This document provides a literature review on opportunities for soft mobility (walking and cycling) in urban and suburban areas, using Ethiopia as a case study. It discusses the benefits of walking and cycling, including economic benefits, health benefits, and environmental benefits. It assesses factors influencing walking and cycling in Ethiopia, such as infrastructure, land use planning, effects of rising motorization, and promotion of active transportation. The document recommends pedestrian- and cyclist-friendly urban design and integrated transportation infrastructure to create a safe, low-risk environment for active travelers in Ethiopia.
Power to the pedals. Worldwatch Institutecyclecities
This article has been published in “World Watch Magazine”, July/August 2010, Volume 23, No. 4 in original language (English) by Gary Gardner. The article is available at: http://www.worldwatch.org/node/6456
Nile River: A Fitness Trail Promoting Physical Activity In Cairo CityIJERDJOURNAL
ABSTRACT: Nowadays, governments are challenged by dramatic increases in the frequency of chronic diseases, obesity and sedentary lifestyles caused majorly by physical inactivity.In order to lessen such complications, urban designers and architects strive to create open spaces and streets that encourage walking, bicycling, and other forms of active recreation.This paper aims at evaluating “Ahl Misr” Promenade created at the Nile River banks, Cairo city, Egypt, in terms of the vision guiding the design, design features, environmental aspects, promenade management, and funding channels. The study concentrates on exploring the extent to which the trail succeeded in offering venues for cycling, walking, running and stretching, as to participate in enhancing the public health in a city suffering from scarcity of open spaces. Observation of the existing activities and a physical survey are adopted. The results show that the tail is a positive stage towards the goal; nevertheless, the local authority predominating decisions and management policies are crippling the trail from fulfilling its potentials.
The 2013 Good To Go Impact Survey Report presents the results of an online survey sent to participants of the 2011 and 2012 Good To Go Commuter Challenges, gauging the impact of the Commuter Challenge on influencing the year-round commuting behavior of participants. The findings contained in this report include frequency of use of sustainable transportation modes used, specific modes used before and after Challenge participation, and demographic information for respondents.
Presented at the 2015 ACSP Conference this presentation provides an over of a paper evaluating the potential for trips on cargo bikes to substitute for car trips. While a large body of research has continued to investigate traditional bike transportation, cargo bikes offer the potential to capture trips for those that might otherwise be made by car. To investigate this, data from a survey of cargo bike users are evaluated using descriptive and inferential statistics. The survey queried how use and travel dynamics of characteristics with the hypothesis that cargo bike ownership has the potential to contribute to mode substitution behavior. From a descriptive standpoint, 68.9% of those surveyed changed their travel behavior after purchasing a cargo bike and the number of auto trips appeared to decline by 1-2 trips per day. Two key reasons cited for this change included the ability to get around with children and more gear. This is confirmed by regression models which underscore this trend towards increased active transport. Based on these results, further research could include focus on overcoming weather-related / elemental barriers (perhaps with an e-assist capacity), which continue to be an obstacle to every day cycling, and further investigation into families modeling healthy behaviors to children with cargo bikes
Power to the pedals. Worldwatch Institutecyclecities
This article has been published in “World Watch Magazine”, July/August 2010, Volume 23, No. 4 in original language (English) by Gary Gardner. The article is available at: http://www.worldwatch.org/node/6456
Nile River: A Fitness Trail Promoting Physical Activity In Cairo CityIJERDJOURNAL
ABSTRACT: Nowadays, governments are challenged by dramatic increases in the frequency of chronic diseases, obesity and sedentary lifestyles caused majorly by physical inactivity.In order to lessen such complications, urban designers and architects strive to create open spaces and streets that encourage walking, bicycling, and other forms of active recreation.This paper aims at evaluating “Ahl Misr” Promenade created at the Nile River banks, Cairo city, Egypt, in terms of the vision guiding the design, design features, environmental aspects, promenade management, and funding channels. The study concentrates on exploring the extent to which the trail succeeded in offering venues for cycling, walking, running and stretching, as to participate in enhancing the public health in a city suffering from scarcity of open spaces. Observation of the existing activities and a physical survey are adopted. The results show that the tail is a positive stage towards the goal; nevertheless, the local authority predominating decisions and management policies are crippling the trail from fulfilling its potentials.
