This document discusses various drugs that can cause dependence and addiction. It covers the physiological and psychological effects of dependence, as well as withdrawal symptoms that can occur when stopping use. It categorizes different drugs based on their medical uses and addiction potential, and provides details on the mechanisms of action, dependence, and withdrawal symptoms for several classes of drugs including sedatives, opioids, nicotine, caffeine, amphetamines, cocaine, LSD, marijuana, inhalants, and anabolic steroids. Treatment approaches for managing dependence and withdrawal are also outlined.
The document discusses drug dependence and abuse, providing definitions and examples. It summarizes that dependence involves compulsive drug craving and can occur after repeated drug use, while addiction involves compulsive, uncontrolled behavior to obtain drugs despite negative consequences. It then categorizes examples of commonly abused drugs based on their dependence liability and mechanisms of action, including opioids, cannabis, benzodiazepines, cocaine, amphetamines, nicotine, and alcohol. Treatment approaches aim to alleviate withdrawal symptoms through substitution or block drug effects and cravings.
The document summarizes various drugs of abuse including their mechanisms of action, effects, dependence, tolerance, withdrawal and treatment approaches. It discusses stimulants like cocaine and amphetamines, opioids, cannabinoids, nicotine, depressants like alcohol, barbiturates and benzodiazepines. It describes how these drugs activate the brain's reward system and how chronic use leads to tolerance and dependence characterized by drug-seeking behavior and withdrawal symptoms when use is discontinued. Treatment involves managing withdrawal symptoms, replacing opioids with longer-acting alternatives, and addressing psychological aspects through counseling and support groups.
PSYCHOTROPIC DRUGS, DRUG ABUSE & DRUG DEPENDENCE.pptxLevysikazwe
This document discusses drug abuse and dependence relating to psychotropic drugs. It defines key concepts such as tolerance, dependence, addiction, and withdrawal. It describes several classes of drugs with high abuse potential, including CNS stimulants like cocaine and nicotine, CNS depressants like alcohol and benzodiazepines, and opioids. For each drug class, it discusses mechanisms of action, effects of acute and chronic use, as well as treatments for dependence and managing withdrawal symptoms.
This document summarizes various psychoactive drugs, their effects on the brain, and mechanisms of addiction. It discusses how drugs like caffeine, nicotine, alcohol, opioids, cocaine, amphetamines, cannabis, and benzodiazepines activate the brain's reward system and become reinforcing. Repeated use can lead to changes in the brain that result in tolerance, dependence, withdrawal, and compulsive drug seeking behavior. Treatment aims to manage cravings and withdrawal through tapering, replacement therapies, counseling, and support groups.
This document discusses several central nervous system stimulants and hallucinogens. It describes their mechanisms of action, effects, uses, and adverse reactions. CNS stimulants discussed include caffeine, nicotine, cocaine, amphetamines, and methylphenidate. They generally act by increasing neurotransmitters like dopamine and norepinephrine. Hallucinogens covered are LSD, THC, and phencyclidine. They produce profound changes in thought and mood by acting on serotonin and other receptors. Both classes can cause dependence and adverse effects at high doses.
Homeopathic Doctor - Dr. Anita Salunke homeopathic clinic for Drug Addiction ...Shewta shetty
Effective treatment for Drug addiction at hoemoapthic Clinic, Mumbai provides homeopathic treatment for drug addiction. The document defines addiction and substance use disorders, describing the stages and causes of addiction. It explains the pathophysiology of addiction including the role of dopamine in the brain's reward circuit and how drugs hijack the neuroplasticity mechanism. Management of addiction involves treatments tailored to the individual such as cognitive behavioral therapy, anti-addictive medications, and behavioral programming techniques. Mindheal Homeopathy in Mumbai specializes in homeopathic treatment for drug addiction.
Stimulants are substances that increase behavioral activity when administered. They are classified as psychomotor stimulants or hallucinogens. Psychomotor stimulants like cocaine, amphetamines, and nicotine cause excitement, euphoria and increased motor activity by increasing the neurotransmitters dopamine and norepinephrine. Hallucinogens affect thought patterns and mood but have little effect on the brain stem and spinal cord. Common stimulants include caffeine, nicotine, cocaine, amphetamines, and methylphenidate.
