Importance of Cobalt to the human system, its absorption, transportation and storage, its recommended dietary allowance, deficiency symptoms and toxicity
Copper -trace element, Biochemical role of copper, RDA of copper, Deficiency diseases of Copper, Cobalt - Introduction, Biochemical role of cobalt, RDA of cobalt, Deficiency diseases of cobalt, Selenium - introduction, Biochemical role of selenium, RDA of selenium, Deficiency diseases of selenium
Cobalt is an essential mineral that is part of vitamin B12. It plays an important role in the body by helping to form red blood cells, allowing the body to use vitamin C and iron efficiently, and assisting in the production of enzymes. Good dietary sources include meat, fish, milk and leafy greens. Cobalt deficiency can result in anemia and neurological issues. Recent research has studied the effects of cobalt supplementation in vegetarian diets, levels in pregnant women, its role in hypoxia response in athletes, and impacts on fish growth.
B12 metabolism..................................... and role of various proteins in b12 metabolism..... necessity of supplementation..........................................
This document provides an overview of calcium metabolism and disorders. It discusses:
1. The essential biochemical functions of calcium in muscle contraction, nerve impulse transmission, hormone secretion, and enzyme activation.
2. How calcium levels are tightly regulated by parathyroid hormone, calcitriol (vitamin D), and calcitonin through effects on intestinal absorption, renal excretion, and bone resorption.
3. Common calcium metabolism disorders like hypercalcemia and hypocalcemia, their causes, symptoms, and treatment. Primary hyperparathyroidism is the most common cause of hypercalcemia.
Selenium is an essential mineral that plays an important antioxidant role in the body. It is present in tissues like the liver at around 10 mg total. Sources of selenium include meats, seafood, grains and organs like liver and kidney. Selenium is absorbed in the duodenum and transported bound to proteins in the bloodstream. It is mainly excreted through urine and has a recommended daily intake of 50-200 μg. Selenium is an important component of the antioxidant enzyme glutathione peroxidase, which helps convert harmful oxygen free radicals into less toxic forms. It also aids in thyroid hormone conversion and protects against heavy metal toxicity. Selenium deficiency can result in conditions like cardiomyopathy, muscular dystrophy and Keshan disease.
Introduction of Zinc, Zinc Chemistry, Zinc functions, Zinc metabolism , Role in diarrhea , role in wound healing, immunity , hormones , catalytic zinc atom structure zinc atom , zinc enzyme, acrodermatitis enteropathica, toxicity
Copper -trace element, Biochemical role of copper, RDA of copper, Deficiency diseases of Copper, Cobalt - Introduction, Biochemical role of cobalt, RDA of cobalt, Deficiency diseases of cobalt, Selenium - introduction, Biochemical role of selenium, RDA of selenium, Deficiency diseases of selenium
Cobalt is an essential mineral that is part of vitamin B12. It plays an important role in the body by helping to form red blood cells, allowing the body to use vitamin C and iron efficiently, and assisting in the production of enzymes. Good dietary sources include meat, fish, milk and leafy greens. Cobalt deficiency can result in anemia and neurological issues. Recent research has studied the effects of cobalt supplementation in vegetarian diets, levels in pregnant women, its role in hypoxia response in athletes, and impacts on fish growth.
B12 metabolism..................................... and role of various proteins in b12 metabolism..... necessity of supplementation..........................................
This document provides an overview of calcium metabolism and disorders. It discusses:
1. The essential biochemical functions of calcium in muscle contraction, nerve impulse transmission, hormone secretion, and enzyme activation.
2. How calcium levels are tightly regulated by parathyroid hormone, calcitriol (vitamin D), and calcitonin through effects on intestinal absorption, renal excretion, and bone resorption.
3. Common calcium metabolism disorders like hypercalcemia and hypocalcemia, their causes, symptoms, and treatment. Primary hyperparathyroidism is the most common cause of hypercalcemia.
Selenium is an essential mineral that plays an important antioxidant role in the body. It is present in tissues like the liver at around 10 mg total. Sources of selenium include meats, seafood, grains and organs like liver and kidney. Selenium is absorbed in the duodenum and transported bound to proteins in the bloodstream. It is mainly excreted through urine and has a recommended daily intake of 50-200 μg. Selenium is an important component of the antioxidant enzyme glutathione peroxidase, which helps convert harmful oxygen free radicals into less toxic forms. It also aids in thyroid hormone conversion and protects against heavy metal toxicity. Selenium deficiency can result in conditions like cardiomyopathy, muscular dystrophy and Keshan disease.
Introduction of Zinc, Zinc Chemistry, Zinc functions, Zinc metabolism , Role in diarrhea , role in wound healing, immunity , hormones , catalytic zinc atom structure zinc atom , zinc enzyme, acrodermatitis enteropathica, toxicity
This document discusses molybdenum, including its sources in foods like beans, nuts, and leafy greens. It is absorbed in the intestines and transported through the blood, storing primarily in the liver, kidneys, and bone. Molybdenum functions as a cofactor for enzymes involved in sulfur oxidation, purine catabolism, and other reactions. It is excreted mainly in the urine, and deficiencies have been associated with esophageal cancer while toxicity can cause gout-like symptoms at very high intakes.