The 2013 Good To Go Impact Survey Report presents the results of an online survey sent to participants of the 2011 and 2012 Good To Go Commuter Challenges, gauging the impact of the Commuter Challenge on influencing the year-round commuting behavior of participants. The findings contained in this report include frequency of use of sustainable transportation modes used, specific modes used before and after Challenge participation, and demographic information for respondents.
Presented at the 2015 ACSP Conference this presentation provides an over of a paper evaluating the potential for trips on cargo bikes to substitute for car trips. While a large body of research has continued to investigate traditional bike transportation, cargo bikes offer the potential to capture trips for those that might otherwise be made by car. To investigate this, data from a survey of cargo bike users are evaluated using descriptive and inferential statistics. The survey queried how use and travel dynamics of characteristics with the hypothesis that cargo bike ownership has the potential to contribute to mode substitution behavior. From a descriptive standpoint, 68.9% of those surveyed changed their travel behavior after purchasing a cargo bike and the number of auto trips appeared to decline by 1-2 trips per day. Two key reasons cited for this change included the ability to get around with children and more gear. This is confirmed by regression models which underscore this trend towards increased active transport. Based on these results, further research could include focus on overcoming weather-related / elemental barriers (perhaps with an e-assist capacity), which continue to be an obstacle to every day cycling, and further investigation into families modeling healthy behaviors to children with cargo bikes
The objective of this report is to identify the issues in transportation in Sri Lanka and identify the negative and positive benefits of promoting cycling as a solution to the identified issues.
It discusses the Sri Lankan context with the examples of the countries who have already implemented cycling as a mass transport solution.
Humans affect Learner Model Systems (LMS) originating in environmental costs, which alter future human decisions and behavior. Modular Networks online offer heterogeneity, feedback, and emergence. Technological innovations in crosswalk procurements (i.e., HAWK” = High Intensity Activated Crosswalk) warn and control motorists at marked, un-signalized crosswalks to assist pedestrians crossing a street or highway. Data collection, physical measurements, behavioral observations and archives, and scientific reports contribute to understanding geographic study. THE LEGAL CONTEXT OF HUMAN DECISIONS “ignites” interesting health education programs where priority is given to implementing policies necessary to achieve desired change and public safety action(s).
Webinar: Can cycling and walking help release the longevity dividend?ILC- UK
If we are to maximise the longevity dividend, we all need to live healthier not just longer. Too many of us are being forced out of work too early due to poor health. And poor health results in lower consumer spending.
The Government’s recently published obesity policy paper recognised the importance of remaining active. And COVID-19 has inspired cities across the world to invest in cycle infrastructure. Places like Paris, Milan, and New York, historically hostile to cycling have created hundreds of miles of temporary infrastructure.
Yet in the UK, as we get older, we cycle less.
The picture with walking isn’t much better, In England, men aged between 30 and 69 actually walk slightly more as they age while women walk considerably less. As we hit our 70s there is a significant drop-off in miles walked by men and women.
But we know that whatever our age, active travel works. We also know that supporting people to get to and around our town centres is vital if we are to begin to see an economic rebound. New and improved E-bikes and Scooters could play their part.
We have a relatively short window to deliver policy changes which could better support more of us to cycle and walk.
Speakers included:
Susan Claris, Associate Director, Transport Consulting, Arup
Dr Ian Walker, FHEA, Department of Psychology, University of Bath
Cllr Suzanne Bartington, Oxfordshire County Councillor
Tom McPhail, Director of Public Affairs, Pure Electric
Mark Nieuwenhuijsen: Cities and Planetary HealthTHL
Mark Nieuwenhuijsen, Research Professor and Director of Urban Planning, Envirnment and Health at IS Global, President Elect of the ISEE, at Europe That Protects - Safeguarding Our Planet, Safeguarding Our Health EU side event, 3-4 Dec 2019, THL, Helsinki
The goal of transport policy is to make effective decisions concerning the allocation of transport resources, including the management and regulation of existing transportation activities. Thus, transport policy can be concomitantly a public and private endeavor.
