Tours and Travels, our motto being, “Breaching the
Boundaries!” which aims at not only giving its customers the best
and most comfortable tour, but also an enjoyable and
memorable experiences.
We differ from our competitors in various ways. For a start, we
emphasize that our profit is not in the income from this business,
but in the satisfaction of our customers. Added to that, we focus
on improving the ease of travel, the luxury of trip, the quality of
time spent and the worth of pay.
There is a variety of customers we come across: some will want
their trip to be extravagant, while some require it to be cost
effective; some need a long vacation, while some choose just a
weekend away.
Our mission: In order to meet the desires of this large range of
people and to include all the factors of a hearty holiday, we have
devised our strategies and planned our processes, thus, setting us
apart from the others.
Our vision: As the main priority, a year from now, we target on
contenting as many customers as possible through our services.
The following sections of this document includes our roles in
planning, decision making, staffing, leading and communicating
in which we highlight various aspects of our organization,
including the pros and cons of travelling with us.
The purpose of this paper is to highlight the general
terms and definitions that falls under the ‘common set’ in the
intersection of the sets Meteorology and Aerospace Engineering.
It begins with the universal explanations for the meteorological
phenomena under the ‘common set’ followed by the
categorization of clouds and their influences on the aerial
vehicles, the instrumentation used in Aeronautics to determine
the required Meteorological quantities, factors affecting aviation,
effects of aviation on the clouds, and the corresponding protocols
involved in deciphering the ‘common set’ elements.
It also talks about the relation between airport construction and
Geology prior to concluding with the uses and successes of
Meteorology in the field of Aerospace.
Operation “Blue Star” is the only event in the history of Independent India where the state went into war with its own people. Even after about 40 years it is not clear if it was culmination of states anger over people of the region, a political game of power or start of dictatorial chapter in the democratic setup.
The people of Punjab felt alienated from main stream due to denial of their just demands during a long democratic struggle since independence. As it happen all over the word, it led to militant struggle with great loss of lives of military, police and civilian personnel. Killing of Indira Gandhi and massacre of innocent Sikhs in Delhi and other India cities was also associated with this movement.
The Roman Empire A Historical Colossus.pdfkaushalkr1407
The Roman Empire, a vast and enduring power, stands as one of history's most remarkable civilizations, leaving an indelible imprint on the world. It emerged from the Roman Republic, transitioning into an imperial powerhouse under the leadership of Augustus Caesar in 27 BCE. This transformation marked the beginning of an era defined by unprecedented territorial expansion, architectural marvels, and profound cultural influence.
The empire's roots lie in the city of Rome, founded, according to legend, by Romulus in 753 BCE. Over centuries, Rome evolved from a small settlement to a formidable republic, characterized by a complex political system with elected officials and checks on power. However, internal strife, class conflicts, and military ambitions paved the way for the end of the Republic. Julius Caesar’s dictatorship and subsequent assassination in 44 BCE created a power vacuum, leading to a civil war. Octavian, later Augustus, emerged victorious, heralding the Roman Empire’s birth.
Under Augustus, the empire experienced the Pax Romana, a 200-year period of relative peace and stability. Augustus reformed the military, established efficient administrative systems, and initiated grand construction projects. The empire's borders expanded, encompassing territories from Britain to Egypt and from Spain to the Euphrates. Roman legions, renowned for their discipline and engineering prowess, secured and maintained these vast territories, building roads, fortifications, and cities that facilitated control and integration.
The Roman Empire’s society was hierarchical, with a rigid class system. At the top were the patricians, wealthy elites who held significant political power. Below them were the plebeians, free citizens with limited political influence, and the vast numbers of slaves who formed the backbone of the economy. The family unit was central, governed by the paterfamilias, the male head who held absolute authority.
Culturally, the Romans were eclectic, absorbing and adapting elements from the civilizations they encountered, particularly the Greeks. Roman art, literature, and philosophy reflected this synthesis, creating a rich cultural tapestry. Latin, the Roman language, became the lingua franca of the Western world, influencing numerous modern languages.
Roman architecture and engineering achievements were monumental. They perfected the arch, vault, and dome, constructing enduring structures like the Colosseum, Pantheon, and aqueducts. These engineering marvels not only showcased Roman ingenuity but also served practical purposes, from public entertainment to water supply.
Read| The latest issue of The Challenger is here! We are thrilled to announce that our school paper has qualified for the NATIONAL SCHOOLS PRESS CONFERENCE (NSPC) 2024. Thank you for your unwavering support and trust. Dive into the stories that made us stand out!
