Human Receptors
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The document discusses various sensory receptors in the human body and their roles in interaction and coordination. It focuses on skin receptors, ear receptors that detect sound waves, and eye receptors like rods and cones in the retina that detect light and allow for vision. It provides information on the anatomy and functions of these receptors, and some common problems that can occur with the skin, eyes, and ears like moles, melanoma, acne, myopia, hypermetropia, astigmatism, cataracts, glaucoma, and retinal detachment.
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Receptors
1. Sensory receptors detect stimuli from both internal and external environments and transmit this information to the central nervous system via nerve impulses.
2. There are various types of sensory receptors classified by stimulus modality, origin of stimuli, and distribution in the body.
3. The general process of sensation involves stimulation of receptors, transduction of the stimulus into electrochemical signals, impulse generation and conduction to the CNS, and integration of the signals into a sensation.
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1. Sensory receptors detect stimuli from both internal and external environments and transmit this information to the central nervous system via nerve impulses.
2. There are various types of sensory receptors classified by stimulus modality, origin of stimuli, and distribution in the body.
3. The general process of sensation involves stimulation of receptors, transduction of the stimulus into electrochemical signals, impulse generation and conduction to the CNS, and integration of the signals into a sensation.
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Sensory receptors are structures that detect changes in the environment called stimuli. They are classified by their location, the stimulus they detect, and their structure. The main types are exteroceptors that detect external stimuli, interoceptors that detect internal stimuli, and proprioceptors that detect body position. Receptors are also classified by the stimulus they detect, such as mechanoreceptors for touch, thermoreceptors for temperature, photoreceptors for light, and chemoreceptors for chemicals. Vertebrates have specialized receptors like taste buds that detect the four basic tastes, and olfactory receptors in the nasal cavity that detect smells.
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Sensory receptors detect stimuli and transmit data about them to the brain. There are several types of sensory receptors located throughout the body that detect senses like touch, temperature, sound, smell, and taste. Sensory receptors respond to stimuli by generating receptor potentials that trigger action potentials along sensory neurons to the central nervous system. The main types of sensory receptors include mechanoreceptors, chemoreceptors, photoreceptors, and thermoreceptors. Specific receptors like Pacinian corpuscles, Meissner's corpuscles, and Merkel cells are mechanoreceptors in the skin responsible for detecting touch, pressure, and vibration.Body coordination (Chapter 2 Form 4)
Coordination involves the adjustment and cooperation of various body parts and systems. There are two types of coordination: nervous coordination involving the brain, spinal cord, and nerves; and hormonal coordination involving glands and organs. The document then describes the structure and function of the nervous system including neurons, receptors, effectors, and reflex actions. It also discusses proprioception and kinaesthetic senses which provide awareness of body position and movement. Voluntary actions are controlled by desires while involuntary actions are controlled by the medulla oblongata. Finally, it notes that alcohol can hinder nervous system function and coordination by slowing impulse transmission and potentially damaging liver cells.
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This document summarizes the nervous and endocrine systems that coordinate the human body. It discusses:
- Nervous coordination is controlled by the nervous system and examples include walking and writing. Hormonal coordination is controlled by the endocrine system and examples include body growth and food digestion.
- The nervous system consists of the central nervous system (brain and spinal cord) and peripheral nervous system (spinal and cranial nerves). Stimuli are received by receptors and transmitted via neurons to the CNS which coordinates responses by effectors.
- The endocrine system consists of glands like the pituitary, thyroid and ovaries/testes that secrete hormones to regulate functions like metabolism and growth. Disorders can result
Coordination & Response Part 1 - The Nervous System
The document provides information about the coordination and response system in biology. It discusses the following key points:
- Living organisms respond to stimuli in their internal and external environments through coordination between different body systems. The nervous and endocrine systems play major roles in coordination.
- Stimuli are changes in the environment that are detected by sensory receptors and elicit responses. There are internal and external stimuli.
- The nervous system detects stimuli and coordinates responses. It has three main parts: sensory receptors, an integrating center (brain and spinal cord), and effectors.
- The central nervous system includes the brain and spinal cord. The brain is divided into different regions that control various functions like movement, sensation, thinking,
The Coordination System
The nervous system and endocrine system are the two coordination systems in animals that allow them to respond to stimuli in the environment. The nervous system uses nerve impulses transmitted through neurons to enable rapid responses, while the endocrine system uses chemical messengers called hormones transported through the bloodstream to enable slower but longer-lasting responses. Plants also respond to stimuli but do not have nervous or endocrine systems and instead rely on plant hormones to coordinate slow, predetermined responses.
Receptors and signal transduction
Receptor molecules have three domains: an extracellular ligand-binding domain, a transmembrane domain, and a cytoplasmic domain. G-protein coupled receptors have seven transmembrane alpha helices and activate intracellular signaling pathways by coupling to heterotrimeric G proteins. When a ligand binds to the receptor, it causes a G protein's alpha subunit to exchange GDP for GTP and dissociate from the beta-gamma subunits to activate downstream effector molecules like adenylyl cyclase or phospholipase C. These effectors generate second messengers such as cAMP or IP3/DAG to amplify the signal and regulate cellular processes.