The document discusses drug dependence and abuse, providing definitions and examples. It summarizes that dependence involves compulsive drug craving and can occur after repeated drug use, while addiction involves compulsive, uncontrolled behavior to obtain drugs despite negative consequences. It then categorizes examples of commonly abused drugs based on their dependence liability and mechanisms of action, including opioids, cannabis, benzodiazepines, cocaine, amphetamines, nicotine, and alcohol. Treatment approaches aim to alleviate withdrawal symptoms through substitution or block drug effects and cravings.
The document summarizes various drugs of abuse including their mechanisms of action, effects, dependence, tolerance, withdrawal and treatment approaches. It discusses stimulants like cocaine and amphetamines, opioids, cannabinoids, nicotine, depressants like alcohol, barbiturates and benzodiazepines. It describes how these drugs activate the brain's reward system and how chronic use leads to tolerance and dependence characterized by drug-seeking behavior and withdrawal symptoms when use is discontinued. Treatment involves managing withdrawal symptoms, replacing opioids with longer-acting alternatives, and addressing psychological aspects through counseling and support groups.
PSYCHOTROPIC DRUGS, DRUG ABUSE & DRUG DEPENDENCE.pptxLevysikazwe
This document discusses drug abuse and dependence relating to psychotropic drugs. It defines key concepts such as tolerance, dependence, addiction, and withdrawal. It describes several classes of drugs with high abuse potential, including CNS stimulants like cocaine and nicotine, CNS depressants like alcohol and benzodiazepines, and opioids. For each drug class, it discusses mechanisms of action, effects of acute and chronic use, as well as treatments for dependence and managing withdrawal symptoms.
This document summarizes various psychoactive drugs, their effects on the brain, and mechanisms of addiction. It discusses how drugs like caffeine, nicotine, alcohol, opioids, cocaine, amphetamines, cannabis, and benzodiazepines activate the brain's reward system and become reinforcing. Repeated use can lead to changes in the brain that result in tolerance, dependence, withdrawal, and compulsive drug seeking behavior. Treatment aims to manage cravings and withdrawal through tapering, replacement therapies, counseling, and support groups.
This document discusses several central nervous system stimulants and hallucinogens. It describes their mechanisms of action, effects, uses, and adverse reactions. CNS stimulants discussed include caffeine, nicotine, cocaine, amphetamines, and methylphenidate. They generally act by increasing neurotransmitters like dopamine and norepinephrine. Hallucinogens covered are LSD, THC, and phencyclidine. They produce profound changes in thought and mood by acting on serotonin and other receptors. Both classes can cause dependence and adverse effects at high doses.
Homeopathic Doctor - Dr. Anita Salunke homeopathic clinic for Drug Addiction ...Shewta shetty
Effective treatment for Drug addiction at hoemoapthic Clinic, Mumbai provides homeopathic treatment for drug addiction. The document defines addiction and substance use disorders, describing the stages and causes of addiction. It explains the pathophysiology of addiction including the role of dopamine in the brain's reward circuit and how drugs hijack the neuroplasticity mechanism. Management of addiction involves treatments tailored to the individual such as cognitive behavioral therapy, anti-addictive medications, and behavioral programming techniques. Mindheal Homeopathy in Mumbai specializes in homeopathic treatment for drug addiction.
Stimulants are substances that increase behavioral activity when administered. They are classified as psychomotor stimulants or hallucinogens. Psychomotor stimulants like cocaine, amphetamines, and nicotine cause excitement, euphoria and increased motor activity by increasing the neurotransmitters dopamine and norepinephrine. Hallucinogens affect thought patterns and mood but have little effect on the brain stem and spinal cord. Common stimulants include caffeine, nicotine, cocaine, amphetamines, and methylphenidate.
Effective treatment for drug addiction in Mindheal Homeopathy clinic ,Chembur...Shewta shetty
"Drug Addiction- drug addiction is characterized by the use of narcotic drugs or alcohol excessively so that when its usage is stopped withdrawal symptoms are manifested in the body. Drug addiction is a complex but treatable condition. It can be treated by proper rehabilitation of the patient along with mindheal therapy."/>
This document discusses the biological basis of tobacco addiction and implications for treatment. It begins by explaining why people begin abusing drugs, such as for pleasure, stress relief, or peer pressure. It then defines addiction and dependence, outlining the diagnostic criteria. The document discusses how nicotine acts in the brain through acetylcholine receptors to stimulate the reward pathway. Genetic and conditioning factors that contribute to addiction are also reviewed. The text closes by summarizing withdrawal symptoms and different pharmacological treatments used to aid smoking cessation.
