The document discusses three writing techniques: cloze procedure, probes, and modality. Cloze procedure involves deleting words from a passage for students to fill in using context clues, which improves comprehension. Probes are brief, timed writing assessments that evaluate mechanics and conventions using a story starter. Modality in writing expresses certainty, possibility, obligation, and other attitudes using modal words.

1. NAME : LASTRI CHAIRUNISSA
COLLEGE : STKIP PANCA SAKTI - BEKASI
STUDENT’S ID. NUMBER : 8820316150038
CLASS : EMPLOYEE
SUBJECT : LANGUAGE TESTING
ASSIGNMENT : EXPLAIN WHAT CLOZE PROCEDURE, PROBES and MODALITY is.
Cloze Procedure in writing represent activities in which certain words within a passage are deleted so
that students must use contextual clues to decode or find meaning from the text. These techniques can
be used across all grade levels because they enhance the student's ability to anticipate text, think
critically and develop word choice and vocabulary. The exercises also can increase self-confidence in
struggling readers and writers.
Examples of Writing Activities
Cloze activities also can be used for the purpose of enhancing a student's writing ability. For writing, a
piece of the child's work could be used with certain words deleted. The child must then think of new
ways to say what he has written. This is very useful for children who tend to use the same words
repeatedly in their writing. The vocabulary cloze lesson discussed in the previous section would also be a
good choice for addressing written vocabulary. Using a child's own work for these activities is
particularly effective as it demonstrates useful review and revision techniques.
Probes in Writing : Written Expression Probe Generator
Curriculum-Based Measurement Written Expression probes are brief, timed (4-minute) assessments that
look at a student’s mastery of writing mechanics and conventions. The student is given a ‘story starter’,
a brief introductory story stem that serves as a stimulus for the student to create his or her own writing
sample.
Written expression probes can be used at any grade level in which students are still working on such
writing skills as punctuation, grammar, spelling, and capitalization. They can also be administered to
individual students or entire groups.
Modality in writing is about a writer's attitude towards the world. A writer can express certainty,

2. possibility, willingness, obligation, necessity and ability by using modal words and expressions. Speakers
often have different opinions about the same thing.