Iron is a mineral that serves three main functions in the human body: carrying oxygen, maintaining the immune system, and aiding energy production. There are two types of iron - heme iron found in meat which is well-absorbed, and non-heme iron found in plants which is not as well-absorbed and can vary from under 1% to 20% absorption depending on one's iron stores. Insufficient iron intake can lead to fatigue, infections, and impaired learning. Hepcidin regulates iron absorption by inhibiting iron transport across the gut. Diseases related to iron include cardiovascular disease, hemochromatosis, and anemia.
This document provides information on vitamin E, including its structure, functions, recommended dietary allowance, absorption, and deficiency manifestations. It notes that vitamin E was first isolated in 1936 and named tocopherol. The most biologically active form is alpha-tocopherol. It acts as an antioxidant, protects cell membranes, and works with selenium. The recommended daily intake is 15 mg or 33 IU. Vitamin E deficiency can cause hemolytic anemia and retrolental fibroplasia in premature babies.
A presentation on pantothenic acid or b5jainsaketjain
1. Pantothenic acid, also known as vitamin B5, is an essential vitamin that plays a key role in energy production and metabolism.
2. It is widely found in foods like meat, eggs, legumes, and whole grains. Pantothenic acid is a component of coenzyme A which is involved in important processes in the body.
3. Deficiency of pantothenic acid is rare due to its abundance in foods, but may cause burning sensations in hands and feet, fatigue, and muscle cramps. The recommended daily intake is 2-7 mg depending on age.
Cobalt is necessary for vitamin B12 activity and is incorporated into its corrin ring. It is present in two coenzymes involved in methylation reactions. A cobalt deficiency results in vitamin B12 deficiency and megaloblastic anemia. Chromium facilitates glucose metabolism and lipid transport as part of its role in insulin function. It lowers cholesterol and raises HDL levels. Nickel activates some enzymes while inhibiting others and is required for growth, but deficiency in humans is unknown. Toxicity of excess amounts can damage organs.
Zinc is a micronutrient that is essential for cellular metabolism and the function of over 100 enzymes. It is absorbed in the small intestine and transported to tissues like the liver and blood cells. Zinc is lost from the body primarily through gastrointestinal excretion and helps control hormone release and nerve signaling. Zinc deficiency can cause growth retardation and skin disorders, while adequate zinc supports immune function and reduces the duration of diarrhea. Therapeutically, zinc treatment has proven highly effective for decreasing the occurrence of prolonged childhood diarrhea in developing countries.
This document discusses vitamin D, including its forms, functions, metabolism, and deficiency/toxicity. Some key points:
- Vitamin D exists in two forms, D2 and D3. D3 is produced in the skin upon sun exposure and converted to its active form in the liver and kidneys.
- Its active form, calcitriol, regulates calcium and phosphorus levels by increasing their absorption in the intestine and reabsorption in kidneys. It also mobilizes calcium from bones.
- Deficiency causes rickets in children and osteomalacia in adults due to impaired bone mineralization. Toxicity leads to hypercalcemia which can damage soft tissues like kidneys.
Vitamin B12 deficiency is the most likely diagnosis for this patient based on her history, examination findings, and laboratory results. The underlying problem is likely inadequate dietary intake of vitamin B12 as a result of her vegan diet. The two most common causes of megaloblastic anemia are vitamin B12 deficiency and folate deficiency. However, her history of fatigue, numbness, diarrhea, weight loss, and beefy red tongue point more specifically to vitamin B12 deficiency, as folate deficiency would be less likely given her dietary habits.
This document provides information about vitamin C, including its food sources, functions, recommended dietary allowances, deficiency, research, and references. It summarizes that vitamin C is an essential water-soluble vitamin obtained through foods like fruits and vegetables as humans cannot synthesize it themselves. The document outlines vitamin C's roles in collagen synthesis, immune function, and as an antioxidant for protecting against free radical damage. It also details signs of deficiency like scurvy and groups at higher risk like smokers.
This document provides an overview of vitamin E, including its history, structure, metabolism, storage, functions, requirements, and effects of deficiency. Some key points:
- Vitamin E is a fat-soluble vitamin that acts as an antioxidant and protects cell membranes from free radical damage. It has various physiological benefits.
- Early research in the 1930s-40s showed vitamin E supplements could treat premature infants and reduce hemolysis in rats. This established vitamin E's role in hemolytic anemia.
- Requirements depend on factors like unsaturated fat intake, with 3-15 mg/day needed by humans on average. Higher PUFA diets require more vitamin E.
- Def
Iron is an essential trace element that plays many critical roles in the human body. It is required to produce red blood cells and hemoglobin, which transports oxygen throughout the body. A lack of iron can lead to iron deficiency and iron deficiency anemia. Symptoms of iron deficiency include fatigue, dizziness, hair loss, and brittle nails. Good dietary sources of iron include red meat, poultry, lentils, beans, and leafy greens. Iron supplements are often used to treat iron deficiency. Maintaining adequate iron levels is important for health, but too much iron can promote bacterial growth.
