The speaking brain and the literate brain
speech fails, psycholinguistic, syntax and parsing, semantic memory, Dell's model, apraxia for speech, dysarthria,
The cortical organization of syntactic processing in American Sign LanguageWilliam Matchin
Talk I gave at UCSD's Center for Research on Language. I presented fMRI data from the Mayberry and Halgren Labs showing that syntactic processing is the same in ASL as in spoken languages.
International Refereed Journal of Engineering and Science (IRJES)irjes
The core of the vision IRJES is to disseminate new knowledge and technology for the benefit of all, ranging from academic research and professional communities to industry professionals in a range of topics in computer science and engineering. It also provides a place for high-caliber researchers, practitioners and PhD students to present ongoing research and development in these areas.
The cortical organization of syntactic processing in American Sign LanguageWilliam Matchin
Talk I gave at UCSD's Center for Research on Language. I presented fMRI data from the Mayberry and Halgren Labs showing that syntactic processing is the same in ASL as in spoken languages.
International Refereed Journal of Engineering and Science (IRJES)irjes
The core of the vision IRJES is to disseminate new knowledge and technology for the benefit of all, ranging from academic research and professional communities to industry professionals in a range of topics in computer science and engineering. It also provides a place for high-caliber researchers, practitioners and PhD students to present ongoing research and development in these areas.
This is a file on introduction of language and linguistics. The meaning of language and linguistics have been given definitions too as well as its branches.
Role of Speech Therapy in Overcoming Lexical Deficit in Adult Broca’s Aphasia
Tanzeela Abid & Dr. Habibullah Pathan,
English Language Development Centre, Faculty of Science, Technology and Humanities, Mehran University of Engineering and Technology, Pakistan
This is an exploratory study and qualitative in nature. Unit of exploration is ‘Adult Broca’s Aphasic Patients.’ This paper aims to explore the function and integrity of ‘Speech Therapy’ for adult Broca’s aphasia. Aphasia is the after-effect of brain damage, commonly found in left hemisphere which disrupts language faculty. The present study focuses on ‘Lexical’ aspect of language in which an individual faces trouble in processing of words. In Broca’s aphasia affected individual suffers from diminished capability of speaking/communication. To recover such diminished capabilities, speech therapy is utilized. This study intends to investigate the effectiveness of speech therapy that how speech therapy helps to adult Broca’s aphasia to recover their speaking or conversing skills? Participants of the study are ‘Speech therapists.’ Purposeful sampling, particularly Snowball sampling has been undertaken. Semi-structured interviews have been conducted from five speech therapists, which have been analyzed through thematic analysis under the light of ‘Sketch Model’ given by De ruiter and De beer (2013). The Findings of the study suggest that speech therapy may be proved helpful for Broca’s aphasia to recover their communicating capabilities but it requires much time (minimum 6 months). Moreover, recovery depends upon certain factors such as age, level of disorder and willingness.
Keywords: Broca’s Aphasia, Lexical Deficit, Speech Therapy, Communication, Speaking Skills
The Sixth International Conference on Languages, Linguistics, Translation and Literature
9-10 October 2021 , Ahwaz
For more information, please visit the conference website:
WWW.LLLD.IR
This is a file on introduction of language and linguistics. The meaning of language and linguistics have been given definitions too as well as its branches.