The document discusses the neurobiology of drug addiction. It describes how drugs of abuse act on the brain's reward system and other neurocircuitry to produce rewarding and reinforcing effects that lead to compulsion and addiction. Key areas discussed include how drugs increase dopamine and activate opioid receptors in the nucleus accumbens and amygdala during the acute phase, and later recruit stress systems like CRF to drive compulsive use associated with withdrawal.
This document discusses substance use disorders and different categories of abused substances. It defines substance intoxication, withdrawal, abuse, and dependence according to DSM-IV criteria. It then outlines 11 criteria for substance use disorder and notes changes in the DSM-5 definition. The document proceeds to describe characteristics of five categories of substances - depressants, stimulants, opioids, hallucinogens/PCP, and cannabis. Specific substances like alcohol, cocaine, amphetamines, nicotine, caffeine, heroin, LSD, and marijuana are discussed. Inhalants are also covered.
This document discusses various central nervous system stimulants and cognitive enhancers. It describes how CNS stimulants generally increase muscular and mental activity from mild alertness to convulsions. It classifies stimulants into convulsants, analeptics, and psycho stimulants. Specific drugs are discussed in each category along with their mechanisms of action and uses. Cognitive enhancers aimed at improving cognition in conditions like Alzheimer's disease are also reviewed. Drugs that enhance cholinergic neurotransmission like donepezil as well as memantine, an NMDA receptor antagonist, are highlighted as treatments for Alzheimer's.
This document discusses various central nervous system stimulants and cognitive enhancers. It describes how CNS stimulants generally increase muscular and mental activity from mild alertness to convulsions. It classifies stimulants into convulsants, analeptics, and psycho stimulants. Specific drugs are discussed in each category along with their mechanisms of action, uses, and side effects. Cognitive enhancers aimed at improving cognition in conditions like Alzheimer's are also reviewed, focusing on cholinergic activators like donepezil as well as memantine which acts by blocking glutamate receptors.
Central nervous system stimulants work by increasing levels of neurotransmitters like dopamine and norepinephrine. They cause initial feelings of euphoria and increased alertness and energy. However, regular use can lead to tolerance and dependence. Common stimulants include caffeine, nicotine, cocaine, and amphetamines. They are used both medically to treat conditions like ADHD, obesity, and narcolepsy, as well as recreationally for their mood enhancing effects. However, stimulants also carry health risks like increased blood pressure, anxiety, and addiction. Their effects are mediated through interactions with neurotransmitter systems in the brain.
This document provides an overview of various substances that are commonly abused, including their pharmacological effects, symptoms of abuse and withdrawal, and treatment options. It covers alcohol, opioids, barbiturates, sedatives, marijuana, nicotine, amphetamines, cocaine, hallucinogens, and anabolic steroids. For each substance, it describes the acute and chronic effects of use as well as physiological adaptations like tolerance and dependence that can develop with prolonged use. The conclusion emphasizes that drug abuse is a serious public health problem that can negatively impact individuals and communities.
Stimulants work by acting on the central nervous system (CNS) to increase alertness and cognitive function. Stimulants can be prescription medications or illicit substances, such as Cocaine. Stimulants may be taken orally, snorted, or injected. If you have a Stimulant addiction, seek help today.
This document provides information on substance-related disorders including substance abuse, dependence, withdrawal, and intoxication. It defines substance abuse and dependence based on DSM-IV criteria. It describes the epidemiology, categories, and effects of commonly abused substances like stimulants, depressants, opiates, hallucinogens, inhalants, and caffeine. For each substance or class, it summarizes intoxication, withdrawal, treatment approaches, and diagnostic evaluation.
The reward pathway involves dopamine release in the nucleus accumbens mediated by the mesolimbic pathway. Drugs of abuse mimic neurotransmitters like endorphins, anandamide, acetylcholine, and dopamine to directly stimulate brain receptors and cause dopamine release. Repeated exposure leads to neuroadaptations and the transition from impulsive to compulsive drug use driven by craving and withdrawal. Stimulants like cocaine block reuptake of dopamine while cannabinoids activate endogenous cannabinoid receptors. The reward circuitry is interconnected with systems regulating hunger and sex.
The document discusses drugs used in de-addiction and treatment approaches. It begins by defining key terms like addiction, drug dependence, tolerance, and withdrawal syndrome. It then classifies common drugs of abuse such as narcotics, CNS depressants, stimulants, hallucinogens, cannabis, and others. For treatment, it describes pharmacological approaches like short-term drug substitution, aversive therapies, antagonists, and rehabilitation. Specific treatments are provided for addictions to opioids, alcohol, barbiturates, CNS stimulants, hallucinogens, cannabis, tobacco, and volatile inhalants.
