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Code City

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The document describes a technique called CodeCity which maps source code to a 3D city visualization. Classes are represented as buildings with attributes mapped to building dimensions. Packages are represented as districts with color representing nesting level. The number of methods and attributes are mapped to building height using different mapping techniques like identity, linear, boxplot-based, and threshold-based mapping. The technique is demonstrated on visualizing the design of the ArgoUML and JDK systems, with class-level disharmony highlighted. Potential uses in understanding software design, detecting design flaws and visualizing re-engineering are discussed.

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Richard Wettel and Michele Lanza University of Lugano, CH Code City
Software systems as
Richard Wettel and Michele CodeCity The city metaphor 3
Richard Wettel and Michele CodeCity The city metaphor 3 domain mapping classes buildings package s districts system city
Richard Wettel and Michele CodeCity The city metaphor 3 domain mapping classes buildings package s districts system city
Richard Wettel and Michele CodeCity The city metaphor 3 domain mapping classes buildings package s districts system city
Richard Wettel and Michele CodeCity The city metaphor 3 domain mapping classes buildings package s districts system city
Richard Wettel and Michele CodeCity The city metaphor 3 domain mapping classes buildings package s districts system city class metric building propertynumber of methods (NOM) height number of attributes (NOA) width, length
Richard Wettel and Michele CodeCity The city metaphor 3 domain mapping classes buildings package s districts system city package metric district propertynesting level color class metric building propertynumber of methods (NOM) height number of attributes (NOA) width, length
Richard Wettel and Michele CodeCity “Reading” a code city 4
Richard Wettel and Michele CodeCity “Reading” a code city 4 skyscrapers (NOM, NOA)
Richard Wettel and Michele CodeCity “Reading” a code city 4 skyscrapers (NOM, NOA) parking lots (NOM, NOA)
Richard Wettel and Michele CodeCity “Reading” a code city 4 skyscrapers (NOM, NOA) parking lots (NOM, NOA) office buildings (NOM, NOA)
Mapping techniques
Richard Wettel and Michele CodeCity 1. Identity mapping 6 NOM heightf(x) = x
Richard Wettel and Michele CodeCity 1. Identity mapping 6 NOM heightf(x) = x
Richard Wettel and Michele CodeCity 1. Identity mapping 6 NOM heightf(x) = x
Richard Wettel and Michele CodeCity Identity mapping applied 7
Richard Wettel and Michele CodeCity 2. Linear mapping 8 NOM heightf(x) = ax + b
Richard Wettel and Michele CodeCity 2. Linear mapping 8 NOM heightf(x) = ax + b
Richard Wettel and Michele CodeCity 2. Linear mapping 8 NOM heightf(x) = ax + b
Richard Wettel and Michele CodeCity 2. Linear mapping 8 NOM heightf(x) = ax + b
Richard Wettel and Michele CodeCity Linear mapping applied 9
Richard Wettel and Michele CodeCity 3. Boxplot-based mapping 10 NOM heightclustering
Richard Wettel and Michele CodeCity 3. Boxplot-based mapping 10 NOM heightclustering very high high average low very low
Richard Wettel and Michele CodeCity 3. Boxplot-based mapping 10 NOM heightclustering very high high average low very low
Richard Wettel and Michele CodeCity 3. Boxplot-based mapping 10 NOM heightclustering very high high average low very low upper quartile lower quartile median lower whisker upper whisker
Richard Wettel and Michele CodeCity 3. Boxplot-based mapping 10 NOM heightclustering very high high average low very low upper quartile lower quartile median lower whisker upper whisker
Richard Wettel and Michele CodeCity 3. Boxplot-based mapping 10 NOM heightclustering very high high average low very low
Richard Wettel and Michele CodeCity 3. Boxplot-based mapping 10 NOM heightclustering very high high average low very low
Richard Wettel and Michele CodeCity 3. Boxplot-based mapping 10 NOM heightclustering very high high average low very low
Richard Wettel and Michele CodeCity Boxplot-based mapping applied 11
Richard Wettel and Michele CodeCity 4. Threshold-based mapping 12 NOM heightclustering
Richard Wettel and Michele CodeCity 4. Threshold-based mapping 12 NOM heightclustering very high high average low very low
Richard Wettel and Michele CodeCity 4. Threshold-based mapping 12 NOM heightclustering very high high average low very low
Richard Wettel and Michele CodeCity 4. Threshold-based mapping 12 NOM heightclustering very high high average low very low
Richard Wettel and Michele CodeCity 4. Threshold-based mapping 12 NOM heightclustering very high high average low very low
Richard Wettel and Michele CodeCity 4. Threshold-based mapping 12 NOM heightclustering very high high average low very low
Richard Wettel and Michele CodeCity 4. Threshold-based mapping 12 NOM heightclustering very high high average low very low
Richard Wettel and Michele CodeCity Threshold-based mapping applied 13
Richard Wettel and Michele CodeCity Mappings compared 14 identit y linear boxplot- basedthreshold- based
Richard Wettel and Michele CodeCity Mappings compared 14 identit y linear boxplot- basedthreshold- based
Richard Wettel and Michele CodeCity Mappings compared 14 identit y linear boxplot- basedthreshold- based
Richard Wettel and Michele CodeCity Mappings compared 14 identit y linear boxplot- basedthreshold- based
Richard Wettel and Michele CodeCity Mappings compared 14 identit y linear boxplot- basedthreshold- based
Understanding programs
Richard Wettel and Michele CodeCity Reverse-engineering ArgoUML 16
Richard Wettel and Michele CodeCity Reverse-engineering ArgoUML 16
Richard Wettel and Michele CodeCity Reverse-engineering ArgoUML 16
Richard Wettel and Michele CodeCity The twin towers 17
Richard Wettel and Michele CodeCity Facade 1 attribute 337 methods The twin towers 17
Richard Wettel and Michele CodeCity Facade 1 attribute 337 methods The twin towers 17 FacadeMDRI mpl 3 attribute 349 methods
Richard Wettel and Michele CodeCity Facade 1 attribute 337 methods The twin towers 17 Is there anybody out FacadeMDRI mpl 3 attribute 349 methods
Richard Wettel and Michele CodeCity Facade 1 attribute 337 methods The twin towers 17 FacadeMDRI mpl 3 attribute 349 methods