Role of Speech Therapy in Overcoming Lexical Deficit in Adult Broca’s Aphasia
Tanzeela Abid & Dr. Habibullah Pathan,
English Language Development Centre, Faculty of Science, Technology and Humanities, Mehran University of Engineering and Technology, Pakistan
This is an exploratory study and qualitative in nature. Unit of exploration is ‘Adult Broca’s Aphasic Patients.’ This paper aims to explore the function and integrity of ‘Speech Therapy’ for adult Broca’s aphasia. Aphasia is the after-effect of brain damage, commonly found in left hemisphere which disrupts language faculty. The present study focuses on ‘Lexical’ aspect of language in which an individual faces trouble in processing of words. In Broca’s aphasia affected individual suffers from diminished capability of speaking/communication. To recover such diminished capabilities, speech therapy is utilized. This study intends to investigate the effectiveness of speech therapy that how speech therapy helps to adult Broca’s aphasia to recover their speaking or conversing skills? Participants of the study are ‘Speech therapists.’ Purposeful sampling, particularly Snowball sampling has been undertaken. Semi-structured interviews have been conducted from five speech therapists, which have been analyzed through thematic analysis under the light of ‘Sketch Model’ given by De ruiter and De beer (2013). The Findings of the study suggest that speech therapy may be proved helpful for Broca’s aphasia to recover their communicating capabilities but it requires much time (minimum 6 months). Moreover, recovery depends upon certain factors such as age, level of disorder and willingness.
Keywords: Broca’s Aphasia, Lexical Deficit, Speech Therapy, Communication, Speaking Skills
The Sixth International Conference on Languages, Linguistics, Translation and Literature
9-10 October 2021 , Ahwaz
For more information, please visit the conference website:
WWW.LLLD.IR
Natural Language Ambiguity and its Effect on Machine LearningIJMER
"Natural language processing" here refers to the use and ability of systems to process
sentences in a natural language such as English, rather than in a specialized artificial computer
language such as C++. The systems of real interest here are digital computers of the type we think of as
personal computers and mainframes. Of course humans can process natural languages, but for us the
question is whether digital computers can or ever will process natural languages. We have tried to
explore in depth and break down the types of ambiguities persistent throughout the natural languages
and provide an answer to the question “How it affects the machine translation process and thereby
machine learning as whole?” .
Presentazione e spunti di discussione per il ciclo di incontri "Donne in rete" promosso dall'Associazione Orlando di Bologna
https://women.it/evento/femtech-linternet-delle-mie-cose/
Introducing the brain
Ethics and the brain initiative
Neurotransmitters, Action Potential, Information Coding, Grey and White Matter, Cerebrospinal Fluid, Central Nervous System, Cerebral Cortex, Subcortex, Limbic System, Midbrain and Hindbrain.
Open government e open data la tecnologia a servizio della fiducia-2USAC Program
Intervento introduttivo alla su #opengov e #opendata alla scuola di monitoraggio civico organizzata dalla ONG ActionAid nelle zone del centro Italia colpite dal terremoto del 2016
Unit 8 - Information and Communication Technology (Paper I).pdfThiyagu K
This slides describes the basic concepts of ICT, basics of Email, Emerging Technology and Digital Initiatives in Education. This presentations aligns with the UGC Paper I syllabus.
Safalta Digital marketing institute in Noida, provide complete applications that encompass a huge range of virtual advertising and marketing additives, which includes search engine optimization, virtual communication advertising, pay-per-click on marketing, content material advertising, internet analytics, and greater. These university courses are designed for students who possess a comprehensive understanding of virtual marketing strategies and attributes.Safalta Digital Marketing Institute in Noida is a first choice for young individuals or students who are looking to start their careers in the field of digital advertising. The institute gives specialized courses designed and certification.
for beginners, providing thorough training in areas such as SEO, digital communication marketing, and PPC training in Noida. After finishing the program, students receive the certifications recognised by top different universitie, setting a strong foundation for a successful career in digital marketing.
Normal Labour/ Stages of Labour/ Mechanism of LabourWasim Ak
Normal labor is also termed spontaneous labor, defined as the natural physiological process through which the fetus, placenta, and membranes are expelled from the uterus through the birth canal at term (37 to 42 weeks
Synthetic Fiber Construction in lab .pptxPavel ( NSTU)
Synthetic fiber production is a fascinating and complex field that blends chemistry, engineering, and environmental science. By understanding these aspects, students can gain a comprehensive view of synthetic fiber production, its impact on society and the environment, and the potential for future innovations. Synthetic fibers play a crucial role in modern society, impacting various aspects of daily life, industry, and the environment. ynthetic fibers are integral to modern life, offering a range of benefits from cost-effectiveness and versatility to innovative applications and performance characteristics. While they pose environmental challenges, ongoing research and development aim to create more sustainable and eco-friendly alternatives. Understanding the importance of synthetic fibers helps in appreciating their role in the economy, industry, and daily life, while also emphasizing the need for sustainable practices and innovation.