This document discusses several central nervous system stimulants and hallucinogens, including their mechanisms of action, effects, uses, and adverse effects. It covers caffeine, nicotine, amphetamines, cocaine, cannabis compounds like THC, LSD, and phencyclidine. Caffeine and nicotine act by antagonizing adenosine receptors and activating norepinephrine neurons. Amphetamines and cocaine increase levels of dopamine, norepinephrine, and serotonin. THC causes euphoria by inhibiting GABA neurons. LSD shows agonism at 5-HT receptors. Phencyclidine inhibits neurotransmitter reuptake and causes dissociative anesthesia. Stimulants have medical uses but also
This document discusses the primary mechanisms of action, tolerance and withdrawal effects, and impacts of prolonged use for several substances including ethanol, hypnotics and sedatives, nicotine, opioids, cannabinoids, cocaine, amphetamines, ecstasy, inhalants, and hallucinogens. It notes that tolerance can develop for many substances through changes in brain receptors and metabolism, while withdrawal symptoms range from mild to severe and include effects like anxiety, insomnia, and seizures. Prolonged use of substances can lead to cognitive and brain impairments as well as increased risk of mental health issues.
This document discusses central nervous system stimulants. It describes how CNS stimulants primarily act to stimulate the central nervous system and can cause convulsions at high doses. It classifies CNS stimulants into convulsants, analeptics, and psychostimulants. Specific drugs are discussed within each category, along with their mechanisms of action, effects, and historical or current therapeutic uses. Cognition enhancers aimed at conditions like dementia are also briefly mentioned.
Substance abuse - Signs and Symptoms & Treatment over dependence CLINICAL TOX...Dr. Ebenezer Abraham
This topic is taken from the Pharm.D (Doctor of Pharmacy) 4th Year, Subject (Clinical Toxicology) which describes the signs and symptoms and treatment over dependence of SUBSTANCE ABUSE
Drug addiction involves complex interactions between brain circuitry, genetics, environment, and an individual's experiences. The mesolimbic dopamine system plays a key role in addiction, with drugs of abuse activating dopamine release and reinforcement. Animal models show addictive behaviors like prolonged self-administration despite negative consequences. Tolerance and withdrawal are also features of physical dependence. Treatment involves managing withdrawal symptoms, as well as behavioral therapies and medications to address psychological dependence and prevent relapse.
Parkinson's disease (PD) is a neurodegenerative disorder that affects predominately dopamine-producing (“dopaminergic”) neurons in a specific area of the brain called substantia nigra. ... People with PD may experience: Tremor, mainly at rest and described as pill rolling tremor in hands .
Is it dangerous to use benzodiazepines for life ?Menan Psych
The document discusses benzodiazepine withdrawal syndrome. It notes that 50-80% of people taking benzodiazepines for 6 months or longer experience withdrawal symptoms when reducing the dose. Withdrawal symptoms are more likely and severe with higher doses, longer use, and more rapid tapering. The most commonly reported withdrawal symptoms include insomnia, anxiety, tremors, and seizures. The document also reports the results of a study that assessed withdrawal symptoms in 547 chronic benzodiazepine users when they tapered their dose. It found that insomnia, anxiety, and muscular spasms were the most commonly reported and annoying withdrawal symptoms.
Promoting Wellbeing - Applied Social Psychology - Psychology SuperNotesPsychoTech Services
A proprietary approach developed by bringing together the best of learning theories from Psychology, design principles from the world of visualization, and pedagogical methods from over a decade of training experience, that enables you to: Learn better, faster!
Effective treatment for drug addiction in Mindheal Homeopathy clinic ,Chembur...Shewta shetty
"Drug Addiction- drug addiction is characterized by the use of narcotic drugs or alcohol excessively so that when its usage is stopped withdrawal symptoms are manifested in the body. Drug addiction is a complex but treatable condition. It can be treated by proper rehabilitation of the patient along with mindheal therapy."/>
This document discusses the biological basis of tobacco addiction and implications for treatment. It begins by explaining why people begin abusing drugs, such as for pleasure, stress relief, or peer pressure. It then defines addiction and dependence, outlining the diagnostic criteria. The document discusses how nicotine acts in the brain through acetylcholine receptors to stimulate the reward pathway. Genetic and conditioning factors that contribute to addiction are also reviewed. The text closes by summarizing withdrawal symptoms and different pharmacological treatments used to aid smoking cessation.
