This document discusses several theories related to cognitivism, including Piaget's stages of cognitive development, Dewey's emphasis on reflection, Bruner's view of knowledge as a process, and Ausubel's idea of relating new learning to prior knowledge. It also mentions Gardner's theory of multiple intelligences which identifies seven areas of intelligence.

1. Cognitivism

2. The learner is viewed as an information processor (like a computer).

3. Merrill -Component Display Theory (CDT)Reigeluth (Elaboration Theory) Gagne, Briggs, Wager, Bruner (moving toward cognitive constructivism).Schank (scripts), Scandura (structural learning)

4. KEYWORDSSchema, schemata, information processing, symbol manipulation, information mapping, mental models

5. Piaget’s Stage Theory of Cognitive DevelopmentSensorimotor stage (Birth to 2 years old). The infant builds an understanding of himself or herself and reality (and how things work) through interactions with the environment.

6. Piaget’s Stage Theory of Cognitive DevelopmentPreoperational stage (ages 2 to 4). The child is not yet able to conceptualize abstractly and needs concrete physical situation

7. Piaget’s Stage Theory of Cognitive DevelopmentConcrete operations (ages 7 to 11). As physical experience accumulates, accomodation is increased. The child begins to think abstractly and conceptualize, creating logical structures that explain his or her physical experiences.

8. Piaget’s Stage Theory of Cognitive DevelopmentFormal operations (beginning at ages 11 to 15). Cognition reaches its final form. By this stage, the person no longer requires concrete objects to make rational judgements.

9. DeweyLearning to thinkNot just doing something, but reflecting and learning from it.

10. BrunerKnowledge is a process, not a product.Taughthow to analyse problems

11. AusubelRelating new learning to thing that they already know.Bridging.

12. In order to learn, understandingis necessary.

13. Gardner-Multiple Intelligence7 Intelligence areasLingusticLogicalBodilySpacialInterpersonalIntrapersonalMusical