The document discusses nutrition requirements during pregnancy and lactation. It recommends increased calorie, protein, vitamin and mineral intake during these stages. Key recommendations include 300 extra calories per day during pregnancy, 10-12 kg total weight gain, and extra 20-30g protein during lactation. Deficiencies of iron, iodine, calcium and vitamin D can lead to complications. A balanced diet with milk, fruits and vegetables can meet nutritional demands.
This document discusses vitamin C, including its functions, dietary sources, recommended intake amounts, and the role of vitamin C in various health conditions. Some key points include: Vitamin C is water-soluble and acts as an antioxidant; dietary sources include citrus fruits, berries, peppers and broccoli; recommended daily amounts vary from 15-90 mg depending on age and gender; and higher vitamin C intake through food or supplements may help reduce risks of conditions like cardiovascular disease, cancer and stroke. However, very high supplemental doses could increase risks of side effects like diarrhea or kidney stones.
Vitamin D plays a key role in calcium and phosphorus homeostasis by facilitating intestinal absorption of calcium and phosphorus and promoting their renal reabsorption. It does so through its active metabolite, 1,25-(OH)2D3, which binds to vitamin D receptors in target tissues like intestine, bone and kidney to regulate gene expression. The parathyroid gland senses calcium levels and secretes PTH in response to low calcium, stimulating 1-hydroxylase to produce more 1,25-(OH)2D3 and increase calcium absorption and resorption from bone. This maintains optimal serum calcium concentrations.
Vitamin D is a fat-soluble vitamin that is produced in the body after exposure to sunlight. It has two major forms, vitamin D3 and D2. Vitamin D acts as a hormone by binding to vitamin D receptors in tissues like bone and intestine. It helps regulate calcium and phosphate absorption and bone remodeling. Deficiencies can lead to rickets in children or osteomalacia in adults, characterized by soft, deformed bones and fractures. Sources include sunlight, fatty fish, and fortified foods. Toxicity from excess vitamin D causes hypercalcemia.
Megadoses of vitamin C may increase oxalate production leading to kidney stone formation, inhibit uric acid reabsorption, enhance B12 destruction in the gut, increase iron absorption potentially causing overload, have mutagenic effects, and increase ascorbate catabolism even after returning to lower doses. The document warns that individuals with a history of kidney stones should avoid vitamin C doses over 1000 mg.
The effects of a deficiency of one vitamin would not ordinarily be expected to be highly dependent on the presence or absence of another vitamin in the diet, since the symptoms of deficiency of each vitamin are usually quite distinct. Nevertheless, antagonistic or synergistic interactions between vitamins may occur to a greater or less extent. While several mechanisms can be proposed whereby vitamins can be synergistic, it is more difficult to conceive of one which could explain vitamin antagonism.
Vitamin B12, also called cobalamin, is a water-soluble vitamin that plays a key role in the functioning of the brain and nervous system. It is involved in DNA synthesis, fatty acid and amino acid metabolism. Vitamin B12 is produced by bacteria and archaea and is found naturally in animal products like meat, eggs and dairy. Deficiency can cause fatigue, neurological problems, and psychosis. It is used to treat deficiency, cyanide poisoning, and hereditary conditions.
Molybdenum is a component of enzymes like xanthine oxidase, aldehyde oxidase, and sulfite oxidase. Good dietary sources include liver, kidney, meat, milk, whole grains, legumes, and leafy vegetables. The recommended daily intake is 200 micrograms. Molybdenum is readily absorbed and incorporated into enzymes, where it serves as a cofactor. Deficiency is rare but causes xanthinuria and low uric acid levels, while excess molybdenum intake can impair growth and cause diarrhea or anemia.
Vitamin K plays an important role in blood clotting and bone mineralization. There are two main forms - K1 (phylloquinone) synthesized by plants and K2 (menaquinone) synthesized by bacteria. Vitamin K acts as a cofactor for gamma-carboxylation of clotting factors and bone proteins. Deficiency can cause bleeding issues while toxicity is rare. Good dietary sources include green vegetables and fermented foods. Drug interactions with anticoagulants are an important consideration.
Cobalt was discovered in 1739 by Swedish chemist Georg Brandt. Cobalt is an essential nutrient for humans and animals as the main component of vitamin B12, which is produced by bacteria in ruminant animals and humans. The cobalt atom in vitamin B12 is attached to groups including deoxyadenosyl, methyl, and cyano or hydroxyl. While cobalt is necessary, the human body requires it in the form of vitamin B12 rather than ionic cobalt, and sufficient vitamin B12 intake from foods is important for human nutrition.
This document discusses molybdenum, including its sources in foods like beans, nuts, and leafy greens. It is absorbed in the intestines and transported through the blood, storing primarily in the liver, kidneys, and bone. Molybdenum functions as a cofactor for enzymes involved in sulfur oxidation, purine catabolism, and other reactions. It is excreted mainly in the urine, and deficiencies have been associated with esophageal cancer while toxicity can cause gout-like symptoms at very high intakes.