The objective of this report is to identify the issues in transportation in Sri Lanka and identify the negative and positive benefits of promoting cycling as a solution to the identified issues.
It discusses the Sri Lankan context with the examples of the countries who have already implemented cycling as a mass transport solution.
Humans affect Learner Model Systems (LMS) originating in environmental costs, which alter future human decisions and behavior. Modular Networks online offer heterogeneity, feedback, and emergence. Technological innovations in crosswalk procurements (i.e., HAWK” = High Intensity Activated Crosswalk) warn and control motorists at marked, un-signalized crosswalks to assist pedestrians crossing a street or highway. Data collection, physical measurements, behavioral observations and archives, and scientific reports contribute to understanding geographic study. THE LEGAL CONTEXT OF HUMAN DECISIONS “ignites” interesting health education programs where priority is given to implementing policies necessary to achieve desired change and public safety action(s).
Webinar: Can cycling and walking help release the longevity dividend?ILC- UK
If we are to maximise the longevity dividend, we all need to live healthier not just longer. Too many of us are being forced out of work too early due to poor health. And poor health results in lower consumer spending.
The Government’s recently published obesity policy paper recognised the importance of remaining active. And COVID-19 has inspired cities across the world to invest in cycle infrastructure. Places like Paris, Milan, and New York, historically hostile to cycling have created hundreds of miles of temporary infrastructure.
Yet in the UK, as we get older, we cycle less.
The picture with walking isn’t much better, In England, men aged between 30 and 69 actually walk slightly more as they age while women walk considerably less. As we hit our 70s there is a significant drop-off in miles walked by men and women.
But we know that whatever our age, active travel works. We also know that supporting people to get to and around our town centres is vital if we are to begin to see an economic rebound. New and improved E-bikes and Scooters could play their part.
We have a relatively short window to deliver policy changes which could better support more of us to cycle and walk.
Speakers included:
Susan Claris, Associate Director, Transport Consulting, Arup
Dr Ian Walker, FHEA, Department of Psychology, University of Bath
Cllr Suzanne Bartington, Oxfordshire County Councillor
Tom McPhail, Director of Public Affairs, Pure Electric
Mark Nieuwenhuijsen: Cities and Planetary HealthTHL
Mark Nieuwenhuijsen, Research Professor and Director of Urban Planning, Envirnment and Health at IS Global, President Elect of the ISEE, at Europe That Protects - Safeguarding Our Planet, Safeguarding Our Health EU side event, 3-4 Dec 2019, THL, Helsinki
The goal of transport policy is to make effective decisions concerning the allocation of transport resources, including the management and regulation of existing transportation activities. Thus, transport policy can be concomitantly a public and private endeavor.
Bristol: Living city - Towards a Healthy City 2015, by Ian BarrettSustrans
Presentation by Sustrans' South West Regional Director.
Sustrans sees Green Capital 2015 as a unique, once in a lifetime opportunity to create healthier communities through changing transport habits and delivering new sustainable transport systems.
Cohesive City: Built Environment and Active TransportIJLT EMAS
Cotemporary development has transformed the city
structure and urban fabric. Several studies in public health
domain contemplate premeditated active transport as one of the
major decisive factor in enhancing urban dwellers’ quality of
life. Active transport and human powered transportation
includes walking, cycling and variants such as cycle rickshaws,
skateboards, push scooters, hand carts, etc. These modes provide
both transportation and recreation and are especially important
for short trips that form the largest share of trips in urban areas.