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Cohesive City: Built Environment and Active Transport
1. International Journal of Latest Technology in Engineering, Management & Applied Science (IJLTEMAS)
Volume VI, Issue VIIIS, August 2017 | ISSN 2278-2540
.
www.ijltemas.in Page 17
Cohesive City: Built Environment and Active
Transport
Ar. Bhagyalaxmi Madapur1
, Dr. Mamatha P Raj2
1
Associate Professor, B M S College of Architecture, BMSCE Campus, Banagalore , Karnataka, India
2
Director & Professor, BMS College of Architecture, BMSCE Campus, Banagalore , Karnataka, India
Abstract: - Cotemporary development has transformed the city
structure and urban fabric. Several studies in public health
domain contemplate premeditated active transport as one of the
major decisive factor in enhancing urban dwellers’ quality of
life. Active transport and human powered transportation
includes walking, cycling and variants such as cycle rickshaws,
skateboards, push scooters, hand carts, etc. These modes provide
both transportation and recreation and are especially important
for short trips that form the largest share of trips in urban areas.
Since the built environment is the setting in which the use of
active transport manifests, if a sufficient condition is not
provided, it may deprive the individuals of any opportunity for
the activity to occur at all. This is why it is important to study the
built environment as a factor of walkability and develop
knowledge about creating urban environments that are
conducive for active transport. This paper discusses active
transport factors at various levels. Further, the paper dwells on
investigating the attributes of built environment at the street and
building level.
Key Words: Built environment, Active Transport, Built form,
Density, Connectivity, Land use diversity
I. INTRODUCTION
reat cities provide ample prospects for all of its
inhabitants to enhance their lives and ensure an
unrivalled level of sovereignty, security and creativity.
Several studies in public health domain contemplate
premeditated active transport as one of the major decisive
factor in enhancing urban dwellers’ quality of life. Active
transport and human powered transportation includes walking,
cycling and variants such as cycle rickshaws, skateboards,
push scooters, hand carts, etc. These modes provide both
transportation and recreation and are especially important for
short trips that form the largest share of trips in urban areas.
Active transportation is being emphasized as a sustainable
form of mobility in urban planning / urban design and in
public health as an opportunity for increasing recommended
levels of physical activity for better health. Active transport is
an easier mode of travel for different purposes for younger
and elderly alike. Along with reducing congestion and having
low environmental impact, it has social and recreational value
while promoting physical and mental wellbeing. Built
environmental attributes such as connectivity, walkability /
cycleability, varied land use mix, and density have been found
to be related to physical activity. Active transport needs to be
considered as a legitimate transport to augment social
recreational activity and to decrease the level of socio-
economic as well as environmental stress. Opportunity to
commute as a pedestrian /cyclist is extremely influential in
one's perceptions and experiences of urban life.
A. Importance and benefits of using active transport
Apart from health benefits (such as exposure to natural space,
improved physical activity and psychological health,
enhancing creativity), usage of active transport provides a
numerous of benefits. Walking and cycling allows in forming
a place- based connection with the background, context and
community of the neighbourhood and city. Furthermore,
engaging in active transport facilitates social interaction
strengthening a sense of place and belongingness.
Forty decades ago, urban dwellers spent one tenth of their
income on personal transportation. However, today urban
dwellers are spending one fifth of their income on
transportation, revealing a harsh economic reality. For ex: An
average Indian family spends 15% of its income on
transportation only. Living and working preferences have seen
a major shift, as approximately 65% of urban populace are
identifying active transport as a high priority. In this context, a
combination of urban planning, urban design, land use
patterns and multi-modal transit systems that promote active
transport will help create active, healthier and more liveable
communities.
B. Correlation between Built environment and active
transport
Built environment refers to manmade surroundings (city
blocks, neighbourhoods, streets, open spaces, etc.) that are
provided for inhabitant's activities. One of the decisive
aspects that affect the use of active support either positively or
negatively is built environment. Association between active
transport and built environment differ across people, culture
and socio-economic status. Active transportation of an urban
area is the extent to which the built environment supports and
encourages walking/cycling by providing for user’s comfort
and safety, connecting people with varied destinations within
a reasonable amount of time as well as effort while offering
visual interest throughout its network. The quality of built
G
2. International Journal of Latest Technology in Engineering, Management & Applied Science (IJLTEMAS)
Volume VI, Issue VIIIS, August 2017 | ISSN 2278-2540
.
www.ijltemas.in Page 18
environment is the key aspect for encouraging inhabitants to
choose active transport. Analysis of built environment for the
appropriateness and desirability of active transport has been
considered in various fields such as transportation, urban
planning, urban design, architecture, geography, psychology
as well as public health. Walkability/cycleability and built
environment consist of representing the correlation of active
transport with distance to transit, density, destination
accessibility / connectivity, street design, built form, and
diversity of activities (land use mix).