Iron is a mineral that serves three main functions in the human body: carrying oxygen, maintaining the immune system, and aiding energy production. There are two types of iron - heme iron found in meat which is well-absorbed, and non-heme iron found in plants which is not as well-absorbed and can vary from under 1% to 20% absorption depending on one's iron stores. Insufficient iron intake can lead to fatigue, infections, and impaired learning. Hepcidin regulates iron absorption by inhibiting iron transport across the gut. Diseases related to iron include cardiovascular disease, hemochromatosis, and anemia.
This document provides information on vitamin E, including its structure, functions, recommended dietary allowance, absorption, and deficiency manifestations. It notes that vitamin E was first isolated in 1936 and named tocopherol. The most biologically active form is alpha-tocopherol. It acts as an antioxidant, protects cell membranes, and works with selenium. The recommended daily intake is 15 mg or 33 IU. Vitamin E deficiency can cause hemolytic anemia and retrolental fibroplasia in premature babies.
A presentation on pantothenic acid or b5jainsaketjain
1. Pantothenic acid, also known as vitamin B5, is an essential vitamin that plays a key role in energy production and metabolism.
2. It is widely found in foods like meat, eggs, legumes, and whole grains. Pantothenic acid is a component of coenzyme A which is involved in important processes in the body.
3. Deficiency of pantothenic acid is rare due to its abundance in foods, but may cause burning sensations in hands and feet, fatigue, and muscle cramps. The recommended daily intake is 2-7 mg depending on age.
Cobalt is necessary for vitamin B12 activity and is incorporated into its corrin ring. It is present in two coenzymes involved in methylation reactions. A cobalt deficiency results in vitamin B12 deficiency and megaloblastic anemia. Chromium facilitates glucose metabolism and lipid transport as part of its role in insulin function. It lowers cholesterol and raises HDL levels. Nickel activates some enzymes while inhibiting others and is required for growth, but deficiency in humans is unknown. Toxicity of excess amounts can damage organs.
Zinc is a micronutrient that is essential for cellular metabolism and the function of over 100 enzymes. It is absorbed in the small intestine and transported to tissues like the liver and blood cells. Zinc is lost from the body primarily through gastrointestinal excretion and helps control hormone release and nerve signaling. Zinc deficiency can cause growth retardation and skin disorders, while adequate zinc supports immune function and reduces the duration of diarrhea. Therapeutically, zinc treatment has proven highly effective for decreasing the occurrence of prolonged childhood diarrhea in developing countries.
This document discusses vitamin D, including its forms, functions, metabolism, and deficiency/toxicity. Some key points:
- Vitamin D exists in two forms, D2 and D3. D3 is produced in the skin upon sun exposure and converted to its active form in the liver and kidneys.
- Its active form, calcitriol, regulates calcium and phosphorus levels by increasing their absorption in the intestine and reabsorption in kidneys. It also mobilizes calcium from bones.
- Deficiency causes rickets in children and osteomalacia in adults due to impaired bone mineralization. Toxicity leads to hypercalcemia which can damage soft tissues like kidneys.
Vitamin B12 deficiency is the most likely diagnosis for this patient based on her history, examination findings, and laboratory results. The underlying problem is likely inadequate dietary intake of vitamin B12 as a result of her vegan diet. The two most common causes of megaloblastic anemia are vitamin B12 deficiency and folate deficiency. However, her history of fatigue, numbness, diarrhea, weight loss, and beefy red tongue point more specifically to vitamin B12 deficiency, as folate deficiency would be less likely given her dietary habits.
This document provides information about vitamin C, including its food sources, functions, recommended dietary allowances, deficiency, research, and references. It summarizes that vitamin C is an essential water-soluble vitamin obtained through foods like fruits and vegetables as humans cannot synthesize it themselves. The document outlines vitamin C's roles in collagen synthesis, immune function, and as an antioxidant for protecting against free radical damage. It also details signs of deficiency like scurvy and groups at higher risk like smokers.
This document provides an overview of vitamin E, including its history, structure, metabolism, storage, functions, requirements, and effects of deficiency. Some key points:
- Vitamin E is a fat-soluble vitamin that acts as an antioxidant and protects cell membranes from free radical damage. It has various physiological benefits.
- Early research in the 1930s-40s showed vitamin E supplements could treat premature infants and reduce hemolysis in rats. This established vitamin E's role in hemolytic anemia.
- Requirements depend on factors like unsaturated fat intake, with 3-15 mg/day needed by humans on average. Higher PUFA diets require more vitamin E.
- Def
Iron is an essential trace element that plays many critical roles in the human body. It is required to produce red blood cells and hemoglobin, which transports oxygen throughout the body. A lack of iron can lead to iron deficiency and iron deficiency anemia. Symptoms of iron deficiency include fatigue, dizziness, hair loss, and brittle nails. Good dietary sources of iron include red meat, poultry, lentils, beans, and leafy greens. Iron supplements are often used to treat iron deficiency. Maintaining adequate iron levels is important for health, but too much iron can promote bacterial growth.
The document discusses nutrition requirements during pregnancy and lactation. It recommends increased calorie, protein, vitamin and mineral intake during these stages. Key recommendations include 300 extra calories per day during pregnancy, 10-12 kg total weight gain, and extra 20-30g protein during lactation. Deficiencies of iron, iodine, calcium and vitamin D can lead to complications. A balanced diet with milk, fruits and vegetables can meet nutritional demands.
