The coffee rust fungus Hemileia vastatrix is a parasitic basidiomycete first identified in Sri Lanka in 1869. It spread rapidly throughout coffee plantations in Asia and Africa in the late 19th century, devastating the industry. Coffee rust causes leaf spotting and premature defoliation, reducing yields by 15-80%. Its spores are easily transported long distances, allowing the fungus to establish in new regions like Central and South America by the 20th century. While attempts were made to control the disease through fungicide application and removing infected trees, coffee rust remains a serious threat to global coffee production.