A Strategic Approach: GenAI in EducationPeter Windle
Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies such as Generative AI, Image Generators and Large Language Models have had a dramatic impact on teaching, learning and assessment over the past 18 months. The most immediate threat AI posed was to Academic Integrity with Higher Education Institutes (HEIs) focusing their efforts on combating the use of GenAI in assessment. Guidelines were developed for staff and students, policies put in place too. Innovative educators have forged paths in the use of Generative AI for teaching, learning and assessments leading to pockets of transformation springing up across HEIs, often with little or no top-down guidance, support or direction.
This Gasta posits a strategic approach to integrating AI into HEIs to prepare staff, students and the curriculum for an evolving world and workplace. We will highlight the advantages of working with these technologies beyond the realm of teaching, learning and assessment by considering prompt engineering skills, industry impact, curriculum changes, and the need for staff upskilling. In contrast, not engaging strategically with Generative AI poses risks, including falling behind peers, missed opportunities and failing to ensure our graduates remain employable. The rapid evolution of AI technologies necessitates a proactive and strategic approach if we are to remain relevant.
Operation “Blue Star” is the only event in the history of Independent India where the state went into war with its own people. Even after about 40 years it is not clear if it was culmination of states anger over people of the region, a political game of power or start of dictatorial chapter in the democratic setup.
The people of Punjab felt alienated from main stream due to denial of their just demands during a long democratic struggle since independence. As it happen all over the word, it led to militant struggle with great loss of lives of military, police and civilian personnel. Killing of Indira Gandhi and massacre of innocent Sikhs in Delhi and other India cities was also associated with this movement.
Exploiting Artificial Intelligence for Empowering Researchers and Faculty, In...Dr. Vinod Kumar Kanvaria
Exploiting Artificial Intelligence for Empowering Researchers and Faculty,
International FDP on Fundamentals of Research in Social Sciences
at Integral University, Lucknow, 06.06.2024
By Dr. Vinod Kumar Kanvaria
Macroeconomics- Movie Location
This will be used as part of your Personal Professional Portfolio once graded.
Objective:
Prepare a presentation or a paper using research, basic comparative analysis, data organization and application of economic information. You will make an informed assessment of an economic climate outside of the United States to accomplish an entertainment industry objective.
Acetabularia Information For Class 9 .docxvaibhavrinwa19
Acetabularia acetabulum is a single-celled green alga that in its vegetative state is morphologically differentiated into a basal rhizoid and an axially elongated stalk, which bears whorls of branching hairs. The single diploid nucleus resides in the rhizoid.
1. Cognitive Psychology
Lesson 8 - Spring 2019
The speaking brain
The literate brain
Professor Valentina Bazzarin
USAC Reggio Emilia
2. How a new
technology is
changing the lives
of people who
cannot speak
https://www.theguardian.com/news/audio/2018/
jan/29/how-a-new-technology-is-changing-the-li
ves-of-people-who-cannot-speak-podcast
3. There are surprisingly many
ways for the power of speech
to fail. There are disorders
such as stuttering or apraxia, in
which syllables are scrambled;
motor neurone disease and
cerebral palsy, which rob
people of the muscle control
required to articulate; traumatic
brain injury; stroke; anatomical
excisions like Joe’s; multiple
sclerosis; autism.