The document discusses the neurobiology of drug addiction. It describes how drugs of abuse act on the brain's reward system and other neurocircuitry to produce rewarding and reinforcing effects that lead to compulsion and addiction. Key areas discussed include how drugs increase dopamine and activate opioid receptors in the nucleus accumbens and amygdala during the acute phase, and later recruit stress systems like CRF to drive compulsive use associated with withdrawal.
This document discusses substance use disorders and different categories of abused substances. It defines substance intoxication, withdrawal, abuse, and dependence according to DSM-IV criteria. It then outlines 11 criteria for substance use disorder and notes changes in the DSM-5 definition. The document proceeds to describe characteristics of five categories of substances - depressants, stimulants, opioids, hallucinogens/PCP, and cannabis. Specific substances like alcohol, cocaine, amphetamines, nicotine, caffeine, heroin, LSD, and marijuana are discussed. Inhalants are also covered.
This document discusses various central nervous system stimulants and cognitive enhancers. It describes how CNS stimulants generally increase muscular and mental activity from mild alertness to convulsions. It classifies stimulants into convulsants, analeptics, and psycho stimulants. Specific drugs are discussed in each category along with their mechanisms of action and uses. Cognitive enhancers aimed at improving cognition in conditions like Alzheimer's disease are also reviewed. Drugs that enhance cholinergic neurotransmission like donepezil as well as memantine, an NMDA receptor antagonist, are highlighted as treatments for Alzheimer's.
This document discusses various central nervous system stimulants and cognitive enhancers. It describes how CNS stimulants generally increase muscular and mental activity from mild alertness to convulsions. It classifies stimulants into convulsants, analeptics, and psycho stimulants. Specific drugs are discussed in each category along with their mechanisms of action, uses, and side effects. Cognitive enhancers aimed at improving cognition in conditions like Alzheimer's are also reviewed, focusing on cholinergic activators like donepezil as well as memantine which acts by blocking glutamate receptors.
Central nervous system stimulants work by increasing levels of neurotransmitters like dopamine and norepinephrine. They cause initial feelings of euphoria and increased alertness and energy. However, regular use can lead to tolerance and dependence. Common stimulants include caffeine, nicotine, cocaine, and amphetamines. They are used both medically to treat conditions like ADHD, obesity, and narcolepsy, as well as recreationally for their mood enhancing effects. However, stimulants also carry health risks like increased blood pressure, anxiety, and addiction. Their effects are mediated through interactions with neurotransmitter systems in the brain.
This document provides an overview of various substances that are commonly abused, including their pharmacological effects, symptoms of abuse and withdrawal, and treatment options. It covers alcohol, opioids, barbiturates, sedatives, marijuana, nicotine, amphetamines, cocaine, hallucinogens, and anabolic steroids. For each substance, it describes the acute and chronic effects of use as well as physiological adaptations like tolerance and dependence that can develop with prolonged use. The conclusion emphasizes that drug abuse is a serious public health problem that can negatively impact individuals and communities.
Stimulants work by acting on the central nervous system (CNS) to increase alertness and cognitive function. Stimulants can be prescription medications or illicit substances, such as Cocaine. Stimulants may be taken orally, snorted, or injected. If you have a Stimulant addiction, seek help today.
This document provides information on substance-related disorders including substance abuse, dependence, withdrawal, and intoxication. It defines substance abuse and dependence based on DSM-IV criteria. It describes the epidemiology, categories, and effects of commonly abused substances like stimulants, depressants, opiates, hallucinogens, inhalants, and caffeine. For each substance or class, it summarizes intoxication, withdrawal, treatment approaches, and diagnostic evaluation.
The reward pathway involves dopamine release in the nucleus accumbens mediated by the mesolimbic pathway. Drugs of abuse mimic neurotransmitters like endorphins, anandamide, acetylcholine, and dopamine to directly stimulate brain receptors and cause dopamine release. Repeated exposure leads to neuroadaptations and the transition from impulsive to compulsive drug use driven by craving and withdrawal. Stimulants like cocaine block reuptake of dopamine while cannabinoids activate endogenous cannabinoid receptors. The reward circuitry is interconnected with systems regulating hunger and sex.