Richard Wettel and Michele CodeCity Hotels, parking lots, duplication 18
Richard Wettel and Michele CodeCity Hotels, parking lots, duplication 18 org.argouml.language. java.generator JavaTokenType s146 attributes 0 methods JavaRecognizer 24 attributes 91 methods
Richard Wettel and Michele CodeCity Hotels, parking lots, duplication 18 org.argouml.language. java.generator JavaTokenType s146 attributes 0 methods JavaRecognizer 24 attributes 91 methods STDCTokenTy pes152 attributes 0 methods CPPParser 85 attributes 204 methods org.argouml.uml.reveng.class file
Richard Wettel and Michele CodeCity Hotels, parking lots, duplication 18 org.argouml.language. java.generator JavaTokenType s146 attributes 0 methods JavaRecognizer 24 attributes 91 methods STDCTokenTy pes152 attributes 0 methods CPPParser 85 attributes 204 methods JavaTokenTyp es173 attributes0 methods JavaRecogniz er79 attributes 176 methods org.argouml.uml.reveng.java org.argouml.uml.reveng.class file
Richard Wettel and Michele CodeCity Hotels, parking lots, duplication 18 org.argouml.language. java.generator JavaTokenType s146 attributes 0 methods JavaRecognizer 24 attributes 91 methods STDCTokenTy pes152 attributes 0 methods CPPParser 85 attributes 204 methods JavaTokenTyp es173 attributes0 methods JavaRecogniz er79 attributes 176 methods org.argouml.uml.reveng.java org.argouml.uml.reveng.class file JavaTokenType s145 attributes 0 methods
Richard Wettel and Michele CodeCity Hotels, parking lots, duplication 18 org.argouml.language. java.generator JavaTokenType s146 attributes 0 methods JavaRecognizer 24 attributes 91 methods STDCTokenTy pes152 attributes 0 methods CPPParser 85 attributes 204 methods JavaTokenTyp es173 attributes0 methods JavaRecogniz er79 attributes 176 methods org.argouml.uml.reveng.java org.argouml.uml.reveng.class file JavaTokenType s145 attributes 0 methods JavaRecognizer 22 attributes 88 methods
Looking at the design
Richard Wettel and Michele CodeCity On software design... 20
Richard Wettel and Michele CodeCity On software design... Definitions bad smells [Beck & Fowler 1998], design flaws heuristics [Riel 2000], principles [Martin 2002], patterns [GoF 1995] 20
Richard Wettel and Michele CodeCity On software design... Definitions bad smells [Beck & Fowler 1998], design flaws heuristics [Riel 2000], principles [Martin 2002], patterns [GoF 1995] Techniques detection strategies for the design flaws 20
Richard Wettel and Michele CodeCity On software design... Definitions bad smells [Beck & Fowler 1998], design flaws heuristics [Riel 2000], principles [Martin 2002], patterns [GoF 1995] Techniques detection strategies for the design flaws Visualization ? 20
Richard Wettel and Michele CodeCity The God Class detection strategy 21
Richard Wettel and Michele CodeCity God classes of JDK 1.5 in Moose 22
Richard Wettel and Michele CodeCity God classes of JDK in CodeCity 23
Richard Wettel and Michele CodeCity Class-level disharmony maps 24 KeyEvent (NOA 205, NOM 18) java.awt.event InputEvent (NOA 21, NOM 14) Frame (NOA 33, NOM 38) java.awt.geom Container (NOA 21, NOM 127) Component (NOA 88, NOM 280) java.util.concurrent.locks AbstractQueuedSynchronizer (NOA 9, NOM 54) String (NOA 7, NOM 81) Event (NOA 84, NOM 14) Class (NOA 27, NOM 107) BigInteger (NOA 28, NOM 103) BigDecimal (NOA 18, NOM 96) Security (NOA 3, NOM 30) java.util.regex Pattern (NOA 29, NOM 66) Matcher (NOA 17, NOM 38) LogRecord (NOA 17, NOM 28) Logger (NOA 18, NOM 53) Font (NOA 34, NOM 78) KeyboardFocusManager (NOA 33, NOM 94) Frame (NOA 33, NOM 38) Calendar (NOA 81, NOM 71) java.util.logging JDK 1.5
Richard Wettel and Michele CodeCity Class-level disharmony ma 25 org.argouml.reveng.java Modeller (NOA 15, NOM 52) JavaRecognizer (NOA 79, NOM 176) org.argouml.reveng.classfile SimpleByteLexer$GeneratorCPP (NOA 34, NOM 100) SimpleByteLexer$CPPParser (NOA 85, NOM 204) SimpleByteLexer$GeneratorPHP4 (NOA 4, NOM 33) org.argouml.diagram.ui FigNodeModelElement (NOA 39, NOM 98) FigEdgeModelElement (NOA 13, NOM 76) FigAssociation (NOA 8, NOM 17) JavaRecognizer (NOA 24, NOM 91) GeneratorJava (NOA 11, NOM 66) JavaLexer (NOA 9, NOM 72) org.argouml.language.java.generator org.argouml.uml.notation.uml org.argouml.model.mdr FacadeMDRImpl (NOA 3, NOM 349) CoreHelperMDRImpl (NOA 3, NOM 349) Facade (NOA 1, NOM 337) JavaTokenTypes (NOA 173, NOM 0) UmlFactoryMDRImpl (NOA 9, NOM 22) ArgoUML
Richard Wettel and Michele CodeCity Granularity of representation 26 NOM=7 NOA = 2 NOA = 2 class C coarse
Richard Wettel and Michele CodeCity Granularity of representation 26 NOM=7 NOA = 2 NOA = 2 class C coarse fine-grained
Richard Wettel and Michele CodeCity Granularity of representation 26 NOM=7 NOA = 2 NOA = 2 class C class C coarse fine-grained
Richard Wettel and Michele CodeCity Granularity of representation 26 NOM=7 NOA = 2 NOA = 2 class C class C m4 m1 m3 m5 m7 m6 m2 coarse fine-grained
Richard Wettel and Michele CodeCity 27 Feature envy map Jmol
Richard Wettel and Michele CodeCity 27 1,500 methods (25 %) Feature envy map Jmol
Richard Wettel and Michele CodeCity Shotgun surgery map 28 ArgoUM L
Richard Wettel and Michele CodeCity Shotgun surgery map 28 ArgoUM L
Richard Wettel and Michele CodeCity Shotgun surgery map 28 ArgoUM L
Exploring the history
Richard Wettel and Michele CodeCity Modeling history: Hismo 30 Class
Richard Wettel and Michele CodeCity Modeling history: Hismo 30 Class time
Richard Wettel and Michele CodeCity Modeling history: Hismo 30 Class Class Version timetimestamp N
Richard Wettel and Michele CodeCity Modeling history: Hismo 30 Class Class Version ... timetimestamp N Class Version Class timestamp 2
Richard Wettel and Michele CodeCity Modeling history: Hismo 30 Class Class Version ... timetimestamp N Class Version Class timestamp 1 Class Version Class timestamp 2
Richard Wettel and Michele CodeCity Modeling history: Hismo 30 Class Class Version Class History ... timetimestamp N Class Version Class timestamp 1 Class Version Class timestamp 2
Richard Wettel and Michele CodeCity Visualizing evolution 31 Time travel Age map Timeline fine
Richard Wettel and Michele CodeCity Visualizing evolution 31 Time travel Age map Timeline fine
Richard Wettel and Michele CodeCity Visualizing evolution 31 Time travel Age map Timeline fine
Richard Wettel and Michele CodeCity Consistent locality 32 A BarFoo Blueprint for the city, based on the maximal expansion of each artifact (building, district).