Speech fails
4. 2 million in USA
1% of people in Britain use or
need AAC
In the US, more than 2 million people require digital “adaptive alternative
communication” (AAC) methods to help compensate for speech deficits. A 2008
study by the disability charity Scope estimated that 1% of people in Britain use or
need AAC.
5. ● Listeners can impose boundaries between
words even when these words are not
separated by silence;
● Phoneme pronunciation varies tremendously;
● Context allows listeners to fill in missing
sounds;
● Visual cues from the speaker’s mouth help
us to interpret ambiguous sounds.
Source:
https://dspace.mit.edu/bitstream/handle/1721.1/35720/6-542JFall-2001
7. Dual stream model
The Dual Stream model of
speech/language processing holds that
there are two functionally distinct
computational/neural networks that
process speech/language information,
one that interfaces
sensory/phonological networks with
conceptual-semantic systems, and one
that interfaces sensory/phonological
networks with motor-articulatory
systems (Hickok & Poeppel, 2000,
2004, 2007).
9. Psycholinguistic issues and terminology
Check also the lexicon at p. 236 in Ward’s book (2nd edition) and this source:
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Linguistics_terminology
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psycholinguistics#Issues_and_areas_of_research
10. Semantic memory and the meaning of words
In the Collins and Quinlan
(1969) model, semantic
features are organized
hierarchically with
super-ordinate information
accessed first. Subsequent
models have retained the
idea that knowledge may
consist of a network of
interconnected features but
do not make the assumption
of hierarchical organization.
11. Category specificity in other domains of knowledge
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S00283932020
01616
In Allport’s (1985) model, concepts are distributed over many
different domains of knowledge rather than being divided into a
dichotomy (e.g. functional/sensory).
12. Understanding
and producing
sentences
Parsing / Garden-path
sentences
Words carry not only
information about meaning
but they also carry
information about syntactic
roles (grammatical classes
such as nouns, verbs, and so
on).
https://youtu.be/2A-FDN7-gyo
13. Syntax and
Parsing
Is syntax (and
parsing) independent
from semantic?
Syntax: order and
structure of words within a
sentence.
Parsing: the process of
assigning a syntactic
structure to words
14. The role of phonological short-term memory in sentence
processing
Agrammatism: Halting, “telegraphic speech” production that
is devoid of function words (e.g. of, at, the, and), bound
morphemes (e.g. -ing, -s) and often verbs.
Wernicke’s aphasia: A type of aphasia traditionally
associated with a damage to Wernicke’s area and associated
with fluent but nonsensical speech and poor comprehension.
Broca’s aphasia: A type of aphasia traditionally associated
with damage to Broca’s area and linked to symptoms such as
agrammatism and articulatory deficit.
15. Retrieving
spoken
words
Repetition priming: a
stimulus seen previously
will be identified faster on
subsequent occasion
Lexicalization: in speech
production, the selection of
a word based on the meaning
that one wish
16. Speech
errors
1
Freudian slip: the
substitution of one word
for another that is
sometimes thought to
reflect the hidden
intention of the speaker.
Malapropisms: A speech
error that consists of a
word with a similar
phonological form to the
intended word.
Anomia: word finding
difficulties.
17. Speech
errors
2
Spoonerisms: A speech
error in which initial
consonants are swapped
between words.
Tip-of-tongue phenomenon:
A state in which a person
knows, conceptually, the
word that he or she wishes
to say but it is unable to
retrieve the corresponding
spoken form.
18. Lemma, Lexeme and Dell’s model
Lemma: A modality
independent word-level entry
that specifies the syntactic
components of the word.
Lexeme: the phonological
code that drives
articulation
https://youtu.be/BwIheViSzeQ
19. Articulation: closing the communication loop
Apraxia for speech:
difficulties in shaping the
vocal tract
Dysarthria: impaired muscular
contractions of the
articulatory apparatus
https://youtu.be/cEOy3APLA-g
20. The literate brain
The ability to read and
write is essentially a
cultural intervention. It
enables humans to exchange
ideas without face-to-face
contact and results in
permanent record for
posterity.