2. control and coordination
1. The document discusses movement in animals and plants. In animals, movement is a response to external stimuli and is carefully controlled by nervous and muscular tissues. Nerve cells detect stimuli and send electrical signals that cause muscles to contract.
2. In plants, movement is either independent of growth, like sensitive plant leaves closing when touched, or dependent on growth, where plants grow towards stimuli like light, gravity, water, etc. over time. Plants use electrical-chemical signaling between cells rather than nerves.
3. The key differences between animal and plant movement are that animals use nerves and fast electrical signaling, while plants rely on slower chemical signaling between cells. Both utilize changes in cell shape - contractions in animal muscle
Form 5 biology notes chapter 3 - Coordination
The document discusses the human nervous system and its role in response and coordination. It describes:
1) The human nervous system collects information from internal and external stimuli, transmits it to processing centers in the brain and spinal cord, coordinates responses, and maintains homeostasis.
2) The brain is divided into the cerebrum, cerebellum, and brain stem. The cerebrum controls voluntary movement and complex cognitive functions while the cerebellum controls movement coordination and balance.
3) Neurons are the basic functional units of the nervous system, connecting the brain to receptors and effectors via electrically signaling axons surrounded by a myelin sheath for fast transmission.
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Healt assessment - Eyes
1. A physical examination of the eyes provides information about various body systems as the eyes contain structures that are sensitive to nutritional, endocrine, cardiovascular, gastrointestinal, and neurological factors.
2. The eyes have three layers - an outer fibrous layer, a middle vascular layer, and an inner retinal layer. Within these layers are structures like the iris, pupil, cornea, lens, vitreous humor, and retina.
3. A standard eye exam assesses visual acuity, visual fields, and the external, internal and neurological components of the eye through tests of the eyelids, eye movements, anterior and posterior chambers, and associated cranial nerves. Abnormalities provide clues to underlying conditions.
Fundamentals of Opthalmology (Anatomy and diagnostic testing)
Fundamentals of Opthalmology (Anatomy of eye ball and diagnostic tests to evaluate the pathophysiological conditions in eye diseases.
Sensory System
The document provides details on the structures and functions of the special senses organs, including the eye, ear, nose, tongue, and skin. It describes the layers of the eye and ear, sensory receptors in each organ, and pathways for vision, hearing, smell, taste and touch. The document also discusses common disorders that can affect each sensory system such as conjunctivitis, color blindness, macular degeneration, sty, ear infections, nasal polyps, glossitis, tactile corpuscles and more.
Human psychology assignment
This document provides information about the structure and function of the human eye, ear, and senses of taste and smell. It discusses:
1. The three main parts of the eye - external, immediate, and internal structures. It describes components like the cornea, iris, lens, retina, and vitreous humor.
2. The three parts of the ear - outer, middle, and inner ear. It notes the functions of the eardrum, three tiny bones, and cochlea in hearing.
3. The definition of sensation and overview of the gustatory (taste) and olfactory (smell) senses, noting the role of taste buds and receptors in the nose.
Elements of visual perception Eye vision .pptx
The human visual system allows us to see and understand our environment. It consists of the eye, which contains structures like the cornea, iris, lens, retina, and specialized photoreceptor cells called rods and cones. The eye transforms light into neural signals that travel to the brain for processing. Human visual perception relies on both rods for dim light vision and cones for bright light and color vision. The density and connections of rods and cones in the retina allow for varying levels of visual acuity and light sensitivity. The lens focuses images onto the retina, where photoreceptors convert the images into signals the brain can interpret as vision.
The five senses of the human body
This document discusses the five human senses - sight, hearing, smell, taste, and touch. It provides details on the sensory organs and mechanisms involved in each sense. The main points are:
- The five senses allow humans to perceive the world through sight (eyes), hearing (ears), smell (nose), taste (tongue), and touch (skin). Each sense has specialized sensory cells and pathways that relay information to the brain.
- Sight works through the eyes detecting light, while hearing detects sound waves through the ears. Taste and smell involve chemoreceptors in the tongue and nose. Touch uses mechanoreceptors in the skin.
- Any damage to the sensory organs can impair
Vision
The document discusses the human sensory system, specifically vision. It describes the basic anatomy of the eye, including structures like the iris, cornea, lens, retina, and different types of light receptors (rods and cones). It explains how light enters the eye and is focused on the retina to form an image, which is then transmitted via the optic nerve to the brain for processing and perception of vision. The document also discusses monocular and binocular vision, and how the eye works as a complex optical system to collect light and regulate intensity.
ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY OF SPECIAL SENSES.pptx
The peripheral nervous system has both general and special senses. General senses like touch are detected by receptors throughout the body, while special senses like sight and smell have specialized organs located in the head. Both types of senses rely on sensory receptors. The eye is a special sense organ that detects light and allows for vision. It has several main components including the cornea, iris, lens, retina, and optic nerve. Light enters the eye and is focused on the retina by the cornea and lens. The retina contains light-sensitive cells that convert the image into nerve impulses which travel via the optic nerve to the brain for processing and perception of images.
NurseReview.Org - Eyes
This document describes the anatomy and examination of the human eye. It outlines the external structures of the eye including the eyelids, eyelashes, conjunctiva and lacrimal apparatus. It then details the internal anatomy including the sclera, choroid, retina, optic nerve and visual pathways. Finally, it provides instructions on performing an eye exam including tests of visual acuity, visual fields, eye movement, and use of an ophthalmoscope to examine the internal structures of the eye such as the retina, macula and optic disc.
The human eye 10 13-2011
The document describes the anatomy and functions of the human eye. It explains that light enters the eye and is focused by the cornea and lens onto the retina. The retina contains light-sensitive cells that convert the image to neural signals sent to the brain via the optic nerve. It also provides details on common eye conditions like cataracts and pink eye, as well as comparisons between human and cow eye anatomy.
Defect of vision
The human eye allows us to see by forming an inverted real image on the light-sensitive retina. The main parts of the eye and their functions are: the cornea refracts light, the iris controls pupil size to regulate light, the lens focuses light onto the retina, and the retina contains light-sensitive cells that send signals to the brain for vision. The pupil regulates the amount of light entering by contracting or expanding. Common vision defects include near-sightedness, far-sightedness, and astigmatism, which can be corrected using lenses. The eye's ability to focus on near and far objects is called accommodation.
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Human Receptors
- 1. Interaction and Coordination ●Systems involved. ●Receptors. ● Skin receptors ● Ears ● Eyes ●Neurones.
- 2. Systems involved ● What is the name of the organs which obtain information? ● ● What systems analyze the information? ● ● What is the name of the organ responsible for carrying out the response? ●
- 3. Systems involved ● What is the name of the organs which obtain information? ● RECEPTORS ● What systems analyze the information? ● NERVOUS AND ENDOCRINE SYSTEM ● What is the name of the organs responsible for carrying out the response? ● EFFECTORS
- 8. Receptores Receptores de la piel
- 12. Receptors Skin Problems: Moles: Moles are bening tumors, normal parts of the skin. Moles can be flat or raised, and they can be red, brown, black or skin-colored.
- 13. Receptors Skin Problems: If a mole start changing in size, color or shape, or if it bleeds and doesn't heal on its own in three weeks, it should be evaluated by a doctor to make sure it is not turning into a skin cancer. MELANOMA
- 14. Piel Skin Diseases: MOL → MELANOMA
- 16. Receptors Skin Problems: Acne presents itself as red bumps and pimples.ACNE
- 18. Receptors Ear: The eardrum flexes when sound waves coming. The flexing is transported and magnified by the three tiny bones to the round window of the cochlea.
- 19. Receptors Ear: Draw the ear And write the name of each part
- 20. Receptors Ear: The cochlea is the sense organ that translates sound into nerve impulses to be sent to the brain. Hair cells are the sensory receptors of the auditory system
- 21. Receptors Ear: The cochlea is the sense organ that translates sound into nerve impulses to be sent to the brain.
- 24. Receptors EYES: Retina: There are two types of photoreceptors in the human retina, rods and cones. The retina is a thin layer of specialized cells located at the back of your eye that help to transmit information provided by light to our brain.
- 25. Receptors EYES: Retina Rods are responsible for vision at low light levels Cones are active at higher light levels, are capable of color vision
- 26. Receptores EYES: Lens Crystalline lens: is a transparent structure. It can change the shape to change the focal distance of the eye so that it can focus on objects at various distances.
- 28. Receptors EYES: IRIS The colored part of the eye is called the iris. It controls light levels inside the eye similar to the aperture on a camera. The round opening in the center of the iris is called the pupil
- 30. Receptores EYES: Problems The myopia eye is usually longer than a normal eye, and its cornea may also be steeper. Therefore, when light passes through the cornea and lens, it is focused in front of the retina. This will make distant images appear blurred. The Hypermetropia eye is the oposite case.
- 31. Receptores EYES: Problems Astigmatism: Asymmetric steepening of the cornea or natural lens causes light to be focused unevenly
- 33. Receptors EYES: Problems Cataract: is an eye disease in which the clear lens of the eye becomes cloudy or opaque, causing a decrease in vision.
- 34. Receptors VISTA: Problems Glaucoma: Is characterized by a particular pattern of progressive damage to the optic nerve that generally begins with a subtle loss of side vision (peripheral vision). Glaucoma is usually, but not always, associated with elevated pressure in the eye (intraocular pressure). Generally, it is this elevated eye pressure that leads to damage of the eye (optic) nerve.
- 35. Receptores VISTA: Problemas Retinal detachment is a disorder of the eye in which the retina peels away from its underlying layer of support tissue.