Richard Wettel and Michele CodeCity Consistent locality 32 A BarFoo Blueprint for the city, based on the maximal expansion of each artifact (building, district). Fo version 1 Bar
Richard Wettel and Michele CodeCity Consistent locality 32 A BarFoo Blueprint for the city, based on the maximal expansion of each artifact (building, district). Fo version 1 Bar A Foo Ba version 2
Richard Wettel and Michele CodeCity Consistent locality 32 A BarFoo Blueprint for the city, based on the maximal expansion of each artifact (building, district). Fo version 1 Bar A Foo Ba version 2 Foo A version 3
Richard Wettel and Michele CodeCity Age map 33 Bricks position is chronological neighbors are contemporary class C
Richard Wettel and Michele CodeCity Superficial glimpse in the past. color layer according to age (number of versions) Age map 33 Bricks position is chronological neighbors are contemporary class C
Richard Wettel and Michele CodeCity Superficial glimpse in the past. color layer according to age (number of versions) Age map 33 1N Bricks position is chronological neighbors are contemporary class C
Richard Wettel and Michele CodeCity Superficial glimpse in the past. color layer according to age (number of versions) Age map 33 1N Bricks position is chronological neighbors are contemporary class C
Richard Wettel and Michele CodeCity Superficial glimpse in the past. color layer according to age (number of versions) Age map 33 1N Bricks position is chronological neighbors are contemporary class C m4 m1 m3 m5 m7 m6 m2
Richard Wettel and Michele CodeCity Age map interpretation 34 age: 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
Richard Wettel and Michele CodeCity Age map interpretation 34 age: 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 stable very old
Richard Wettel and Michele CodeCity Age map interpretation 34 age: 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 stable oldvery old rarely updated
Richard Wettel and Michele CodeCity Age map interpretation 34 age: 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 stable youngoldvery old rarely updated highly unstable
Richard Wettel and Michele CodeCity Age map interpretation 34 age: 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 stable youngoldvery old rarely updated highly unstable very old updated often, rather unstable
Richard Wettel and Michele CodeCity Age map, fine-grained 35 library packages: java javax junit org.w3c.dom (classes) AllTests CH.ifa.draw.standard CH.ifa.draw.framework CH.ifa.draw.figures CH.ifa.draw.test class DrawApplication in CH.ifa.draw.application class StandardDrawingView in CH.ifa.draw.standard.
Richard Wettel and Michele CodeCity Time travel, coarse-grained 36 ArgoUML
Richard Wettel and Michele CodeCity Time travel, coarse-grained 36 ArgoUML
Richard Wettel and Michele CodeCity Time travel, fine-grained 37 JHotDraw
Richard Wettel and Michele CodeCity Time travel, fine-grained 37 JHotDraw
Richard Wettel and Michele CodeCity Timeline 38 History of class C
Richard Wettel and Michele CodeCity Timeline 38 time (versions) m3 m5 History of class C V1
Richard Wettel and Michele CodeCity Timeline 38 time (versions) m3 m5 m8 m12 m3 History of class C V1 V2
Richard Wettel and Michele CodeCity Timeline 38 time (versions) m3 m5 m8 m12 m3 History of class C V1 V2
Richard Wettel and Michele CodeCity Timeline 38 time (versions) m3 m5 m8 m12 m3 m12 m18 History of class C V1 V2 V3
Richard Wettel and Michele CodeCity Timeline 38 time (versions) m3 m5 m8 m12 m3 m12 m18 History of class C V1 V2 V3
Richard Wettel and Michele CodeCity Examples of timelines 39
Richard Wettel and Michele CodeCity Examples of timelines 39
Richard Wettel and Michele CodeCity Scripting cities 40
Richard Wettel and Michele CodeCity On relationships 41
The tool
Richard Wettel and Michele CodeCity Tool chain 43 iPlasma Moose CodeCity model exchange parsing & metric computation Jun rendering VisualWorks 7.6
Richard Wettel and Michele CodeCity Cityscapes 44
Richard Wettel and Michele CodeCity Cityscapes 44 System Languag e NOP NOC kLO C Azureus Java 457 4734 274 ArgoUML Java 144 2542 137 JHotDraw Java 72 998 30 iText Java 149 1250 80 Jmol Java 105 1032 85 JDK 1.5 core Java 137 4715 160 Moose Smalltal k 278 961 32 Jun Smalltal k 288 2236 351 CodeCity Smalltal k 129 291 18 ScumVM C++ 18 1331 105