The document discusses drugs used in de-addiction and treatment approaches. It begins by defining key terms like addiction, drug dependence, tolerance, and withdrawal syndrome. It then classifies common drugs of abuse such as narcotics, CNS depressants, stimulants, hallucinogens, cannabis, and others. For treatment, it describes pharmacological approaches like short-term drug substitution, aversive therapies, antagonists, and rehabilitation. Specific treatments are provided for addictions to opioids, alcohol, barbiturates, CNS stimulants, hallucinogens, cannabis, tobacco, and volatile inhalants.
This document discusses several central nervous system stimulants and hallucinogens, including their mechanisms of action, effects, uses, and adverse effects. It covers caffeine, nicotine, amphetamines, cocaine, cannabis compounds like THC, LSD, and phencyclidine. Caffeine and nicotine act by antagonizing adenosine receptors and activating norepinephrine neurons. Amphetamines and cocaine increase levels of dopamine, norepinephrine, and serotonin. THC causes euphoria by inhibiting GABA neurons. LSD shows agonism at 5-HT receptors. Phencyclidine inhibits neurotransmitter reuptake and causes dissociative anesthesia. Stimulants have medical uses but also
This document discusses the primary mechanisms of action, tolerance and withdrawal effects, and impacts of prolonged use for several substances including ethanol, hypnotics and sedatives, nicotine, opioids, cannabinoids, cocaine, amphetamines, ecstasy, inhalants, and hallucinogens. It notes that tolerance can develop for many substances through changes in brain receptors and metabolism, while withdrawal symptoms range from mild to severe and include effects like anxiety, insomnia, and seizures. Prolonged use of substances can lead to cognitive and brain impairments as well as increased risk of mental health issues.
This document discusses central nervous system stimulants. It describes how CNS stimulants primarily act to stimulate the central nervous system and can cause convulsions at high doses. It classifies CNS stimulants into convulsants, analeptics, and psychostimulants. Specific drugs are discussed within each category, along with their mechanisms of action, effects, and historical or current therapeutic uses. Cognition enhancers aimed at conditions like dementia are also briefly mentioned.
Substance abuse - Signs and Symptoms & Treatment over dependence CLINICAL TOX...Dr. Ebenezer Abraham
This topic is taken from the Pharm.D (Doctor of Pharmacy) 4th Year, Subject (Clinical Toxicology) which describes the signs and symptoms and treatment over dependence of SUBSTANCE ABUSE
Drug addiction involves complex interactions between brain circuitry, genetics, environment, and an individual's experiences. The mesolimbic dopamine system plays a key role in addiction, with drugs of abuse activating dopamine release and reinforcement. Animal models show addictive behaviors like prolonged self-administration despite negative consequences. Tolerance and withdrawal are also features of physical dependence. Treatment involves managing withdrawal symptoms, as well as behavioral therapies and medications to address psychological dependence and prevent relapse.
Parkinson's disease (PD) is a neurodegenerative disorder that affects predominately dopamine-producing (“dopaminergic”) neurons in a specific area of the brain called substantia nigra. ... People with PD may experience: Tremor, mainly at rest and described as pill rolling tremor in hands .
Is it dangerous to use benzodiazepines for life ?Menan Psych
The document discusses benzodiazepine withdrawal syndrome. It notes that 50-80% of people taking benzodiazepines for 6 months or longer experience withdrawal symptoms when reducing the dose. Withdrawal symptoms are more likely and severe with higher doses, longer use, and more rapid tapering. The most commonly reported withdrawal symptoms include insomnia, anxiety, tremors, and seizures. The document also reports the results of a study that assessed withdrawal symptoms in 547 chronic benzodiazepine users when they tapered their dose. It found that insomnia, anxiety, and muscular spasms were the most commonly reported and annoying withdrawal symptoms.
Promoting Wellbeing - Applied Social Psychology - Psychology SuperNotesPsychoTech Services
A proprietary approach developed by bringing together the best of learning theories from Psychology, design principles from the world of visualization, and pedagogical methods from over a decade of training experience, that enables you to: Learn better, faster!
Does Over-Masturbation Contribute to Chronic Prostatitis.pptxwalterHu5
In some case, your chronic prostatitis may be related to over-masturbation. Generally, natural medicine Diuretic and Anti-inflammatory Pill can help mee get a cure.