Fig. 1 Attractive, articulated active transport environment
II. MEASUREABLE BUILT ENVIRONMENT
ATTRIBUTES ASSOCIATED WITH ACTIVE
TRANSPORT
Built environment is the backdrop in which use of active
transport manifests. The condition of the built environment is
often the dominant factor that influences the quality of using
active transport, determining how convenient, appropriate,
safe, pleasant and stimulating it becomes. A range of
economic, socio-cultural associations as well as gender and
age influence the way in which individuals are affected by or
use of the built environment.
In urban context, active transport is short distance travel. High
speed transport and the quest for efficiency are the primary
reasons for declining rate of active transport. Most of the
streets are losing their intimate scale as well as permeability
and are devoid of public life as they are increasingly being
planned and designed as automobile centric. Urban dwellers
tend to choose active transport over other modes of transport,
if walking/cycling is readily available as a safe, connected and
pleasant activity. Perceptions of built environmental attributes
influence active transport. In order to develop the knowledge
on the use of active transport, it is imperative to acknowledge
and understand the complexity behind walking/cycling
behaviour. Walking /cycling behaviour is influenced by
lifestyles, socio-cultural traditions, conscious decisions, and
the built environment. These factors may also vary for
different users or different kinds of active transport.
A. Quantitative measurement of Active transport
Measurement of walkability is a specific concern connected to
physical aspects of built environment. It is necessary to
measure the effective physical variables of built environment
on walkability. Quantitative active transport measurement can
be classified into direct or indirect objectives (refer Table 1).
TABLE 1: ACTIVE TRANSPORT MEASUREMENT
Active transport
measurement
Directmethod Indirect method
1
Objective
measurement
Field observations
referredas active
transport audit
Evaluationof
secondary data using
different techniques
andinformation
systems
2
Subjective
measurement
Surveys with
potential
stakeholders
Evaluationof built
environment
B. Experiential qualities of the built environment
Medium to high density area with diversity and short distance
access to different activities / services coupled with public
transit stops can create conducive physical setting for the
potential use of active transport. To positively support active
transport, a built environment must have a sufficient
pedestrian network to make accessible area. However,
pedestrian accessibility is an important factor to make an area
suitable for active transport. Variables such as environment,
network and destination are the primary effective parameters
of built environment and active transport (refer Table 2).
TABLE- 2: EFFECTIVE PARAMETERS OF BUILT
ENVIRONMENT ON WALKABILITY
Variables Features Parameters
1 Environment
At the humanscale, active
transport permits for
maximum appreciation and
experience of theurban
area.
High density
neighbourhoodencourages
mixeduse development
improvingaccessibilityto
various functional and
recreational activities
associatedwith active
transport.
Aesthetics
Safety
Building
orientation
2 Network
A network provides safe and
comfortable use of active transport.
Accessibilit
y
Sidewalks
Cross walks
3 Destination
Active transport street systemis
efficientlyusedif the network
provides different levels ofaccess to
various destinations.
Landuse
mix and
pattern
Diverse
activities
Statistical analysis of active transport studies have provided
evidence that walking/cycling behaviour is related to the
condition of the built environment. Correlation analyses
3. International Journal of Latest Technology in Engineering, Management & Applied Science (IJLTEMAS)
Volume VI, Issue VIIIS, August 2017 | ISSN 2278-2540
.
www.ijltemas.in Page 19
between different attributes of the built environment and the
amount of time spent commuting using active transport by
individuals aim at identifying walkability factors of the
milieu. Perceptual qualities such as imagebility, transparency,
complexity, enclosure and human scale define the
accessibility of the context and legibility of the urban
structure, which affects the way people move through the city
and their perceptions of the spaces.
1) Urban Structure
Urban structure is defined by the pattern and spatial
composition of built forms, open spaces and streets which
influence the engagement with the places that are used and the
quality of public spaces in the physical sense. Well-articulated
city presents imagebility of the place. It functions as the
innate human ability to detect and remember patterns. Its
elements are easily identifiable and grouped into an overall
pattern. The urban structure is translated into route networks
(i.e. streets, paths and open spaces) and the urban form (i.e.
plots, blocks and buildings). The frameworks of routes and
spaces connect locally and more widely the way
developments, routes and open spaces relate to each other
(refer Fig. 3).