Richard Wettel and Michele CodeCity Cityscapes 44 System Languag e NOP NOC kLO C Azureus Java 457 4734 274 ArgoUML Java 144 2542 137 JHotDraw Java 72 998 30 iText Java 149 1250 80 Jmol Java 105 1032 85 JDK 1.5 core Java 137 4715 160 Moose Smalltal k 278 961 32 Jun Smalltal k 288 2236 351 CodeCity Smalltal k 129 291 18 ScumVM C++ 18 1331 105
Richard Wettel and Michele CodeCity Cityscapes 44 System Languag e NOP NOC kLO C Azureus Java 457 4734 274 ArgoUML Java 144 2542 137 JHotDraw Java 72 998 30 iText Java 149 1250 80 Jmol Java 105 1032 85 JDK 1.5 core Java 137 4715 160 Moose Smalltal k 278 961 32 Jun Smalltal k 288 2236 351 CodeCity Smalltal k 129 291 18 ScumVM C++ 18 1331 105
Richard Wettel and Michele CodeCity Cityscapes 44 System Languag e NOP NOC kLO C Azureus Java 457 4734 274 ArgoUML Java 144 2542 137 JHotDraw Java 72 998 30 iText Java 149 1250 80 Jmol Java 105 1032 85 JDK 1.5 core Java 137 4715 160 Moose Smalltal k 278 961 32 Jun Smalltal k 288 2236 351 CodeCity Smalltal k 129 291 18 ScumVM C++ 18 1331 105
Richard Wettel and Michele CodeCity Cityscapes 44 System Languag e NOP NOC kLO C Azureus Java 457 4734 274 ArgoUML Java 144 2542 137 JHotDraw Java 72 998 30 iText Java 149 1250 80 Jmol Java 105 1032 85 JDK 1.5 core Java 137 4715 160 Moose Smalltal k 278 961 32 Jun Smalltal k 288 2236 351 CodeCity Smalltal k 129 291 18 ScumVM C++ 18 1331 105
Richard Wettel and Michele CodeCity Cityscapes 44 System Languag e NOP NOC kLO C Azureus Java 457 4734 274 ArgoUML Java 144 2542 137 JHotDraw Java 72 998 30 iText Java 149 1250 80 Jmol Java 105 1032 85 JDK 1.5 core Java 137 4715 160 Moose Smalltal k 278 961 32 Jun Smalltal k 288 2236 351 CodeCity Smalltal k 129 291 18 ScumVM C++ 18 1331 105
Richard Wettel and Michele CodeCity Cityscapes 44 System Languag e NOP NOC kLO C Azureus Java 457 4734 274 ArgoUML Java 144 2542 137 JHotDraw Java 72 998 30 iText Java 149 1250 80 Jmol Java 105 1032 85 JDK 1.5 core Java 137 4715 160 Moose Smalltal k 278 961 32 Jun Smalltal k 288 2236 351 CodeCity Smalltal k 129 291 18 ScumVM C++ 18 1331 105
Richard Wettel and Michele CodeCity Cityscapes 44 System Languag e NOP NOC kLO C Azureus Java 457 4734 274 ArgoUML Java 144 2542 137 JHotDraw Java 72 998 30 iText Java 149 1250 80 Jmol Java 105 1032 85 JDK 1.5 core Java 137 4715 160 Moose Smalltal k 278 961 32 Jun Smalltal k 288 2236 351 CodeCity Smalltal k 129 291 18 ScumVM C++ 18 1331 105
Richard Wettel and Michele CodeCity Cityscapes 44 System Languag e NOP NOC kLO C Azureus Java 457 4734 274 ArgoUML Java 144 2542 137 JHotDraw Java 72 998 30 iText Java 149 1250 80 Jmol Java 105 1032 85 JDK 1.5 core Java 137 4715 160 Moose Smalltal k 278 961 32 Jun Smalltal k 288 2236 351 CodeCity Smalltal k 129 291 18 ScumVM C++ 18 1331 105
Richard Wettel and Michele CodeCity Cityscapes 44 System Languag e NOP NOC kLO C Azureus Java 457 4734 274 ArgoUML Java 144 2542 137 JHotDraw Java 72 998 30 iText Java 149 1250 80 Jmol Java 105 1032 85 JDK 1.5 core Java 137 4715 160 Moose Smalltal k 278 961 32 Jun Smalltal k 288 2236 351 CodeCity Smalltal k 129 291 18 ScumVM C++ 18 1331 105
Richard Wettel and Michele CodeCity Cityscapes 44 System Languag e NOP NOC kLO C Azureus Java 457 4734 274 ArgoUML Java 144 2542 137 JHotDraw Java 72 998 30 iText Java 149 1250 80 Jmol Java 105 1032 85 JDK 1.5 core Java 137 4715 160 Moose Smalltal k 278 961 32 Jun Smalltal k 288 2236 351 CodeCity Smalltal k 129 291 18 ScumVM C++ 18 1331 105
Richard Wettel and Michele CodeCity Cityscapes 44 System Languag e NOP NOC kLO C Azureus Java 457 4734 274 ArgoUML Java 144 2542 137 JHotDraw Java 72 998 30 iText Java 149 1250 80 Jmol Java 105 1032 85 JDK 1.5 core Java 137 4715 160 Moose Smalltal k 278 961 32 Jun Smalltal k 288 2236 351 CodeCity Smalltal k 129 291 18 ScumVM C++ 18 1331 105
Richard Wettel and Michele CodeCity Cityscapes 44 System Languag e NOP NOC kLO C Azureus Java 457 4734 274 ArgoUML Java 144 2542 137 JHotDraw Java 72 998 30 iText Java 149 1250 80 Jmol Java 105 1032 85 JDK 1.5 core Java 137 4715 160 Moose Smalltal k 278 961 32 Jun Smalltal k 288 2236 351 CodeCity Smalltal k 129 291 18 ScumVM C++ 18 1331 105 1.25 million LOC
http://www.inf.unisi.ch/phd/wettel/ codecity.html
http://www.inf.unisi.ch/phd/wettel/ codecity.html over 1100 downloads since March 2008 !
http://www.inf.unisi.ch/phd/wettel/ codecity.html over 1100 downloads since March 2008 !
http://www.inf.unisi.ch/phd/wettel/ codecity.html ^ Smalltalk over 1100 downloads since March 2008 !