TEST BANK For Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition by...Donc Test
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2. State result from repeated drug administration
(Weeks to months) That develop tolerance and withdrawal
symptoms upon cessation of drug use. Two type
Physiological dependence :removal of the drug evokes
unpleasant symptoms ,usually the opposite of the drugs effect
Psychological dependence ; the drug taker feels compelled to
use the drug and suffers anxiety when separated from drug
Substance abuse ; The criteria for substance abuse do not
include tolerance , withdrawal but instead include only the
harmful effect of repeated use
Most addictive drugs have action that facilitate of the effects of
dopamine in the CNS
3. Examples
criteria
Flunitrazepam ;heroin ;LSD
No medical use ;high addiction
potential
Amphetamin ;methylphenidate
;cocaine ;strong opioids(morphin
meperidine,fentanyl)
Medical use ;high addiction
potential
Anabolic
steroid;barbiturates;moderate
opiods(codeine,oxycodon )
Medical use ;moderate addiction
potential
Benzodiazepines;cloral hydrate
;weak opioids(propoxyphen)
Medical use ;low abuse potential
4. 1- sedative – hypnotics
The group includes ( barbiturates –benzodiazepines ) are
commonly prescribed drugs for anxiety and produce relaxation
these actions are encourage to repetitive use although the
primary action of these group involve facilitation of GABA; these
drugs also enhance brain dopamiergic pathways this related to
the development of addiction . These drugs cause CNS
depression so in acute overdose ,commonly result in death
through depression of the respiratory and cardiovascular center
flumazenil(I.V) used to reverse CNS depressant effects of
benzodiazepine but there is no antidote for barbiturates .
5. dependance occurs with continued use of sedative hypnotics drugs .
when discontinue of drug after long term therapeutic administration
result withdrawal symptoms,the signs and symptoms of withdrawal
derive from excessive CNS stimulation include (anxiety –tremor –
seizures ) treatment by administration of long acting drug (diazepam)
followed by gradual dose reduction
Withdrawal symptoms with benzodiazepines are less intense than with
barbiturates
Flunitrazepam is a rapid onset benzodiazepin with marked amnestic
propertise no medical used –high addiction potential has been used in
date rape make the victim incapable of resisting rape
6. 2- opioid
opioids have a broad range of effect, their primary use is to
relieve pain and the anxiety that accompanied it . Act by binding
to specific receptors in the CNS to produce effects that mimic
the action of endogenous peptide
. The most commonly abused drugs in this group are heroin,
morphine, codeine, oxycodone. I.V administration of opioids
associated with rapid development of tolerance, dependence
and addiction but oral administration or smoking of opioid
cause milder effects with a slower onset of tolerance and
dependance
7.
8. Treatment of withdrawal by methadone followed by slow dose
reduction . Buprenorphine a partial agonist at μ-Receptor and a longer
acting opioid also used as substitution therapy for opioid addicts .
naloxone (competitive antagonist) may cause precipitate the withdrawal
symptoms of opioid
9. A-Nicotine
Tobacco is usually prepared from leaves of Nicotiana tabacum
contain alkaloids (nicotine, nornicotine)
Nicotine is abused widely all over world in the form of
inhalation
(cigarette, pipe).
Dependance
Nicotine dependance is the most widely prevalent and deadly of all
substance dependencies
The dependence –effects of nicotine appear to be modulated by
dopamine which increased in smoker. signs and symptoms of
nicotin withdrawal can occur within 4 to 8 hours of the last
cigarette ,in fact most chronic smokers experience withdrawal
sypmtoms on waking up each morning
NRT,Bupropion, varenicline has been found to help people stop
smoking.,.
10.
11. Caffeine is the most commonly used in the world. Although consumption of
low to moderate doses of caffeine is generally safe, but some of caffeine
users become dependent on the drug and are unable to reduce consumption
despite knowledge of recurrent health problems associated with continued
use .Caffeine is a central nervous system stimulant drug which
occurs in nature as part of the coffee, tea, cocoa and other
plants .IS used to increase wakefulness, alleviate fatigue, and
improve concentration and focus...Caffeine's mechanism of
action is somewhat different from other drugs, caffeine
blocks adenosine receptors A1 and A2A (stimulation of
adenosine receptors produces feelings of the
need to sleep)
caffeine also increased release of dopamine, noradrenalin, and
glutamate
12. Studies suggest that dopamine release in the nucleus accumbens shell may be
a specific neuropharmacological mechanism underlying the addictive
potential of caffeine. Notably, dopamine release in this brain region is also
caused by other drugs of dependence, including amphetamines and cocaine.
