climate change

1. CLIMATE CHANGE
MAIN OUTLINES :
WHAT IS CLIMATE CHANGE
WEATHER AND CLIMATE
FACTORSOF CLIMATE AND WEATHER
WHY CLIMATE IS CHANGING (REASONS)
POSSIBLE IMPACTS ON AGRICULTURE
SPECIFIC EFFECTSOF CLIMATE CHANGE ON AGRICULTURE
WITH SPECIAL REFERENCETO PAKISTAN
ADAPTATION WITH CLIMATE CHANGE
TYPES OF ADAPTATION
ADAPTATION FOR CROPS
ADAPTATION FOR WATER RESOURCES
ADAPTATION FOR FOREST,WATERSHED AND DESASTER
RISK REDUCTION

2. HOW TO MANAGE THE CLIMATE CHANGE
 WHAT IS CLIMATE CHANGE :
Change in steady state temperature earth by the presence of
atmosphere containinggreenhouse gages that absorb radiation.
OR
Any systematic change in the long term- statistics of climatic
elements sustained over several decades or longer.
OR
When climate for one period is compared against climate for
anotherperiod and if statistics are different , we say that climate has change.

3.  WEATHER AND CLIMATE :
 WEATHER :
The actual state of the atmosphereat a particulartime ,
for example if we say that therewas 20 degree temperatureon
March 22, 2018 at and there was no rain , So is called weather.
 CLIMATE :
The weather conditionaveraged over a longer period of
time usually a few decades is climate. It is statistical description of
the weather over a longer period of time
( CLIMATE IS WHAT U EXPECT , WEATHER IS WHAT U
GET )

4. FACTORS OF CLIMATE :
 Latitude …….
 Altitude……..
 Nearness to Sea/Ocean…..
 The direction of mountains……
 The slop of the ground ……
 Nature of the soil …….
 Amount of vegetation …..
 FACTORS OF WEATHER :
 Temperature ……
 Humidity …..
 Atmospheric pressure ……
 Precipitation …….
 Light ……..

5.  WHY CLIMATE IS CHANGING :
There are two (2) reason for climate change ;
 NATURAL :
Natural Variability …….
Solar Activity …….
Volcano …….
Land ……..
Oceans …..
 ANTHROPOGENIC :
Urbanization …..
Land use ……
Aerosols …..
Greenhousegages ……..

6.  GREEN HOUSE EFFECT :
Greenhousegases are gases in an atmospherethat absorb
and emit radiation within the thermal infrared range. This process is the
fundamental cause of greenhouse effect.
 TYPES OF GREEN HOUSE GASES :

7.  NON GREEN HOUSE GASES ;
Nitrogen ----- 78.08 %
Oxygen------- 20.93 %
Argon--------- 0.93 %
 GREENHOUSE GASES ;
Vapors------- 0.2 to 4 %
Carbon dioxide------ 0.039 %
Methane-------1.8 ppm
Halocarbons(CFCAND HYDRO CFC)—
0.3ppb
Ozone-------10ppb

8.  POSSIBLE IMPACTS ON AGRICULTURE :
Agriculture is open to environment and dependsheavily on it.
 Effect on crop : crop may decrease 30% by 2030
 Effect in climatic zones : crop decrease 50% due to water
scarcity in Pakistan
 Effect on organisms : more or less competitive with crop
 Effect on marine life :due to water contamination

9.  EFFECTS OF CLIMATE CHANGE ON
AGRICULTURE WITH REFERENCE TO
PAKISTAN :
 INCREASE IN TEMPERATURE :-
With the increase in temperature growth cycle will be
speed up , which will shorten the duration (GSL) AND
will affect the productivity.
Heat stress at critical reproductive stages.
Opportunityfor increasing cropping intensity

10.  MONSOON EFFECT :-
Monsoon patternsis likely more affect crop yield as
climate change warms up the oceans water. Crop
growing on equatorial line like rice will be affected by
varying monsoon patterns. Plantingand harvesting
based on weather patternswill become less effective.
 CHANGE IN RAINFALL PATTERNS :-
Rainfall patternsmay become irregular and more severe.
 CHANGE IN AVAILABILITY OF IRRIGATION
WATER :-
Crop will be affected more in arid reasons.
 WATER STRESS IN ARID AND S.ARID
CONDITIONS :-
Increase water requirements of the crops due to ET.
Decrease in yield by 6—18 %.
Crop growth will be affected.