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Code City

  • 1. Richard Wettel and Michele Lanza University of Lugano, CH Code City
  • 3. Richard Wettel and Michele CodeCity The city metaphor 3
  • 4. Richard Wettel and Michele CodeCity The city metaphor 3 domain mapping classes buildings package s districts system city
  • 5. Richard Wettel and Michele CodeCity The city metaphor 3 domain mapping classes buildings package s districts system city
  • 6. Richard Wettel and Michele CodeCity The city metaphor 3 domain mapping classes buildings package s districts system city
  • 7. Richard Wettel and Michele CodeCity The city metaphor 3 domain mapping classes buildings package s districts system city
  • 8. Richard Wettel and Michele CodeCity The city metaphor 3 domain mapping classes buildings package s districts system city class metric building propertynumber of methods (NOM) height number of attributes (NOA) width, length
  • 9. Richard Wettel and Michele CodeCity The city metaphor 3 domain mapping classes buildings package s districts system city package metric district propertynesting level color class metric building propertynumber of methods (NOM) height number of attributes (NOA) width, length
  • 10. Richard Wettel and Michele CodeCity “Reading” a code city 4
  • 11. Richard Wettel and Michele CodeCity “Reading” a code city 4 skyscrapers (NOM, NOA)
  • 12. Richard Wettel and Michele CodeCity “Reading” a code city 4 skyscrapers (NOM, NOA) parking lots (NOM, NOA)
  • 13. Richard Wettel and Michele CodeCity “Reading” a code city 4 skyscrapers (NOM, NOA) parking lots (NOM, NOA) office buildings (NOM, NOA)
  • 15. Richard Wettel and Michele CodeCity 1. Identity mapping 6 NOM heightf(x) = x
  • 16. Richard Wettel and Michele CodeCity 1. Identity mapping 6 NOM heightf(x) = x
  • 17. Richard Wettel and Michele CodeCity 1. Identity mapping 6 NOM heightf(x) = x
  • 18. Richard Wettel and Michele CodeCity Identity mapping applied 7
  • 19. Richard Wettel and Michele CodeCity 2. Linear mapping 8 NOM heightf(x) = ax + b
  • 20. Richard Wettel and Michele CodeCity 2. Linear mapping 8 NOM heightf(x) = ax + b
  • 21. Richard Wettel and Michele CodeCity 2. Linear mapping 8 NOM heightf(x) = ax + b
  • 22. Richard Wettel and Michele CodeCity 2. Linear mapping 8 NOM heightf(x) = ax + b
  • 23. Richard Wettel and Michele CodeCity Linear mapping applied 9
  • 24. Richard Wettel and Michele CodeCity 3. Boxplot-based mapping 10 NOM heightclustering
  • 25. Richard Wettel and Michele CodeCity 3. Boxplot-based mapping 10 NOM heightclustering very high high average low very low
  • 26. Richard Wettel and Michele CodeCity 3. Boxplot-based mapping 10 NOM heightclustering very high high average low very low
  • 27. Richard Wettel and Michele CodeCity 3. Boxplot-based mapping 10 NOM heightclustering very high high average low very low upper quartile lower quartile median lower whisker upper whisker
  • 28. Richard Wettel and Michele CodeCity 3. Boxplot-based mapping 10 NOM heightclustering very high high average low very low upper quartile lower quartile median lower whisker upper whisker
  • 29. Richard Wettel and Michele CodeCity 3. Boxplot-based mapping 10 NOM heightclustering very high high average low very low
  • 30. Richard Wettel and Michele CodeCity 3. Boxplot-based mapping 10 NOM heightclustering very high high average low very low
  • 31. Richard Wettel and Michele CodeCity 3. Boxplot-based mapping 10 NOM heightclustering very high high average low very low
  • 32. Richard Wettel and Michele CodeCity Boxplot-based mapping applied 11
  • 33. Richard Wettel and Michele CodeCity 4. Threshold-based mapping 12 NOM heightclustering
  • 34. Richard Wettel and Michele CodeCity 4. Threshold-based mapping 12 NOM heightclustering very high high average low very low
  • 35. Richard Wettel and Michele CodeCity 4. Threshold-based mapping 12 NOM heightclustering very high high average low very low
  • 36. Richard Wettel and Michele CodeCity 4. Threshold-based mapping 12 NOM heightclustering very high high average low very low
  • 37. Richard Wettel and Michele CodeCity 4. Threshold-based mapping 12 NOM heightclustering very high high average low very low
  • 38. Richard Wettel and Michele CodeCity 4. Threshold-based mapping 12 NOM heightclustering very high high average low very low
  • 39. Richard Wettel and Michele CodeCity 4. Threshold-based mapping 12 NOM heightclustering very high high average low very low
  • 40. Richard Wettel and Michele CodeCity Threshold-based mapping applied 13
  • 41. Richard Wettel and Michele CodeCity Mappings compared 14 identit y linear boxplot- basedthreshold- based
  • 42. Richard Wettel and Michele CodeCity Mappings compared 14 identit y linear boxplot- basedthreshold- based
  • 43. Richard Wettel and Michele CodeCity Mappings compared 14 identit y linear boxplot- basedthreshold- based
  • 44. Richard Wettel and Michele CodeCity Mappings compared 14 identit y linear boxplot- basedthreshold- based
  • 45. Richard Wettel and Michele CodeCity Mappings compared 14 identit y linear boxplot- basedthreshold- based
  • 47. Richard Wettel and Michele CodeCity Reverse-engineering ArgoUML 16
  • 48. Richard Wettel and Michele CodeCity Reverse-engineering ArgoUML 16
  • 49. Richard Wettel and Michele CodeCity Reverse-engineering ArgoUML 16
  • 50. Richard Wettel and Michele CodeCity The twin towers 17
  • 51. Richard Wettel and Michele CodeCity Facade 1 attribute 337 methods The twin towers 17
  • 52. Richard Wettel and Michele CodeCity Facade 1 attribute 337 methods The twin towers 17 FacadeMDRI mpl 3 attribute 349 methods
  • 53. Richard Wettel and Michele CodeCity Facade 1 attribute 337 methods The twin towers 17 Is there anybody out FacadeMDRI mpl 3 attribute 349 methods
  • 54. Richard Wettel and Michele CodeCity Facade 1 attribute 337 methods The twin towers 17 FacadeMDRI mpl 3 attribute 349 methods
  • 55. Richard Wettel and Michele CodeCity Hotels, parking lots, duplication 18
  • 56. Richard Wettel and Michele CodeCity Hotels, parking lots, duplication 18 org.argouml.language. java.generator JavaTokenType s146 attributes 0 methods JavaRecognizer 24 attributes 91 methods