Fig. 2 Conceptual framework - Correlated elements of built environment and active transportation
The pattern of the arrangement of city blocks, plots and their
buildings in a settlement produces either a fine or coarse
grain. A fine urban grain creates a high level of enclosure and
defined open spaces. An urban layout is more responsive to
accessibility needs and way finding when it presents direct,
short and legible walkways/cycle paths between places.
C. Performance dimensionsof active transport oriented urban
areas
1. Density, Connectivity and fine grained land use
diversity
Density, connectivity and fine grained land use diversity
factors are strongly associated with active transportation and
can be explored and measured on different levels and scales
which may capture different aspects of influencing the choice
to use active transport. Connectivity of the path network is
determined by the presence of active transport amenities.
However, as patterns become finer grained and more
interconnected, blocks become smaller with higher
connectivity of paths. In addition to path distances to various
points, it is important to examine the type of path choice. One
can reach most of the daily services on foot within 10 to 20
minutes or 2 to 3 KM.
Density of path intersections and block sizes - A high density
of intersections and small block sizes usually correlates with a
high degree of connectivity. Barriers for active transport must
be minimized. In most of the cases where a particular urban
area is already built, connectivity retrofits are possible. In
cases where the degree of land use diversity or density
measured at the neighbourhood level is the same, the
effectiveness of their influence on both the quantity and the
quality of active transport may vary, according to how they
are designed at the street and building level in accordance
with the qualities, such as design of the ground level, number
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and position of building entrances, design related to sidewalk-
ground level interaction, building typologies, etc.
Land use diversity: Multiple and diverse activities encourage
frequent trips covered by active transport. Diverse land use
mix results in varied and interesting built environment,
creating neighbourhoods which are conducive for using active
transport. Beyond providing an internally well connected
pedestrian network, it is important to provide connectivity
with city and region through convenient and accessible links
to other modes of transport within a reasonable distance - time
(2 to 3 KM or 10 to 20 minute walk) to facilitate seamless
navigation.
Fig. 3 Traffic control devices and pedestrian safety caution signs
2. Built form parameters
City blocks can lend both neighbourhoods and cities unique
characteristics for all who live in and pass through them,
while the building mass, height and street width can combine
to create balanced street scenes and successful urban
compositions. Besides the wide and comfortable pathways for
active transport, the facades of the built forms help in
connecting the people to the place. At the urban scale, the
aggregation of building mass defines the formof urban blocks
and streetscapes emerging into different patterns. A built form
variation such as facade plane and building heights within an
urban area reduce apparent mass, provides visual interest and
creates a localised pedestrian friendly character.
Fig. 4
Fig.5
Fig. 4 & 5 Well articulated design - inviting and safe
Buildings should be humane in scale and provide comfort of
use. The positive and transparent facades will portray more
sense of welcoming which will create communication
between the people and the place. The transparency of
activities between the building facades will be able to
facilitate the pedestrians to understand more about the place.
While formulating design guidelines, investigations are
required with respect to active transport in addition to
developing the statistical analyses of the correlation between
built environment attributes and active transport. Influences of
the built environment on using active transport are examined
at different levels and scales:
Regional Planning Level- Provision of efficient
multi-modal public transit
Urban Planning Level – Density and land use
diversity
Urban design and architecture level- Street width,
aesthetics, landscape design, street furniture, etc.
Neighbourhood level – Built forms and façade
permeability
3. Pedestrian density as a walkability factor
The density of active transport users in an urban area is the
result of the conditions of the built environment. The temporal
distribution and patterns of the number of pedestrians/cyclists
are closely linked to the dynamism of the area and may
enhance the experiential quality of engaging in active
transport by providing increased chances of interaction (direct
and indirect) with other people and activities during walking /
cycling.
Therefore, pedestrian density contributes not only to the
feeling of safety, but it becomes a factor promoting active
transport and also possibly increasing the quantity of
walking/cycling by providing the destination or reasons for
walking / cycling.
4. Permeability of built forms
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Assessment measures for the Permeability of built forms are
produced in a form of measurement scale to determine the
walkability of the study area. The assessment uses the
numerical rating on a five-point scale of 1 to 5 for each of the
variables. The highest point (5) is given to the areas that fulfil
all criteria, which represents the highest level of walkability
measured by the researchers. On the contrary, the one point
scale (1) portrays the opposite condition. For example: The
walkway with a width around 3 meters will score higher than
the walkway with the width less than 3 meters. Notes and
photographs of the actual conditions of the district and factors
associated with it are notated to clarify the recorded patterns.