Since the built environment is the setting in which the use of
active transport manifests, if a sufficient condition is not
provided, it may deprive the individuals of any opportunity for
the activity to occur at all. This is why it is important to study the
built environment as a factor of walkability and develop
knowledge about creating urban environments that are
conducive for active transport. This paper discusses active
transport factors at various levels. Further, the paper dwells on
investigating the attributes of built environment at the street and
building level.
Key Words: Built
Review of the Segregated Cycle Tracks in Bhopalijtsrd
The cities today witness an unprecedented immigration influx, majorly in all developing countries, as is the case of India. This means more vehicles on city roads. With the unavailability of walking and cycling infrastructure, people are forced to use vehicles majorly powered by petrol and diesel engines, ultimately increasing the carbon emissions. With smart, sustainable and segregated cycling and walking paths, the use of cycles will be encouraged and will contribute immensely in combating climate change. The study involves a case study of Bhopal, the capital of Madhya Pradesh, India. The importance of cycle lanes and its need is discussed through survey of pedestrians and cyclists. Shantanu Dubey | Rishika Sood | Dr. Manoj K. Trivedi "Review of the Segregated Cycle Tracks in Bhopal" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-1 , December 2020, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd38227.pdf Paper URL : https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/transport-engineering/38227/review-of-the-segregated-cycle-tracks-in-bhopal/shantanu-dubey
Current Status of Bicycle Usage Globally: A Vital Force for Sustainable TravelMAXSUNElectricbikeki
Bicycles, as an eco-friendly and healthy means of transportation, play a crucial role in promoting urban sustainability. In case of fatigue during cycling, opting for an LvBu ebike kit is becoming increasingly common, bringing more joy to cycling. LVBU Technology, in line with the development of bicycle transportation, strives to create a favorable product environment and conditions, encouraging more people to choose cycling and contribute to building beautiful cities and environments together.
References:
Asq.org (n.d.). What are stakeholders? Quality Resources
Lecciones, A. (2021). Green Cities. Hex Talks
Narayanaswami, P., Gronseth, G., Dubinsky, R., Penfold-Murray, R., Cox, J., Bever, C., Martins, Y., Rheaume, C., Shouse, D., & Getchius, T. (2015). The impact of social media on dissemination and implementation of clinical practice guidelines: A longitudinal observational study. Journal of Medical Internet Research, 17(8), 1-12. https://doi.org/10.2196/jmir.4414
Philippine Statistics Authority (2021). Causes of deaths in the Philippines (preliminary): January to December 2020. Press Releases
Online TDM Encyclopedia (2017). Walking and cycling encouragement: Strategies that encourage people to use non-motorized transportation. Victoria Transport Policy Institute
Online TDM Encyclopedia (2019). Automobile Dependency. Victoria Transport Policy Institute
United Nations Foundation (n.d.). Sustainable Development Goals
World Health Organization (n.d.). Air Pollution. Health Topics
Yazid, M. & Ladim, M. (2015). Urban design and active transport. International Journal of Engineering and and Advanced Technology, 4(3), 132-135.
Clean mobility is key to an equitable and climate-safe world. There has been some research in the Indian scenario as well focusing on mobility in the post COVID era.
Join the leading alliance focused on the development of advanced energy storage, green hydrogen, and e-Mobility technologies in India. Be a member of the India Energy Storage Alliance!
This publication was developed during the project Trendy Travel using original texts from a publication of the
City of Graz: 21 good reasons to cycle. We kindly invite you to use and copy the contents of this brochure. May
we ask you to refer back to the website www.trendy-travel.eu when you use and disseminate material from this
brochure.
Future of transport An initial perspective - Professor Glenn Lyons, UWE, Br...Future Agenda
An initial perspective on the future of transport by Professor Glenn Lyons, Professor of Transport and Society at UWE Bristol. This is the starting point for the global future agenda discussions taking place through 2015 as part of the the futureagenda2.0 programme. www.futureagenda.org
6th International Conference on Machine Learning & Applications (CMLA 2024)ClaraZara1
6th International Conference on Machine Learning & Applications (CMLA 2024) will provide an excellent international forum for sharing knowledge and results in theory, methodology and applications of on Machine Learning & Applications.