  • 57. Richard Wettel and Michele CodeCity Hotels, parking lots, duplication 18 org.argouml.language. java.generator JavaTokenType s146 attributes 0 methods JavaRecognizer 24 attributes 91 methods STDCTokenTy pes152 attributes 0 methods CPPParser 85 attributes 204 methods org.argouml.uml.reveng.class file
  • 58. Richard Wettel and Michele CodeCity Hotels, parking lots, duplication 18 org.argouml.language. java.generator JavaTokenType s146 attributes 0 methods JavaRecognizer 24 attributes 91 methods STDCTokenTy pes152 attributes 0 methods CPPParser 85 attributes 204 methods JavaTokenTyp es173 attributes0 methods JavaRecogniz er79 attributes 176 methods org.argouml.uml.reveng.java org.argouml.uml.reveng.class file
  • 59. Richard Wettel and Michele CodeCity Hotels, parking lots, duplication 18 org.argouml.language. java.generator JavaTokenType s146 attributes 0 methods JavaRecognizer 24 attributes 91 methods STDCTokenTy pes152 attributes 0 methods CPPParser 85 attributes 204 methods JavaTokenTyp es173 attributes0 methods JavaRecogniz er79 attributes 176 methods org.argouml.uml.reveng.java org.argouml.uml.reveng.class file JavaTokenType s145 attributes 0 methods
  • 60. Richard Wettel and Michele CodeCity Hotels, parking lots, duplication 18 org.argouml.language. java.generator JavaTokenType s146 attributes 0 methods JavaRecognizer 24 attributes 91 methods STDCTokenTy pes152 attributes 0 methods CPPParser 85 attributes 204 methods JavaTokenTyp es173 attributes0 methods JavaRecogniz er79 attributes 176 methods org.argouml.uml.reveng.java org.argouml.uml.reveng.class file JavaTokenType s145 attributes 0 methods JavaRecognizer 22 attributes 88 methods
  • 61. Looking at the design
  • 62. Richard Wettel and Michele CodeCity On software design... 20
  • 63. Richard Wettel and Michele CodeCity On software design... Definitions bad smells [Beck & Fowler 1998], design flaws heuristics [Riel 2000], principles [Martin 2002], patterns [GoF 1995] 20
  • 64. Richard Wettel and Michele CodeCity On software design... Definitions bad smells [Beck & Fowler 1998], design flaws heuristics [Riel 2000], principles [Martin 2002], patterns [GoF 1995] Techniques detection strategies for the design flaws 20
  • 65. Richard Wettel and Michele CodeCity On software design... Definitions bad smells [Beck & Fowler 1998], design flaws heuristics [Riel 2000], principles [Martin 2002], patterns [GoF 1995] Techniques detection strategies for the design flaws Visualization ? 20
  • 66. Richard Wettel and Michele CodeCity The God Class detection strategy 21
  • 67. Richard Wettel and Michele CodeCity God classes of JDK 1.5 in Moose 22
  • 68. Richard Wettel and Michele CodeCity God classes of JDK in CodeCity 23
  • 69. Richard Wettel and Michele CodeCity Class-level disharmony maps 24 KeyEvent (NOA 205, NOM 18) java.awt.event InputEvent (NOA 21, NOM 14) Frame (NOA 33, NOM 38) java.awt.geom Container (NOA 21, NOM 127) Component (NOA 88, NOM 280) java.util.concurrent.locks AbstractQueuedSynchronizer (NOA 9, NOM 54) String (NOA 7, NOM 81) Event (NOA 84, NOM 14) Class (NOA 27, NOM 107) BigInteger (NOA 28, NOM 103) BigDecimal (NOA 18, NOM 96) Security (NOA 3, NOM 30) java.util.regex Pattern (NOA 29, NOM 66) Matcher (NOA 17, NOM 38) LogRecord (NOA 17, NOM 28) Logger (NOA 18, NOM 53) Font (NOA 34, NOM 78) KeyboardFocusManager (NOA 33, NOM 94) Frame (NOA 33, NOM 38) Calendar (NOA 81, NOM 71) java.util.logging JDK 1.5
  • 70. Richard Wettel and Michele CodeCity Class-level disharmony ma 25 org.argouml.reveng.java Modeller (NOA 15, NOM 52) JavaRecognizer (NOA 79, NOM 176) org.argouml.reveng.classfile SimpleByteLexer$GeneratorCPP (NOA 34, NOM 100) SimpleByteLexer$CPPParser (NOA 85, NOM 204) SimpleByteLexer$GeneratorPHP4 (NOA 4, NOM 33) org.argouml.diagram.ui FigNodeModelElement (NOA 39, NOM 98) FigEdgeModelElement (NOA 13, NOM 76) FigAssociation (NOA 8, NOM 17) JavaRecognizer (NOA 24, NOM 91) GeneratorJava (NOA 11, NOM 66) JavaLexer (NOA 9, NOM 72) org.argouml.language.java.generator org.argouml.uml.notation.uml org.argouml.model.mdr FacadeMDRImpl (NOA 3, NOM 349) CoreHelperMDRImpl (NOA 3, NOM 349) Facade (NOA 1, NOM 337) JavaTokenTypes (NOA 173, NOM 0) UmlFactoryMDRImpl (NOA 9, NOM 22) ArgoUML
  • 71. Richard Wettel and Michele CodeCity Granularity of representation 26 NOM=7 NOA = 2 NOA = 2 class C coarse
  • 72. Richard Wettel and Michele CodeCity Granularity of representation 26 NOM=7 NOA = 2 NOA = 2 class C coarse fine-grained
  • 73. Richard Wettel and Michele CodeCity Granularity of representation 26 NOM=7 NOA = 2 NOA = 2 class C class C coarse fine-grained
  • 74. Richard Wettel and Michele CodeCity Granularity of representation 26 NOM=7 NOA = 2 NOA = 2 class C class C m4 m1 m3 m5 m7 m6 m2 coarse fine-grained
  • 75. Richard Wettel and Michele CodeCity 27 Feature envy map Jmol
  • 76. Richard Wettel and Michele CodeCity 27 1,500 methods (25 %) Feature envy map Jmol
  • 77. Richard Wettel and Michele CodeCity Shotgun surgery map 28 ArgoUM L
  • 78. Richard Wettel and Michele CodeCity Shotgun surgery map 28 ArgoUM L
  • 79. Richard Wettel and Michele CodeCity Shotgun surgery map 28 ArgoUM L
  • 81. Richard Wettel and Michele CodeCity Modeling history: Hismo 30 Class
  • 82. Richard Wettel and Michele CodeCity Modeling history: Hismo 30 Class time
  • 83. Richard Wettel and Michele CodeCity Modeling history: Hismo 30 Class Class Version timetimestamp N
  • 84. Richard Wettel and Michele CodeCity Modeling history: Hismo 30 Class Class Version ... timetimestamp N Class Version Class timestamp 2
  • 85. Richard Wettel and Michele CodeCity Modeling history: Hismo 30 Class Class Version ... timetimestamp N Class Version Class timestamp 1 Class Version Class timestamp 2
  • 86. Richard Wettel and Michele CodeCity Modeling history: Hismo 30 Class Class Version Class History ... timetimestamp N Class Version Class timestamp 1 Class Version Class timestamp 2
  • 87. Richard Wettel and Michele CodeCity Visualizing evolution 31 Time travel Age map Timeline fine
  • 88. Richard Wettel and Michele CodeCity Visualizing evolution 31 Time travel Age map Timeline fine
  • 89. Richard Wettel and Michele CodeCity Visualizing evolution 31 Time travel Age map Timeline fine
  • 90. Richard Wettel and Michele CodeCity Consistent locality 32 A BarFoo Blueprint for the city, based on the maximal expansion of each artifact (building, district).