Fig. 6 Permeability of built forms
5. Qualities of active transport path network
Functionality of the active transport path network is
important. As per "Metropolitan Sprawl Index" that considers
residential density, land use mix, degree of compact
development, street accessibility coupled with size of city
blocks is more likely to be repeated than one that is
unpleasant. The quality of the path and street network offering
changing scenes and social encounters are the main factors in
influencing active transport.
Along with the width of streets and paths that provide ease of
movement, the identifiable landmarks, axes and nodes are
important to make the places more legible and
comprehensible. Apart from the street signs, the hierarchy of
street patterns allows for differentiation of character and
scales that can help people's orientation within the urban area.
Several qualities and attributes of active transport path
network are:
Efficient connectivity of path network, both locally
and in the larger urban setting.
Quality of paths- width, paving, landscaping,
signage, etc.
Mix of varied land use patterns
Safety factor
Path context- Visual interest of the built environment
coupled with permeability and overall explorability
6. Active Transport: Safety and Path quality
Built environments that support fast and efficient automobile
travel are not safe and interesting for pedestrians and cyclists.
The non-cordial pedestrian path is the auto oriented strip, a
treeless expanse dominated by several lanes of noisy traffic,
polluted air, glaring lights and loud signage. Crucial streets
amenities in most of the cities of developing world are nearly
non-existent.
Idyllic pedestrian path will provide for the comfort and safety
of pedestrians of different age groups and physical abilities. It
should be wide enough, continuous with pedestrian scaled
path lighting, without gaps and should have relatively smooth
surface without any irregularities. Terrain can be a significant
factor for active transport. Difficult terrains may require steps
and railings to assist pedestrians. Encroachments into the
pedestrian right-of-way should be discouraged. Landscape
elements and vegetation insulate pedestrians from the
vehicular traffic as well as harsh weather conditions while
defining the street space. The quality of the open spaces and
landscape influences the intensity of active transport.
Fig. 7 Traffic control devices and pedestrian safety caution signs
7. Active Transport: Quality of the Path Context
A safe, continuous and well-connected path network set in a
monotonous physical setting is less likely to attract active
transport. Mutually acknowledging aspects such as visually
interesting coherence of built forms, human scale, street
design, frontage permeability of the establishments, diverse
activities and well framed vistas contribute positively to the
quality of path context in most urban settings. Design
attention should be given to create pedestrian scaled streets
with varied architectural character and landscape. Design
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details along the changing vista and focal points enhance
experiential quality of active transport. Improved quality of
several spaces on streets will enhance the overall context and
structure of the district as a whole supporting active transport.
Fig.8 Attractive side walk conditions & trees for comfortable
sidewalk shading
III. AMSTERDAM - KEY LEARNINGS
As compared to others, Europeans are engaged in using active
transport for most of the commuting trips. In Netherlands and
Germany, active transport increases with age and account for
over the half trips for people age 75 and above. European
countries with improvements that have been made in
providing pedestrian amenities- traffic calming, pathways,
signage, enforcing regulations, etc. Several clues can be taken
from most of the European cities which have successfully
experimented and implemented various methods for
promoting active transport. Many European cities have had
education and enforcement campaigns such as experimental
city walks, vivid educating posters/advertisements on safety
concerns, etc.
Fig. 9
Fig.10
Fig.9&10 Medium to high-density pedestrian environment with street
amenities
Amsterdam can be easily placed on the top in the list of
world's greatest cities owing to its ability to ensure basic
necessities and lower degree of social problems. Amsterdam
leads both Western European and USA in the proportion of
trips made using active transport, with significantly reduced
dependency on fossil fuels. Amsterdam city’s sustainable
urban transport systems, including an extensive network of
streets, pathways, bike lanes and engaging street space for
pedestrians and cyclists.
The highest rates of walking and cycling have lower rate of
chronic life style related diseases. It is much safer for users of
active transport in most parts of Amsterdam.
Fig. 11
Fig. 12
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Fig.11&12 Amsterdamhas explorable pedestrian scaled streets with varied
architecture and landscape
Fig.13 Cycle pod
Fig.14 City walks andcyclingcan be designedto provide exciting sequence
of revelations
Road facility designs, like street density, connectivity and
proximity to other places, are associated with physical activity
as well as other attributes of the built environment, like
density and land use syntax. This is likely because most
neighbourhoods of Amsterdam evolved during a time when
non-motorised travel reigned supreme, meaning they are
uniformly compact, mixed in their land use composition and
have comparable levels of accessibility. Thus facility designs
have influenced active transport and not generic land use
attributes of neighbourhoods.