This document discusses vitamin C, including its functions, dietary sources, recommended intake amounts, and the role of vitamin C in various health conditions. Some key points include: Vitamin C is water-soluble and acts as an antioxidant; dietary sources include citrus fruits, berries, peppers and broccoli; recommended daily amounts vary from 15-90 mg depending on age and gender; and higher vitamin C intake through food or supplements may help reduce risks of conditions like cardiovascular disease, cancer and stroke. However, very high supplemental doses could increase risks of side effects like diarrhea or kidney stones.
Vitamin D plays a key role in calcium and phosphorus homeostasis by facilitating intestinal absorption of calcium and phosphorus and promoting their renal reabsorption. It does so through its active metabolite, 1,25-(OH)2D3, which binds to vitamin D receptors in target tissues like intestine, bone and kidney to regulate gene expression. The parathyroid gland senses calcium levels and secretes PTH in response to low calcium, stimulating 1-hydroxylase to produce more 1,25-(OH)2D3 and increase calcium absorption and resorption from bone. This maintains optimal serum calcium concentrations.
Vitamin D is a fat-soluble vitamin that is produced in the body after exposure to sunlight. It has two major forms, vitamin D3 and D2. Vitamin D acts as a hormone by binding to vitamin D receptors in tissues like bone and intestine. It helps regulate calcium and phosphate absorption and bone remodeling. Deficiencies can lead to rickets in children or osteomalacia in adults, characterized by soft, deformed bones and fractures. Sources include sunlight, fatty fish, and fortified foods. Toxicity from excess vitamin D causes hypercalcemia.
Megadoses of vitamin C may increase oxalate production leading to kidney stone formation, inhibit uric acid reabsorption, enhance B12 destruction in the gut, increase iron absorption potentially causing overload, have mutagenic effects, and increase ascorbate catabolism even after returning to lower doses. The document warns that individuals with a history of kidney stones should avoid vitamin C doses over 1000 mg.
The effects of a deficiency of one vitamin would not ordinarily be expected to be highly dependent on the presence or absence of another vitamin in the diet, since the symptoms of deficiency of each vitamin are usually quite distinct. Nevertheless, antagonistic or synergistic interactions between vitamins may occur to a greater or less extent. While several mechanisms can be proposed whereby vitamins can be synergistic, it is more difficult to conceive of one which could explain vitamin antagonism.
Vitamin B12, also called cobalamin, is a water-soluble vitamin that plays a key role in the functioning of the brain and nervous system. It is involved in DNA synthesis, fatty acid and amino acid metabolism. Vitamin B12 is produced by bacteria and archaea and is found naturally in animal products like meat, eggs and dairy. Deficiency can cause fatigue, neurological problems, and psychosis. It is used to treat deficiency, cyanide poisoning, and hereditary conditions.
Molybdenum is a component of enzymes like xanthine oxidase, aldehyde oxidase, and sulfite oxidase. Good dietary sources include liver, kidney, meat, milk, whole grains, legumes, and leafy vegetables. The recommended daily intake is 200 micrograms. Molybdenum is readily absorbed and incorporated into enzymes, where it serves as a cofactor. Deficiency is rare but causes xanthinuria and low uric acid levels, while excess molybdenum intake can impair growth and cause diarrhea or anemia.
Vitamin K plays an important role in blood clotting and bone mineralization. There are two main forms - K1 (phylloquinone) synthesized by plants and K2 (menaquinone) synthesized by bacteria. Vitamin K acts as a cofactor for gamma-carboxylation of clotting factors and bone proteins. Deficiency can cause bleeding issues while toxicity is rare. Good dietary sources include green vegetables and fermented foods. Drug interactions with anticoagulants are an important consideration.
Cobalt was discovered in 1739 by Swedish chemist Georg Brandt. Cobalt is an essential nutrient for humans and animals as the main component of vitamin B12, which is produced by bacteria in ruminant animals and humans. The cobalt atom in vitamin B12 is attached to groups including deoxyadenosyl, methyl, and cyano or hydroxyl. While cobalt is necessary, the human body requires it in the form of vitamin B12 rather than ionic cobalt, and sufficient vitamin B12 intake from foods is important for human nutrition.
Vitamin B12- definition, functions, absorption, storage, transportation, deficiency, pernicious anemia, relationship between vitamin B12 and folate deficiency, sign & symptoms, deficiency in case of maternal & child health care, RDA, sources, prevention and treatment.
Causes of vitamin b12 and folate deficiencyfrankln
This document discusses the main causes of vitamin B12 and folate deficiency. The most common causes of vitamin B12 deficiency are inadequate dietary intake, especially among strict vegetarians who do not consume animal foods, and malabsorption in elderly people due to gastric atrophy. Low intake of animal foods can also cause vitamin B12 depletion in some lacto-ovo vegetarians and populations with low animal food consumption. The primary cause of folate deficiency is also low dietary intake of foods rich in folate such as legumes and green leafy vegetables.