Literature Review Basics and Understanding Reference Management.pptxDr Ramhari Poudyal
Three-day training on academic research focuses on analytical tools at United Technical College, supported by the University Grant Commission, Nepal. 24-26 May 2024
KuberTENes Birthday Bash Guadalajara - K8sGPT first impressionsVictor Morales
K8sGPT is a tool that analyzes and diagnoses Kubernetes clusters. This presentation was used to share the requirements and dependencies to deploy K8sGPT in a local environment.
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Harnessing WebAssembly for Real-time Stateless Streaming PipelinesChristina Lin
Traditionally, dealing with real-time data pipelines has involved significant overhead, even for straightforward tasks like data transformation or masking. However, in this talk, we’ll venture into the dynamic realm of WebAssembly (WASM) and discover how it can revolutionize the creation of stateless streaming pipelines within a Kafka (Redpanda) broker. These pipelines are adept at managing low-latency, high-data-volume scenarios.
Water billing management system project report.pdfKamal Acharya
Our project entitled “Water Billing Management System” aims is to generate Water bill with all the charges and penalty. Manual system that is employed is extremely laborious and quite inadequate. It only makes the process more difficult and hard.
The aim of our project is to develop a system that is meant to partially computerize the work performed in the Water Board like generating monthly Water bill, record of consuming unit of water, store record of the customer and previous unpaid record.
We used HTML/PHP as front end and MYSQL as back end for developing our project. HTML is primarily a visual design environment. We can create a android application by designing the form and that make up the user interface. Adding android application code to the form and the objects such as buttons and text boxes on them and adding any required support code in additional modular.
MySQL is free open source database that facilitates the effective management of the databases by connecting them to the software. It is a stable ,reliable and the powerful solution with the advanced features and advantages which are as follows: Data Security.MySQL is free open source database that facilitates the effective management of the databases by connecting them to the software.
Using recycled concrete aggregates (RCA) for pavements is crucial to achieving sustainability. Implementing RCA for new pavement can minimize carbon footprint, conserve natural resources, reduce harmful emissions, and lower life cycle costs. Compared to natural aggregate (NA), RCA pavement has fewer comprehensive studies and sustainability assessments.
A review on techniques and modelling methodologies used for checking electrom...nooriasukmaningtyas
The proper function of the integrated circuit (IC) in an inhibiting electromagnetic environment has always been a serious concern throughout the decades of revolution in the world of electronics, from disjunct devices to today’s integrated circuit technology, where billions of transistors are combined on a single chip. The automotive industry and smart vehicles in particular, are confronting design issues such as being prone to electromagnetic interference (EMI). Electronic control devices calculate incorrect outputs because of EMI and sensors give misleading values which can prove fatal in case of automotives. In this paper, the authors have non exhaustively tried to review research work concerned with the investigation of EMI in ICs and prediction of this EMI using various modelling methodologies and measurement setups.
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Opportunities for soft mobility issues, walking and cycling in urban and suburban areas case study in Ethiopia
1. By: Beza Abebe Dress Page | 1
Opportunities for soft mobility issues, walking and cycling,
in urban and suburban areas: Case study In Ethiopia.
Abebe Dress
Contact address: beza.abebedress@edu.bme.hu
1 Introduction
Non-motorized transport system has a great effect on the mobility of the transportation
industry. Even though Metros, trams, buses, private cars walking and bike are the major
transport modes all over the world, walking and cycling are the active transportation system
which are used by commuters. Today it is becoming a vitally important issue in regarding
to walking and bike due to the increase in environmental pollution. With this regard recent
demand modelling approaches are enhanced to account bike modes as it is one of
environmentally friend transportation system. Among the approaches being used
improving walking facilities and bike sharing system is influential. (Aziz, 2017)
Public transport users get more daily physical activity due to walking or cycling trips to
and from transit stops. Conversely, high reliance on motor vehicles for transport has many
negative outcomes including increased traffic congestion, sedentary behavior, health
impacts and social isolation. It is now apparent that the use of private vehicles endangers
the environment and leads to many urban stressors including noise and air pollution, as well
as accident and traffic congestion. For these reasons, across cities globally efforts are
spreading to reduce car dependency and create liveable neighborhoods where walking,
cycling and public transport services are the primary transport choices (Claire Boulange,
2017).