21. Expert system
Some of the skills we need
to read are:
- visual recognition
- manipulation of sounds
- learning
- memory
Literacy, unlike speaking,
requires a considerable
amount of formal tuition.
As such, literacy provides
cognitive neuroscience
with an interesting
example of “expert
system”.
22. A dedicated neural structure
The brain may acquire,
through experience, a
dedicated neural structure
for literacy but this will
be a result of ontogenetic
development (of the
individual) rather than
phylogenetic development (of
the species).
https://www.rd.com/culture/benefits-of-reading/
24. Writing has its historical origins
in early pictorial representation.
Attempt to depict an object or a
concept.
Different cultures appear to have
made this conceptual leap
independently of each other
(Gaur,1987). This accounts for some
of the great diversity of writing
systems.
25. Key terms
Logographs: written languages based on the one-word-one-symbol principle.
Kanji: A japanese writing system based on the logographic principle.
Kana: A japanese writing system in which each character denotes a
syllable.
Opaque orthography: A system of written language with an irregular (or
semi-regular) correspondence between phonemes and graphemes (like as
French and English).
Transparent orthography: A system of written language with a regular
correspondence between phonemes and graphemes (like as Italian and
Spanish).
26. Visual word recognition. Cognitive mechanisms.
Cattell (1886): there is a little processing cost, in terms of
reaction times, for recognizing long relative to short words.
The visual process of recognizing a word as familiar is strongly
affected by word length.
Letters are processed parallel rather than serially one by one.
Recognizing printed words (all the information is instantanely
available) is thus likely to employ different kinds of mechanism
from recognizing spoken words (the information is revealed piecemeal
and must me integrated over time).
Evidence for TOP-DOWN INFORMATION in visual word recognition
27. Word superiority effect: it is
easier to detect the presence of a
single letter presented briefly if
the letter is presented in the
context of a word.
Lexical decision: A two-way forced
choice judgment about whether a
letter string (or phoneme string)
is a word or not.
Visual lexicon: a store of known
written words.
28. A visual word form area
Characteristics of the visual word form area:
- Responds to learned letters (or true fonts) compared to
pseudo-letters (or false fonts) of comparable visual complexity
(e.g. CAR and ç@&).
- Repetition priming suggests that it responds to both upper and
lower case letters even when visually dissimilar (e.g. “a”
primes “A” more than “e” primes “A”)
- Subliminal presentation of words activates the area which
suggests that is accessed automatically
- Electrophysiological data comparing true and false fonts
suggests that the region is activated early, at around 150-200
ms after stimulus onset
29. Location of the
visual word form
area
The visual word form area is
located on the rear
under-surface of the brain,
primarily in the left
hemisphere.
It responds to written words
more than consonant string,
and irrespective of whether
they are presented in the
left or right visual field.
https://visionhelp.wordpress.com/2012/05/20/doctor-
im-having-some-trouble-reading-part-3/visual-word-f
orm-area-2/
30. Key terms
Pure alexia: A difficulty in reading words in which reading time
increases proportionally to the length of the word.
May be related to:
- difficulties in visual perception;
- attentional/perceptual problems;
- fails in processing of the visual stimuli in the visual “lexicon”
(word recognition system).
Attentional dyslexia: an inability to report the constituent letters
of words that can be read (together with intact reading of isolated
letters).
Neglect dyslexia: reading errors that affect one side of a word.
31. Peripheral and
central dyslexias
Dyslexias may be of two types:
central and peripheral (Table 4).
In central dyslexias, linguistic
processing is undermined, that
is, the letter-to-sound
conversion is impaired.
In peripheral dyslexias, the
visual perceptual system is
compromised, and the
understanding of what has been
read is then hindered.
http://www.scielo.br/scielo.php?pid=S0021-75572004000
300012&script=sci_arttext&tlng=en
32. Key terms
Peripheral dyslexia: disruption of reading arising up to the
level of computation of a visual word form.