Vitamin B12 is a water-soluble vitamin that plays important roles in energy production, DNA synthesis, and neurological function. It is found naturally in animal products like meat, fish, dairy, and eggs. Vitamin B12 deficiency can cause anemia and damage to the nervous system. It is usually caused by lack of absorption rather than intake. Treatment involves B12 injections or supplements.
Water soluble vitamins and its dental implicationsmounikasandeep
This document summarizes key information about water soluble vitamins B and C. It discusses their dietary sources, metabolism, metabolic functions, recommended daily allowances, deficiency symptoms, hypervitaminosis, and dental considerations. Specific vitamins covered in detail include vitamin C, thiamine, riboflavin, and niacin. The document also provides classifications of water soluble vitamins and discusses the coenzyme roles of vitamin B complexes.
Vitamin B12, also known as cobalamin, is the most chemically complex vitamin. It contains a central cobalt atom and is synthesized exclusively by bacteria. Deficiency can result from inadequate dietary intake, food-bound malabsorption, or absorption issues in the gastrointestinal tract. Pernicious anemia, a historical fatal disease, is now known to be caused by B12 deficiency. Notable historical figures like Mary Todd Lincoln and Marie Curie have been diagnosed posthumously with B12 deficiency disorders. The discovery and isolation of B12 resolved the "cobalamin mystery" and led to effective treatment for pernicious anemia using liver extracts and later bacterial cultures.
This document discusses megaloblastic anemia, specifically focusing on vitamin B12 and folate deficiencies. It defines megaloblastic anemia and describes the mechanisms, causes, metabolism, functions, and pathophysiology of vitamin B12 and folate. It also discusses pernicious anemia, masked megaloblastic anemia, and provides diagrams of vitamin B12 absorption, transport, and biochemical functions. The key points covered are the roles of vitamin B12 and folate in DNA synthesis, the resulting impaired cell proliferation and megaloblast formation in bone marrow, and the clinical effects of ineffective hematopoiesis.
1. Alcohol consumption can lead to liver cirrhosis over many years by causing oxidative stress and toxicity in the liver from its metabolites like acetaldehyde. It also depletes nutrients like zinc, magnesium and B vitamins.
2. Liver cirrhosis disrupts the liver's ability to filter toxins and produce proteins, which can cause complications like liver cancer and failure. Micronutrients play an important role in liver health and their deficiencies exacerbate alcohol-related liver damage.
3. Zinc, magnesium, folate and other micronutrients are often deficient in alcoholics due to the effects of alcohol on nutrient absorption and metabolism. This can create a vicious cycle of worsening cravings
Pernicious anemia is an autoimmune disease where the body attacks intrinsic factor, a protein needed to absorb vitamin B12 from food. This leads to a B12 deficiency. It is caused by the destruction of gastric parietal cells which produce intrinsic factor. Without intrinsic factor, the body cannot absorb B12 from the digestive tract. Regular B12 injections or high dose oral supplements are needed to treat and prevent symptoms of the deficiency.
Pernicious anemia is an autoimmune disease where the body attacks intrinsic factor, a protein needed to absorb vitamin B12 from food. This leads to a B12 deficiency. It is caused by the destruction of gastric parietal cells which produce intrinsic factor. Without intrinsic factor, the body cannot absorb B12 from the digestive tract. Regular B12 injections or high dose oral supplements are needed to treat and prevent symptoms of the deficiency.
Vitamin B12, also known as cobalamin, is an essential water-soluble vitamin that plays critical roles in DNA synthesis, fatty acid and amino acid metabolism, and nerve cell function. It is naturally found in animal products and produced by bacteria. Deficiency can result in megaloblastic anemia and neurological problems. While generally safe, high doses may cause side effects like diarrhea or allergic reactions. Vitamin B12 has various applications in treating conditions like immune dysfunction, allergies, and cyanide poisoning.
Vitamins are nutrients that our bodies cannot produce on their own and must be obtained through foods or supplements. They are essential for good health and many bodily functions. Vitamins are classified as either water-soluble or fat-soluble. Water-soluble vitamins like vitamin C and the B vitamins dissolve in water and are not stored in the body, so must be consumed regularly. Fat-soluble vitamins like A, D, E and K are stored in body fat and tissues. Vitamins play important roles in growth, development, energy production and disease prevention. Deficiencies can lead to various health conditions.
This document discusses vitamin B1 (thiamine). It defines vitamins and provides information on the chemistry, dietary sources, deficiency symptoms, and physiological significance of vitamin B1. Key points include: vitamin B1 enables the body to use carbohydrates as energy and plays a role in nerve, muscle, and heart function; common dietary sources include cereals, pulses, nuts, and pork; deficiency can cause beri-beri and symptoms like weakness; and the active form, thiamine pyrophosphate, is important for glucose metabolism and energy releasing reactions.
This document discusses minerals in foods, including their classification and nutritional roles. It begins by defining minerals as elements other than carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, and nitrogen. Minerals are divided into three classes: main elements, trace elements, and ultra-trace elements. The main roles and food sources of important minerals like calcium, sodium, iron, zinc, and iodine are described. The document also discusses how minerals can impact food texture, flavor, and chemical reactions during processing. Minerals are essential for many enzymatic and metabolic functions in the human body.