11.  GLACIER DISAPPEARANCE :-
There are 7259 glacier in northernarea of Pakistan
Combine mass of this water = 1000 Tarbela dams.
It is also called third pole of the world.
Areas that are dependson runoff water of these glacier
will be affected if there is a continuousdecrease occure

12. Summer streams will become dry and crop growth will
become more difficult.
According to UN climate report ; the himalayan glacier
that are principal water of the dry seasons source of
Asian biggest rivers could be disappear by 2035.

13. River Coloradoof US which flows to Mecxico passing through
five state of US has already disappeared.
China Pakistan Afghanistan bangladesh Nepal and mayanmar
will experience flood followed by sever drought.
 CO2 EFFECT ON YIELD AND QUALITY :-
Increasing co2 cons. Has both +ive and –ive effects.
With the increasing in CO2 the rate of Ps will be increase.
This effect will be higher in C3 as compared to C4 and the
yield will be increase by 36% if CO2 cos. Is doubled.
Amylase contentof rice will be increase .
Protein contentwill decrease with combine increase in temp.
and CO2.
Zn and Fe uptake will decrease with increasing CO2.
 AGRICULTURAL AREAS AND CLIMATE CHANGE
:-
Agricultural land will be increase with the decrease in frozen
lands .

14. Sea level are expected to get up to one meter higher by the
year 2100 . Agricultural land are going less .

15. With the increase in sea level salinity ,soil erosion and sub—
mergence of coastal areas will be occurs .
By the year 2040 THATTA and BADIN in SINDH may
submerge in water.
With the increase in sea level in india and in bangaldesh
major loss of rice will occurs.
With the global warming soil degradation will occurs.
Increase in precipitation the crop will effect .

16. Increase in temp. will increase the production of minerals
,lessening soil organic matter CO2 conc. Will increase it (OM)
 IMPACTS ON FOREST :-
C.CHANGE may cause loss of biodiversity and shifting of
forest areas to northwards
Frequencies of forest fires will increase due to high heat.
Species composition may change with changed ecology.

17.  IMPACTS ON PEST AND DISEASES :-
C.CHANGE may increase risk of spreading of pest and
diseases . Eg ;dueto high rainfall, high moisture and dry
condition.

18.  ADAPTATION WITH CLIMATE CHANGE :-
Adaptation refers to the adjustment in natural or human
systems in response to actual or expected climate stimuli or their effect
There are two types ;
AUTONOMOUS :-
Those adjustments that are carried out without
knowledge of climate change
PLANNED :-
Those made deliberatelyin order to express climate
change impacts.
 ADAPTATION FOR CROPS :-
Varieties that are tolerantto temperature
Alternation in sowing dates
Change in croppingpatterns
Increase water use efficiency by crops

19. Fertilizer management
Adaptation of RESOURCE CONSERVATION
TECHNOLOGY
 ADAPTATION FOR WATER RESOURCES :-
Adaptation of water saving irrigation practices
Making sub—surface irrigation channel
Integrating irrigation with water sensitive growth stages
Planned use of ground water
 ADAPTATION FOR FOREST, WATERSHED
AND DISASTER RISK REDUCTION :-
Constructionof reservoir
Integrating watershed management
Large scale reforestation programme
Minidams and poundsfor water resources development
Erosion controlmeasures in mountainousareas
Increasing tree componentson agricultural land as agro
forestory

20. Management of all land
 HOW TO REDUCE CLIMATE CHNGE :-
ORGANIC FORMING :
o use of organic fertilizer,pesticides and herbicides
o crop rotation
o livestock management
o improving of rangelands
ALTERNATE ENERGY SOURCE :
Use alternatesource of energy which does not release
dangerous emission as wind energy, solar energy, biogas
energy, hydropower
WISE USE OF TRANSPORT :
Public transport instead of driving own vehicles must
be adopted
RECYCLING :
Waste material should be recycle in order to reduce
environmental hazards. 75% waste should be recycled

21. RE-FORESTATION :
Reforestation is very important for reducing
C.change
CLIMATE CHANGE LAWS :
Climate laws should be made and implemented in
this regard good help can be taken from INTERNATIONAL
CLIMATE CHANGE TREATIES like Kyoto protocol and
Paris Accord . carbon tax on factories.