The transport system in Africa is somehow different from other regions as walking and
cycling are the main modes of transport due to poor implementation of public transport.
Pedestrians and persons riding on 2 or 3- wheelers in the African region are the most
vulnerable road users on the most dangerous roads on earth. In most countries in the region
there is little evidence that road network planning has incorporated the space and safety
needs of these groups. They continue to be treated like obstacles to motorized traffic. Even
2. By: Beza Abebe Dress Page | 2
when it is obvious that the majority of the road users are not inside cars, new roads continue
to be built for cars, with few or no facilities for those outside them. Pedestrians, and those
on 2-and 3-wheelers are not a peripheral concern though they are central to addressing the
road safety problem.
According to WHO global status report on road safety road traffic fatality rate is high in
Africa. And it is obvious that pedestrians and cyclists are vulnerable for road traffic fatality
that accounts around 45% of road traffic death. (WHO, 2015)
Figure 1. Road traffic accident in the world by region
2 Literature review
There are many studies in developed countries from transportation side and health benefit that
shows the important of walking and cycling for the society. But what obtained in developing
countries is almost unknown. As the study by Jia Gao shows the active transport modes (i.e.
walking and biking) are people’s daily life to reduce the risk of non-communicable disease.
(Jie Gao, 2017). The study in Nigerian city by (Olojede O., 2017) shows that being emission
free, both walking and bicycling are environment friendly modes. They are popular travel
modes as they involve physical activity rather than any form of motorization for moving
between locations. They are also relatively inexpensive and, to a large extent, accessible to all
except those who are physically challenged and can neither walk nor cycle. However, in every
respect, walking is by far cheaper than bicycling as no financial cost whatsoever is required.
26.6
19.9
17.4 17.3 17 15.9
9.3
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
Roadtrafficfatalityrateper
100000population
3. By: Beza Abebe Dress Page | 3
Thus, walking is the most common form of active travel. In fact, no other travel mode is totally
independent of walking as it serves as the link between modes.
The role on non-motorized transport (walking and cycling) modes in the cities and towns of
Ethiopia is very important. Walking is a major mobility in all urban areas including Addis
Ababa, where its share is estimated to be 60%. In other towns like Bahir Dar, bicycle is a
favorite mode. In smaller urban areas animal drawn modes provide much needed mobility. It
shall be endeavor to sustain and promote the non-motorized transports to provide transport
service in a safe and convenient manner. (Transport Ministery of Ethiopia, 2016). Cycling is
an efficient way of using expensive and scarce space in urban areas, and is healthy, clean and
cheap next to walking. It has enormous potential when we acknowledge that almost half of all
car trips in cities are of less than five kilometers (European Commision, 2018). Nevertheless,
number of cyclists are decreasing from year to year. In one of the city of Ethiopia, Bahir Dar
where children, students and young professionals are ready to ride bikes to school, to work and
for pleasure. Eight years ago, 30,000 people rode their bikes regularly. That number has
dropped to 10,000 with the arrival of bajajs, (three-wheeled vehicle motorized taxis) that clog
city streets and zig and zag through traffic, causing accidents. (Global health Institute, 2015)
There is no bike sharing company in Ethiopia. However, bike sharing system can provide a
serious of contribution to reduce congestion and improve the air quality in the cities. When
replacing cars, bike trips can particularly reduce co2 emissions for short distance of less than 5
kilometers. In combination with public transport, Bike sharing system can be a crucial factor
to increase the opportunity to reach transit. This is significant in parts of the city with a lower
density of public transport stations. As an alternative mode for short trips that are usually made
by means of public transport, bike sharing system can relieve the public transit system by
providing a complementary services (Florian Paul, 2014).