Vitamins are organic compounds required in small amounts for normal growth, maintenance and reproduction. They are classified as water-soluble or fat-soluble depending on their solubility. Water-soluble vitamins include vitamin C, the B-complex vitamins, and others. They function as coenzymes in metabolism. Deficiencies can cause diseases like scurvy and beriberi. Fat-soluble vitamins are vitamin A, D, E, and K. The document provides details on the chemistry, sources, functions and deficiencies of various water-soluble vitamins.
Vitamin B12 is a water-soluble vitamin that is naturally present in animal products and added to fortified foods. It is required for proper red blood cell formation, neurological function, and DNA synthesis. Deficiency is linked more to improper absorption rather than low consumption and can be caused by pernicious anemia, atrophic gastritis, gastrointestinal surgery or disorders, and inadequate intake from plant-based diets. Symptoms of deficiency include megaloblastic anemia, fatigue, neurological changes, and in infants, developmental delays. Treatment involves injections or high oral doses of vitamin B12 to bypass absorption issues.
Cobalamin is also called vitamin b12.
Group of compounds called corrinoids (a group of cobalamin)- Coenzyme form: methylcobalamin and 5-deoxyadenosylcobalamin are forms of vitamin B12 in the human body- Humans can convert most of the other cobalamins into an active coenzyme form.
Once absorbed, cobalamin travels in the portal blood to the liver, and then to the rest ofthe body, bound to the transport protein, transcobalamin
Methionine synthase- converts homocysteine to methionine. Reduces blood homocysteine concentrations (reduces CVD).
Similar to Cobalt(co) bch 628 (advanced nutritional biochemistry) (20)
Brief understanding of enzymes and enzyme inhibitors, the main classes of enzyme inhibitors , the types of reversible inhibitors and proofs of their Michaelis-Menten equations.
Selenium micronutrient, its importance to the human system, how it's being metabolized, its sources, some diseases that may arise due to deficiency, people at risk of this deficiency, its recommended dietary allowance, symptoms associated to toxicity and some drugs that may decrease its circulation.
Calcium(ca) mineral bch 628(advanced nutritional biochemistry)ArreyettaBawakAugust
Calcium micronutrient, its importance to the human system, its sources, recommended dietary allowance, metabolism, functions and symptoms of deficiency.
Importance of Iron(Fe) mineral to the human body, some symptoms of Iron deficiency, people at risk of iron deficiency, the recommended dietary allowance and some symptoms of Iron toxicity.
The skin is the largest organ and its health plays a vital role among the other sense organs. The skin concerns like acne breakout, psoriasis, or anything similar along the lines, finding a qualified and experienced dermatologist becomes paramount.
Osteoporosis - Definition , Evaluation and Management .pdfJim Jacob Roy
Osteoporosis is an increasing cause of morbidity among the elderly.
In this document , a brief outline of osteoporosis is given , including the risk factors of osteoporosis fractures , the indications for testing bone mineral density and the management of osteoporosis
5-hydroxytryptamine or 5-HT or Serotonin is a neurotransmitter that serves a range of roles in the human body. It is sometimes referred to as the happy chemical since it promotes overall well-being and happiness.
It is mostly found in the brain, intestines, and blood platelets.
5-HT is utilised to transport messages between nerve cells, is known to be involved in smooth muscle contraction, and adds to overall well-being and pleasure, among other benefits. 5-HT regulates the body's sleep-wake cycles and internal clock by acting as a precursor to melatonin.
It is hypothesised to regulate hunger, emotions, motor, cognitive, and autonomic processes.
These lecture slides, by Dr Sidra Arshad, offer a simplified look into the mechanisms involved in the regulation of respiration:
Learning objectives:
1. Describe the organisation of respiratory center
2. Describe the nervous control of inspiration and respiratory rhythm
3. Describe the functions of the dorsal and respiratory groups of neurons
4. Describe the influences of the Pneumotaxic and Apneustic centers
5. Explain the role of Hering-Breur inflation reflex in regulation of inspiration
6. Explain the role of central chemoreceptors in regulation of respiration
7. Explain the role of peripheral chemoreceptors in regulation of respiration
8. Explain the regulation of respiration during exercise
9. Integrate the respiratory regulatory mechanisms
10. Describe the Cheyne-Stokes breathing
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 42, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 36, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
3. Chapter 13, Human Physiology by Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
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1. COBALT(Co)
PRESENTED BY
BIMELA CHRYSANTUS NJOBINKIR
1
UNIVERSITY OF BUEA REPUBLIC OF CAMEROON
PEACE – WORK – FATHERLAND
Coordinated
By
Prof. Achidi Aduni and Dr. Tiencheu Bernard
Senior Lecturers of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Science
2. Introduction
Cobalt is a trace element, present in the body in small amounts (about 1 milligram).
It is the active center of coenzymes called cobalamins, an essential trace dietary mineral for all animals and an
active nutrient for bacteria, algae and fungi.
Cobalt also participates in the biotin-dependent Krebs-cycle, the process that the body uses to break down
sugars into energy.
It is not considered essential as a separate nutrient, since it is needed above all as part of B12, which is itself
essential.