  • 91. Richard Wettel and Michele CodeCity Consistent locality 32 A BarFoo Blueprint for the city, based on the maximal expansion of each artifact (building, district). Fo version 1 Bar
  • 92. Richard Wettel and Michele CodeCity Consistent locality 32 A BarFoo Blueprint for the city, based on the maximal expansion of each artifact (building, district). Fo version 1 Bar A Foo Ba version 2
  • 93. Richard Wettel and Michele CodeCity Consistent locality 32 A BarFoo Blueprint for the city, based on the maximal expansion of each artifact (building, district). Fo version 1 Bar A Foo Ba version 2 Foo A version 3
  • 94. Richard Wettel and Michele CodeCity Age map 33 Bricks position is chronological neighbors are contemporary class C
  • 95. Richard Wettel and Michele CodeCity Superficial glimpse in the past. color layer according to age (number of versions) Age map 33 Bricks position is chronological neighbors are contemporary class C
  • 96. Richard Wettel and Michele CodeCity Superficial glimpse in the past. color layer according to age (number of versions) Age map 33 1N Bricks position is chronological neighbors are contemporary class C
  • 97. Richard Wettel and Michele CodeCity Superficial glimpse in the past. color layer according to age (number of versions) Age map 33 1N Bricks position is chronological neighbors are contemporary class C
  • 98. Richard Wettel and Michele CodeCity Superficial glimpse in the past. color layer according to age (number of versions) Age map 33 1N Bricks position is chronological neighbors are contemporary class C m4 m1 m3 m5 m7 m6 m2
  • 99. Richard Wettel and Michele CodeCity Age map interpretation 34 age: 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
  • 100. Richard Wettel and Michele CodeCity Age map interpretation 34 age: 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 stable very old
  • 101. Richard Wettel and Michele CodeCity Age map interpretation 34 age: 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 stable oldvery old rarely updated
  • 102. Richard Wettel and Michele CodeCity Age map interpretation 34 age: 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 stable youngoldvery old rarely updated highly unstable
  • 103. Richard Wettel and Michele CodeCity Age map interpretation 34 age: 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 stable youngoldvery old rarely updated highly unstable very old updated often, rather unstable
  • 104. Richard Wettel and Michele CodeCity Age map, fine-grained 35 library packages: java javax junit org.w3c.dom (classes) AllTests CH.ifa.draw.standard CH.ifa.draw.framework CH.ifa.draw.figures CH.ifa.draw.test class DrawApplication in CH.ifa.draw.application class StandardDrawingView in CH.ifa.draw.standard.
  • 105. Richard Wettel and Michele CodeCity Time travel, coarse-grained 36 ArgoUML
  • 106. Richard Wettel and Michele CodeCity Time travel, coarse-grained 36 ArgoUML
  • 107. Richard Wettel and Michele CodeCity Time travel, fine-grained 37 JHotDraw
  • 108. Richard Wettel and Michele CodeCity Time travel, fine-grained 37 JHotDraw
  • 109. Richard Wettel and Michele CodeCity Timeline 38 History of class C
  • 110. Richard Wettel and Michele CodeCity Timeline 38 time (versions) m3 m5 History of class C V1
  • 111. Richard Wettel and Michele CodeCity Timeline 38 time (versions) m3 m5 m8 m12 m3 History of class C V1 V2
  • 112. Richard Wettel and Michele CodeCity Timeline 38 time (versions) m3 m5 m8 m12 m3 History of class C V1 V2
  • 113. Richard Wettel and Michele CodeCity Timeline 38 time (versions) m3 m5 m8 m12 m3 m12 m18 History of class C V1 V2 V3
  • 114. Richard Wettel and Michele CodeCity Timeline 38 time (versions) m3 m5 m8 m12 m3 m12 m18 History of class C V1 V2 V3
  • 115. Richard Wettel and Michele CodeCity Examples of timelines 39
  • 116. Richard Wettel and Michele CodeCity Examples of timelines 39
  • 117. Richard Wettel and Michele CodeCity Scripting cities 40
  • 118. Richard Wettel and Michele CodeCity On relationships 41
  • 120. Richard Wettel and Michele CodeCity Tool chain 43 iPlasma Moose CodeCity model exchange parsing & metric computation Jun rendering VisualWorks 7.6
  • 121. Richard Wettel and Michele CodeCity Cityscapes 44
  • 122. Richard Wettel and Michele CodeCity Cityscapes 44 System Languag e NOP NOC kLO C Azureus Java 457 4734 274 ArgoUML Java 144 2542 137 JHotDraw Java 72 998 30 iText Java 149 1250 80 Jmol Java 105 1032 85 JDK 1.5 core Java 137 4715 160 Moose Smalltal k 278 961 32 Jun Smalltal k 288 2236 351 CodeCity Smalltal k 129 291 18 ScumVM C++ 18 1331 105