Walkability has many advantages for health however it associated with leisure-time and
transport physical activity and suggest that in developing regions where urbanization is high,
walkability could affect the level of physical activity among adults. The rapid urbanization
taking place in developing countries and accompanying changes in motorized transportation
has negative consequences for walking activity levels. (Rodrigo Siqueira Reis, 2013)
4. By: Beza Abebe Dress Page | 4
3 Benefits of Walking and Cycling
3.1 Economic benefits and job creation
Initiation of active transport modes has a tremendous contribution in the economic growth of
one’s country. For instance implementation of bike sharing system creates job opportunity and
has positive effects on revenues and new jobs. Staff is required to maintain and redistribute the
bicycles. Despite the realities of active travel, it has a lot of social, economic, and health
benefits. These, according to (Olojede O., 2017) it includes road and parking facility cost
savings, reduced chauffeuring burdens, increased traffic safety, pollution reductions, energy
conservation, transport cost savings, increased security, higher property values, open space
preservation, improved public fitness and health, and increased community cohesion. These
are enough reasons to support active travel. However, whether we have an understanding of
the factors that encourage or discourage this highly beneficial and environment-friendly travel
mode is a major consideration.
3.2 Health benefits
The physical activity of cycling is recommended to protect health and prevent disease. The
study by (Marko Tainio, 2015) health effects of active travel and air pollution were estimated
through changes in all-cause mortality for different levels of active travel and air pollution. Air
pollution exposure was estimated through changes in background concentrations of fine
particulate matter (PM2.5), ranging from 5 to 200μg/m3 and the benefits from active travel
generally outweigh health risks from air pollution and therefore should be further encouraged.
When weighing long term health benefits from physical activities against possible risks from
increased exposure to air pollution, their calculations show that promoting cycling and walking
is justified in the vast majority of settings, and only in a small number of cities with the highest
PM2.5 concentration in the world cycling could lead to increase in risk. According to the hand
book by (Janett Büttner, Hendrik Mlasowsky, Tim Birkholz, 2011), “Optimizing Bike Sharing
in European Cities” just 20 minutes of cycling per day has a noticeable, positive effect on
health. Bike Sharing improves the health of residents by offering an active transport choice.
3.3 Environment
5. By: Beza Abebe Dress Page | 5
Cities with walkability and good cycling infrastructure is liked by many individuals. It also
attracts tourists. Some of the interventions developed during the last decade, which aimed to
increase safe pedestrian and bike areas, and reduce car use, have helped to support active
transportation. Moreover, this increase in active transport is not correlated with an increase in
pedestrian and cyclist traffic injury rates, and as such has a huge economic impact (Katherine
Pérez, 2017).
The main themes that emerge are that walking and cycling are particularly linked to enjoyment,
independence, fitness and connection to the environment where as cycling offered
convenience, health benefits and for some women was seen as a safer form of travel than
walking or public transport because the respondents felt less vulnerable to potential attack.
However, whilst linking both walking and cycling to many positive attributes respondents also
identified many reasons why, in practice, they rarely travelled on foot or by bike. For this paper
we characterize these as the three R’s: Risk, Relatives and Reputation. (Colin G. Pooley, 2013)
Community changes towards walking and cycling friendly designs appear to generate risk
benefit tradeoffs, and therefore additional policies must be applied to minimize the increased
risks (Audrey de Nazelle, 2009). One of the most important goals of a bike sharing system is to
attract new cyclists. Besides, positive side effect is to improve the image of cycling and the
city’s image and branding e.g. by strengthening its image as a sustainable and eco-friendly city.
4 Assessment of walking and cycling; case study: Ethiopia
Factors influencing the decision to walk and cycling includes Awareness of health benefit,
cheapness, trip length, car ownership, safety and security considerations, facilities for walking
and cycling, easy access, favorable weather, avoidance of traffic congestion.