Fig.15 Amsterdamhas done much to promote active transport, including
street art
Fig.16 Engaging permeability of built forms
IV. CONCLUSION
If the view of the influence of the built environment on active
transport is broadened, there are aspects of the urban
environments that can be described more accurately in terms
of affecting the quantity and quality of the walking/ cycling.
While it is not an easy task to achieve cohesion between built
forms and active transport as most of the cities have been built
for automobiles, but it is not impossible to modify existing
street networks with rigour and persistence. Increasing the
modal share of active transport is possible in any urban area.
However, the effectiveness depends on several urban area
specific factors, including topography, climate, culture,
political commitment, public awareness, governing policies,
long term goals and attractiveness of the alternatives. One of
the key parameters for active transport is urban density: Most
cities in developing countries have high-density and therefore
highly suitable for active transport oriented development and
policies.
Several systematically planned stages should be considered to
improve cohesive relation between built forms and active
transport in most of the urban areas:
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Policy provisions should shift from auto-centric
planning to promote active transport at all scales,
from local streets to regional arterials. It is necessary
to assess current active transport conditions, revise
standards and regulations,behaviour of inhabitants in
varied settings and pedestrian centric
planning/design approach to promote active transport
in urban areas.
Regulatory authorities, planning and design
professionals need to place emphasis on promoting
active transport at all levels and scales. This aspect
although poses several challenges, if addressed in a
more proactive way can bring in substantial benefits
for urban life. Cohesive city having mutually
benefitting built environment and active transport
can positively transform natural environment, public
health and social relations.
Current prevailing active transport conditions should
be audited at various scales ranging from
neighbourhood unit to region. This audit identifying
several issues supports in developing more informed
policies, strategies and plans that focus on active
transport as a primary mode of commuting. Various
stakeholders need to be involved at crucial stages of
planning and designing the built environment.
Active transport potential index can be developed to
evaluate each street of an urban area, having
contextual variables such as policies (policies and
standards of zoning, street design, parking, etc.),
built form variables (topography, land use mix,
development of various destinations at different
scales, connectivity, etc.) and contiguity factors
(access to physical and social infrastructure).
Exploration of behavioural patterns with regard to
the use of active transport among different user
groups is required to understand the most impacting
design factors especially quality of the path context.
Active transportation should be made operational
through performance criteria.
The major active transport factors should be
quantified and assessed thoroughly at the street level
as well as neighbourhood level including
architectural level which would contribute to a better
understanding of how and why they influence
walking behaviour. Pedestrian facilities should be
planned and designed to the maximum extent
possible, rather than the minimum.
Active transport is often a key element in
successfully encouraging ecologically viable urban
transport. It can be very attractive mode of transport
for relatively short distances, which make up the
largest share of trips in cities. Better active transport
infrastructure, shorter travel times and enhanced
safety and security are major factors in determining
walkability of a city. Active transport is mostly used
for short distance trips, with walking particularly
relevant up to 3.0 Kms and cycling up to 7.5Kms. As
up to 70% of vehicular trips cover less than 5Kms,
active transport has a large potential to replace
vehicular travel. Almost 5-10% of vehicular trips can
be replaced by active transport provided good
policies are in place. It is consequently of vital
importance that the active transport modes of
commuting should continue to be the transport mode
of choice.
Active transport environment can be improved with
stronger linkages and better quality pedestrian
network within the district as a whole. Length of
some of the building blocks needs to be reduced by
providing a green linkage crossing the buildings to
improve permeability.
The key to reversing the trend towards more private vehicle
use is making walking and cycling attractive, together with
improving public transport. Active transport is a highly cost-
effective transportation strategy and brings about large health,
economic and social co-benefits for the urban dweller. Cities
that promote active transport are more desirable as they
encourage physical activity, stimulate local economies
(increase property) and lessen environmental detriments
caused by vehicular emissions. Generally, active transport
policies and investments have a positive benefits-cost ratio,
particularly when co-benefits for health, safety and quality of
life are taken into consideration. Cohesive city is connected,
convivial, comfortable and convenient.
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Healthy & Walkable Communities
[4]. Southworth,M., & Be-Joseph, E (2003). Streets and the shaping
of towns and cities, Island Press, Washington, D.C
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