  • 123. Richard Wettel and Michele CodeCity Cityscapes 44 System Languag e NOP NOC kLO C Azureus Java 457 4734 274 ArgoUML Java 144 2542 137 JHotDraw Java 72 998 30 iText Java 149 1250 80 Jmol Java 105 1032 85 JDK 1.5 core Java 137 4715 160 Moose Smalltal k 278 961 32 Jun Smalltal k 288 2236 351 CodeCity Smalltal k 129 291 18 ScumVM C++ 18 1331 105
  • 124. Richard Wettel and Michele CodeCity Cityscapes 44 System Languag e NOP NOC kLO C Azureus Java 457 4734 274 ArgoUML Java 144 2542 137 JHotDraw Java 72 998 30 iText Java 149 1250 80 Jmol Java 105 1032 85 JDK 1.5 core Java 137 4715 160 Moose Smalltal k 278 961 32 Jun Smalltal k 288 2236 351 CodeCity Smalltal k 129 291 18 ScumVM C++ 18 1331 105
  • 125. Richard Wettel and Michele CodeCity Cityscapes 44 System Languag e NOP NOC kLO C Azureus Java 457 4734 274 ArgoUML Java 144 2542 137 JHotDraw Java 72 998 30 iText Java 149 1250 80 Jmol Java 105 1032 85 JDK 1.5 core Java 137 4715 160 Moose Smalltal k 278 961 32 Jun Smalltal k 288 2236 351 CodeCity Smalltal k 129 291 18 ScumVM C++ 18 1331 105
  • 126. Richard Wettel and Michele CodeCity Cityscapes 44 System Languag e NOP NOC kLO C Azureus Java 457 4734 274 ArgoUML Java 144 2542 137 JHotDraw Java 72 998 30 iText Java 149 1250 80 Jmol Java 105 1032 85 JDK 1.5 core Java 137 4715 160 Moose Smalltal k 278 961 32 Jun Smalltal k 288 2236 351 CodeCity Smalltal k 129 291 18 ScumVM C++ 18 1331 105
  • 127. Richard Wettel and Michele CodeCity Cityscapes 44 System Languag e NOP NOC kLO C Azureus Java 457 4734 274 ArgoUML Java 144 2542 137 JHotDraw Java 72 998 30 iText Java 149 1250 80 Jmol Java 105 1032 85 JDK 1.5 core Java 137 4715 160 Moose Smalltal k 278 961 32 Jun Smalltal k 288 2236 351 CodeCity Smalltal k 129 291 18 ScumVM C++ 18 1331 105
  • 128. Richard Wettel and Michele CodeCity Cityscapes 44 System Languag e NOP NOC kLO C Azureus Java 457 4734 274 ArgoUML Java 144 2542 137 JHotDraw Java 72 998 30 iText Java 149 1250 80 Jmol Java 105 1032 85 JDK 1.5 core Java 137 4715 160 Moose Smalltal k 278 961 32 Jun Smalltal k 288 2236 351 CodeCity Smalltal k 129 291 18 ScumVM C++ 18 1331 105
  • 129. Richard Wettel and Michele CodeCity Cityscapes 44 System Languag e NOP NOC kLO C Azureus Java 457 4734 274 ArgoUML Java 144 2542 137 JHotDraw Java 72 998 30 iText Java 149 1250 80 Jmol Java 105 1032 85 JDK 1.5 core Java 137 4715 160 Moose Smalltal k 278 961 32 Jun Smalltal k 288 2236 351 CodeCity Smalltal k 129 291 18 ScumVM C++ 18 1331 105
  • 130. Richard Wettel and Michele CodeCity Cityscapes 44 System Languag e NOP NOC kLO C Azureus Java 457 4734 274 ArgoUML Java 144 2542 137 JHotDraw Java 72 998 30 iText Java 149 1250 80 Jmol Java 105 1032 85 JDK 1.5 core Java 137 4715 160 Moose Smalltal k 278 961 32 Jun Smalltal k 288 2236 351 CodeCity Smalltal k 129 291 18 ScumVM C++ 18 1331 105
  • 131. Richard Wettel and Michele CodeCity Cityscapes 44 System Languag e NOP NOC kLO C Azureus Java 457 4734 274 ArgoUML Java 144 2542 137 JHotDraw Java 72 998 30 iText Java 149 1250 80 Jmol Java 105 1032 85 JDK 1.5 core Java 137 4715 160 Moose Smalltal k 278 961 32 Jun Smalltal k 288 2236 351 CodeCity Smalltal k 129 291 18 ScumVM C++ 18 1331 105
  • 132. Richard Wettel and Michele CodeCity Cityscapes 44 System Languag e NOP NOC kLO C Azureus Java 457 4734 274 ArgoUML Java 144 2542 137 JHotDraw Java 72 998 30 iText Java 149 1250 80 Jmol Java 105 1032 85 JDK 1.5 core Java 137 4715 160 Moose Smalltal k 278 961 32 Jun Smalltal k 288 2236 351 CodeCity Smalltal k 129 291 18 ScumVM C++ 18 1331 105
  • 133. Richard Wettel and Michele CodeCity Cityscapes 44 System Languag e NOP NOC kLO C Azureus Java 457 4734 274 ArgoUML Java 144 2542 137 JHotDraw Java 72 998 30 iText Java 149 1250 80 Jmol Java 105 1032 85 JDK 1.5 core Java 137 4715 160 Moose Smalltal k 278 961 32 Jun Smalltal k 288 2236 351 CodeCity Smalltal k 129 291 18 ScumVM C++ 18 1331 105
  • 134. Richard Wettel and Michele CodeCity Cityscapes 44 System Languag e NOP NOC kLO C Azureus Java 457 4734 274 ArgoUML Java 144 2542 137 JHotDraw Java 72 998 30 iText Java 149 1250 80 Jmol Java 105 1032 85 JDK 1.5 core Java 137 4715 160 Moose Smalltal k 278 961 32 Jun Smalltal k 288 2236 351 CodeCity Smalltal k 129 291 18 ScumVM C++ 18 1331 105 1.25 million LOC