Up-regulation of the adenosine system after chronic caffeine administration
appears to be a neurochemical mechanism underlying caffeine withdrawal
syndrome. This mechanism results in increased functional sensitivity to
adenosine during caffeine abstinence, and it likely plays an important role in
the behavioral and physiological effects produced by caffeine withdrawal.
13. Withdrawal
Caffeine withdrawal refers to a time-limited syndrome that develops after
cessation of chronic caffeine administration. Common symptoms include
headache, fatigue, difficulty concentrating, and dysphoric mood
The symptoms of caffeine withdrwawl usually start about 12 to 24 hours after
not having caffeine
steps to lower dependence on caffeine:
1-Increase water intake.
2-Replace one caffeine drink a day with a caffeine-free option. For
example, herbal tea or hot water with lemon.
3-incorporate exercise into your daily routine. It’s a natural stimulant for
your body and central nervous system.
14. C-Amphetamine
amphetamine causes emotional and cognitive effects such as
euphoria and increased wakefulness. Amphetamines increas
the concentration of dopamine in the synaptic gap so cause
dependance and wihdrawal symptoms can be avoid by tapering
the dose
15. An alkaloid ester extracted from the leaves of plants
including coca. It is a local anesthetic and
vasoconstrictor. It also has powerful CNS effect ,feelings
of well-being and euphoria .Act by inhibiting the
reuptake of serotonin,NE and dopamine ,This results in
greater concentrations of these neurotransmitters in the
brain
Cocaine is the second most frequently used Illegal drug,
after cannabis
withdrawal of cocaine cause dysphoria and depression
felt after initial high due to lack of normal amount of
serotonin and dopamin in the brain.
16. Cocaine has a relatively short half-life, withdrawal symptoms can
begin as soon as 90 minutes after the last dose. The symptoms of
acute cocaine withdrawal resolve after 7-10 days.
Treatment
A-There are no FDA-approved medication that specifically treat
cocaine withdrawal. However, there is some promising research on the
use of buprenorphine and naltrexone to treat cocaine withdrawal
B-benzodiazepine or Propanolol for treatment anxiety and
psychological problem
C-Anti depressant drugs may also be indicated
17. A-lysergic acid diethylamide(LSD),hallucinogenic effects may
also occur with scopolamine and other antimuscarinic
agents.None of these drugs has action on dopaminergic
pathways in the CNS ,interestingly,They do not cause
dependence.
People using these drug can safely stop taking it without
experiencing any physical symptoms of withdrawal. For this
reason, physical withdrawal treatment is not often required.
18. B- marijuana
Tetrahydrocannabinol(THC) is a component of marijuana act both
centrally and peripherally on endogenous cannabinoid receptor
Activation of cannabinoid receptors affects serotonin
release.therapeutic effects of marijuana include decrease
intraocular pressure , antiemetic effect and appetite stimulant ,
CNS effect include feeling of high with euphoria
Marijuana withdrawal symptoms may not be as severe as
withdrawal symptoms OF other substance cocaine and heroin
19.
20. These symptoms can range from mild to severe, and they vary from person to
person. These symptoms may not be severe or dangerous, but they can be
unpleasant.Treatment
A-Slowly reducing marijuana use may help to a marijuana-free life.
B- Stay hydrated. Drink lots of water and avoid sugary, caffeinated beverages
like soda.
C- Eat healthy foods. Fuel your body with a generous supply of fresh fruit,
vegetables, and lean protein..
D- Exercise every day. Squeeze in at least 30 minutes of exercise each day.
This provides a natural mood boost, and it can help remove toxins as you
sweat.
E- Find support. Surround yourself with friends, family members, and others
who can help you through any withdrawal symptoms you may experience.
21. Certain gases or volatile liquid are abused becouse they provide a feeling of
euphoria . three group
A- Anesthetic ; this group include nitrous oxide , chloroform
B- Industrial solvents; include gasoline,aerosol propellant,rubber cements
and shoe polish. These substance are most frequently abuse by children in
early adolescence
C- organic nitrites; include amyl nitrite and isobutyl nitrite
22. Anabolic steroids are controlled substance based on their potential for
abuse . Effects sought by abusers are increase in muscle mass and
strength rather than euphoria . However,excessive use can have
adverse behavioral(increased in libido and aggression)also increase
risk of myocardial infract , acne and masculinization in females .a
withdrawal syndrome has been described with fatigue and decreased
appetite
Steroid use cannot be stopped abruptly , tapering the drug gives the
adrenal glands time to return to their normal patterns of secretion