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3. Sources
Food sources of cobalt are meat, liver, kidneys, milk, oysters, mussels, fish, shellfish. Smaller amounts of cobalt
are found in mushrooms (especially shitake). In fruits and vegetables, usually there are no cobalt This explains
why vegetarians often have a deficiency of this mineral.
However, some small amounts of cobalt are also available in certain vegetables such as lettuce, cabbage,
spinach, figs and legumes, turnips, figs.
Foods rich in vitamin B-12 are the only source of cobalt actively used by the body.
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5. Absorption, transport and storage
Cobalt is unique among the essential trace elements, in that the requirement in humans is not for an ionic form
of the metal but for a preformed metallovitamin that cannot be synthesized from dietary metal.
Meats, including the organ meats, as well as green leafy vegetables, contain and provide cobalt as a component
of vitamin B12.
Therefore, it is the vitamin B12 content of foods and diet, rather than the ionic cobalt present, that is important
in human nutrition.
Of the free cobalt found in these foods, very little is used although it is absorbed by the enterocytes.
The results of tracer studies have shown that almost 100% of ingested cobalt appears in the urine. Very little
appears in the feces and very little is retained in the tissues. In small doses, the cobalt is almost completely
absorbed, while in larger doses it is poorly absorbed.
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6. Absorption, transport and storage
The absorption of vitamin B12 (and its cobalt component) is dependent on the presence of an intrinsic factor in
the stomach. Whereas in ruminants the consumption of cobalt cures the wasting disease (pernicious anemia) it
does this not because the ruminant can absorb and then use this metal, but because the rumen flora can
synthesize vitamin B12 which in turn is absorbed.
This then is the basis for understanding why vegetarians consuming large amounts of cobalt-rich green leafy
vegetables are at risk for developing pernicious anemia. While they obtain sufficient cobalt they can not
synthesize vitamin B12. Cobalt has no major known function aside from its central action in vitamin B12
function.
There have been reports regarding the dependency of certain enzymes on cobalt as an activator or on the
metal’s ability to substitute for other metal ion activators.
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7. FUNCTIONS OF COBALT
Cobalt is an integral part of vitamin B12 and therefore essential for the function of cells.
Cobalt is also involved in the production of red blood cells and the production of antibacterial and antiviral
compounds that prevent infections.
It also plays a key role in the metabolism of fats and carbohydrates as well as the synthesis of proteins and
conversion of folate in their active form.
In the nervous system, cobalt is responsible for preventing demyelination, which is a condition that results in
damage to the membrane that covers the nerve fibers in the brain and spinal cord. Such prevention ensures
continuance of efficient transmission of nerve impulses.
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8. Recommended Dietary Allowance(RDA)
Because cobalt serves no other function than as a constituent of vitamin B12. If the vitamin B12 requirement is
met, then the cobalt need is met.
Typically, the recommended daily intake for an adult is between 5 and 8 mg of cobalt per day. If needed, cobalt
supplements are best taken in the form of vitamin B-12.
Women who are pregnant or breastfeeding should always consult with a doctor before taking any mineral
supplements in order to prevent harm to themselves and their infants.
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9. DEFICIENCY
A shortage of cobalt is associated with that of a deficiency in vitamin B12.
One of the most obvious consequences is pernicious anemia, which is a disorder, characterized by symptoms such
as fatigue, weakness, numbness and tingling in the arms and legs, nausea, weight loss, confusion, and
headaches.
Also if symptoms persist for a longer period of time, cobalt deficiency can cause neurological disorders, nerve
damage, loss of memory, mood changes and psychosis. In the worst case scenario, it can be fatal.
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10. TOXICITY
Although cobalt is readily absorbed by the enterocyte, it is just as readily excreted by the kidney.
Thus, toxicity in the usual sense is not a significant problem with respect to environmental exposures.
Excess cobalt can be tolerated by a variety of species with little ill effect.
However, cobalt does interfere with the absorption of iron and in fact can completely block iron uptake.
Excessive cobalt intake can cause heart problems, including congestive heart failure.
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11. TOXICITY
It can also lead to excessive production of red blood cells (polycythemia), with increased risk of blood clot
formations and stroke.
High levels of cobalt may produce a goiter (enlargement of the thyroid gland) and reduce the overall function of
the thyroid.
It can also cause hyperglycemia, which is a condition that involves increased blood sugar levels.
Congestive heart failure have been observed when excess cobalt was consumed accidentally as a contaminant of
beer. Cobalt salts were once used in the production of beer as a foaming agent.
11
12. REFERENCES
Advanced nutrition and human metabolism
Advanced nutrition micronutrients
P. N. Ranganathan, Y. Lu, L. Jiang, C. Kim, and J. F. Collins, “Serum ceruloplasmin protein expression and
activity increases in Iron-deficient rats and is further enhanced by higher dietary copper intake,” Blood, vol.
118, no. 11, pp. 3146–3153, 2011
. A. Hegazy, M. M. Zaher, M. A. Abd El-Hafez, A. A. Morsy, and R. A. Saleh, “Relation between anemia and blood
levels of Lead, Copper, Zinc, Iron and Cobalt among children,” BMC Research Notes, vol. 3, article 133, 2010.
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