Central dyslexia: disruption of riding arising after
computation of a visual word form (e.g. in accessing
meaning, or translating to speech).
Saccade: a movement of the eyes.
Fixation: a stationary pause between eye movements.
33. What do studies of eye movement reveal about reading a
text?
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=bSEWrbcrFc0http://www.visiontherapy.co.uk/eye-tracking-p
roblems/
34. Does understanding a text
require phonological
mediation?
When reading, even
silently, there is a sense
in which the words are
read in one’s head, often
called inner speech.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Hzj7r
3GCgdo
35. Phonological
mediation and
homophones
Phonological mediation:
the claim that accessing
the spoken forms of words
in an obligatory component
of understanding visually
presented words.
Homophone: words that
sound the same but have
different meanings (and
often different
spellings). E.g. ROWS and
ROSE
36. What has functional imaging revealed about the existence of
multiple routes?
Functional imaging will
undoubtedly be critical for
establishing the neural
basis of reading and has
identified many regions
that respond to different
aspects of the task.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Hzj7r3GCgdo
37. Is the same reading system universal across languages?
The dual-route model is an attractive framework for understanding
reading in opaque languages (where there is a mix of regular and
irregular spelling-to-sound patterns).
Evidences suggest that the same reading system is indeed used across
other languages but the different routes and components may be
weighted differently according to the culture-specific demands.
Italian speakers appear to activate more strongly areas involved in
phonemic processing when reading words, whereas English speakers
activate more strongly regions implicated in lexical retrieval
(Paulesu et. al. 2000).
38. Spelling and writing: a model
Dysgraphia: difficulties in spelling and writing
Producing written language may be less common as a task for many
people than reading. For instance, many adult developmental
dyslexics can get by adequately reading but only manifest their true
difficulties when it comes to spelling.
In surface dysgraphia patients are better at spelling to dictation
regularly spelled words and non-words and are poor with irregularly
spelled words (e.g. “yacht” spelled as YOT)
39. A dual-route model of spelling
Schematic representation of the
dual-route model of the spelling
system and the processes
involved in writing. This figure
was adapted from: COGNITIVE
NEUROPSYCHOLOGY IN CLINICAL
PRACTICE edited by David Ira
Margolin (1992)
Ch. 10 “Oral and written spelling impairments” by
Margolin & Goodman-Schulman pp. 263 – 297, Figure
10.1 from p. 265 (adapted). By permission of Oxford
University Press, USA.
40. A focus on dysgraphia
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=WMfl5kqSWmk https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=b-3ezmP9XCo
41. The graphemic
buffer
Graphemic buffer: A
short-term memory
component that maintains a
string of abstract letter
identities while output
processes (for writing,
typing, etc.) are engaged.
42. Spelling errors
In patients with a damage
to the graphemic buffer
- single letter
substitutions, additions,
omissions and transposition;
- spelling errors clustered
in the middle of words;
- longer words more likely
to be misspelled than
shorter ones;
- equivalent spelling errors
in different modalities of
output.
43. Output processes
in writing and oral
spelling: key
terms
Ellis (1979;1982) refers to
3 different levels of
description of a letter:
- Grapheme: most abstract
description that
specifies letter
identity.
- Allograph: Letters are
specified for shape (e.g.
case, print versus
script)
- Graph: Letters that are
specified in terms of
stroke order, size and
direction.
45. Does spelling use the same mechanism as reading?
Not only is the functional architecture of spelling very
similar to that used for reading, there is also evidence to
suggest that some of the cognitive components (and neural
regions) are shared between the tasks. There is evidence to
suggest sharing of the visual/orthographic lexicon and of the
graphemic buffer. However this evidence suggests also that the
representation of letters used in writing is primarily
grapho-motoric and that this differs from the more visuospatial
codes that support both reading and imagery of letters.