The factors that that influence the soft mobility in urban and sub urban area of Ethiopia is
dependent on the integration of motorized transport with non-motorized transportation
(walking and cycling). These assessment begins by considering the most influencing factors
that affecting the soft mobility and increase of traffic crash risks. Accordingly the factors are
Infrastructure related, Road user behavior,
4.1 Land use planning and NMT
6. By: Beza Abebe Dress Page | 6
It was found that the factors that greatly influence respondents’ decision to walk include its
relative cheapness, the non-possession of personal vehicles by the traveler and favorable
weather. However, vehicle ownership, the relative slowness of the mode and the absence of
pedestrian facilities constituted the most significant barriers to walking as an active travel mode
in the city. (Olojede O., 2017) The appropriate design of facilities increase the number of NMT
user and decrease crash. The provision of adequate foot path and bike lane has a significant
effect on soft mobility. As it is outlined above NMT is prevalent in Ethiopia, however there is
still many problems in integration of Non-motorized mobility with land use planning. Some
part of the infrastructure is separated for vehicle, some for pedestrian. With this regard some
pedestrians cross illegally. NMT infrastructure are poorly integrated with other land uses. Not
only infrastructure construction but also policies are important. Specially for cycling (Lars B.
Christiansen, 2016) local policies and cultures of park use seem to play an important role for
the potential positive effect. The study in England by (Colin G. Pooley, 2013) underlying all
these activities is an assumption-often implicit-that if walking and (especially) cycling are
made sufficiently easy and attractive then people will automatically shift short journeys from
the car to more active modes and that they can be ‘nudged’ into travel behavior that is better
for them and for the environment. For example in Bahir Dar (located in North West part of
Ethiopia) where biking is historic culture: there is good opportunity for walking but for biking.
Many people want to bike but they fear accident due to unsuitable infrastructure for cycling.
4.2 Effect of rise of motorization
The number of car is drastically increased not only in Ethiopia but also in developed countries.
Ten years ago there was 30,000 bikers but this number decreased to 10,000 due to the increased
of motorized vehicles such as Bajaj, taxis. Bajaj is a three wheel vehicle which can
accommodate 3 passengers in addition to the driver. Due to the unplanned importing of these
vehicles it affects NMT and of course the accident rate is increased. (Colin G. Pooley, 2013)
Shows there is need to create a safe physical environment for both pedestrians and cyclists
where people can walk or cycle without feeling that they are exposed to undue risk. For cyclists
it is believed that this requires the provision of fully segregated cycle lanes on all arterial and
other busy roads in urban areas so that there is a cycling space in which people feel protected
from the dangers of road traffic. It is essential that this space is physically separated from
motorized vehicles and from pedestrians, and wide enough to accommodate a large volume of
7. By: Beza Abebe Dress Page | 7
cyclists travelling at different speeds, otherwise some of the problems of risk associated with
road space may be transferred to the cycle routes.
4.3 Promotion of walking and cycling
The implementation of policies that encourage walking and cycling has a tremendous effect on
promoting these active transport modes. Bike sharing system has vitally important with this
regards. However no bike sharing system and there is few bicycle manufacturing company in
Ethiopia. This problem is also the same in all over Africa. The figure below shows bike sharing
system all over the world. It shows that no bike sharing system in Africa.
Figure 2. Bike Sharing Map of the world
5 Elaboration and Recommendation
Walking and biking play the most significant role in soft mobility in Urban and sub urban area.
Besides, these travel modes are environmental friend and have important role in public health
improvement. Accordingly Pedestrian and cyclist friendly designs should be called for and
implemented in developing countries like Ethiopia. A risk assessment of such built
environment transformations have to be evaluated quantitatively the competing risks and
benefits of community design changes in active travel. Active travel facilities should be
integrated into the transport infrastructure in the cities. Furthermore, traffic calming policies
and speed limits should be introduced and/or enforced according to a functional classification
of spaces, streets and road networks in the city, supported by appropriate infrastructure design
criteria to create a low-risk and amenable environment for active travelers
8. By: Beza Abebe Dress Page | 8
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