ENVIRINMENTAL ENGG

1. BY
M.ABIRAMI

2.  “ Climate Change: Vulnerability of Cauvery Delta, Food Security and Livelihood
Resilience . This project is done by Indian Council of Social Science Research, New
Delhi commenced 20 months ago and is scheduled for completion by December
2016.
 Report: area under paddy in the delta had shrunk alarmingly even as kuruvai as a
paddy season was under threat. Samba was now the only cropping season in areas
that did not depend on groundwater for irrigation and that exposed it to the varies of
nature leaving samba paddy at the mercy of the monsoon depending on the water
release from upstream.

3.  agro ecosystem = agriculture + ecosystem
 agro ecosystem is open system, which cant occur
without human being
 it is the ecosystem which is largely created and
maintained to satisfy human needs

4.  Here energy is transferred through natural ecosystem.
Humans created natural landscape into agriculture land for their
needs.
 Considerable energy loss occur at every trophic level. Humans
are come under the third or fourth tropic level

5.  Man exercises his control over nature mainly through the agricultural
operations to produce all his requirements for his existence and
development. That part of the ecosystem where man engages himself in
agriculture is called agro-ecosystem. In other words all the cultivated land
together can be considered agro-ecosystem. Man takes control of the soil,
water, micro-organism, plants and animals and organizes and arranges them
to produce all things required for him.

7. Climate Change Many evidences are showing the world’s climate is
changing, and the changes will have an enormous impact on people,
ecosystems, and energy use. According to the latest report of the
every year average global temperature is likely to rise by another 2
to 8.6 degrees F by 2100. Higher temperatures will have an impact
on yields while changes in rainfall could affect both crop quality and
quantity.
Food access: Climate change could increase the prices of major crops
in some regions. For the most vulnerable people, lower agricultural
output means lower incomes

8. Extreme weather events
Climate change increases the frequency and intensity of
some disasters such as droughts, floods and storms. This has
an adverse impact on livelihoods and food security. Climate-
related disasters have the potential to destroy crops, critical
infrastructure, and key community assets, therefore
deteriorating livelihoods
Long-term and gradual climate risks
Sea-level will rise as a result of climate change, affecting
livelihoods in coastal areas and river deltas. Accelerated glacial
melt will also affect the quantity and reliability of water
available and change patterns of flooding and drought

9. Factors related to climate change
a) Indiscriminate use of natural resources
b) Global warming and meteorological observatories
c) Excessive and unplanned urbanization
d) Unplanned industrial growth
e) Imbalanced use of agricultural inputs and extreme
farming
f) Population influx / pressure

10.  RELATION BETWEEN AGRICULTURE AND
CLIMATE CHANGE
 Climate and agriculture are interrelated processes and both of
which take place on a global scale. The relationship is two sided.
Climate will affect agriculture through rainfall, temperature and
other conditions. Since some plants need specific conditions to
grow.
 The increase of CO2 in the atmosphere has been more rapid in
recent years. The major reason for this increase may be
attributable to the extensive use of fossil fuels, such as oil, coal
and gas. The destruction of carbon sink by excessive land use
and deforestation might be another important cause for the
atmospheric CO2 increase over the last 100 years

11.  Elevated concentration of carbon dioxide can slow down nitrogen fixation and in this
deprive state the nutritive value of plant product can also be impaired. Wheat, rice
and potato plants receiving normal levels of nitrogen fertilizer is found to have
10%less grain protein under carbon dioxide enrichment.
Photosynthesis that removes atmospheric carbon and respiration that replaces
the same follow this pattern but the critical temperatures at which these
reactions peak differ, the critical temperature being higher for respiration.

12.  EFFECTS OF CLIMATE CHANGE:
 productivity, in terms of quantity and quality of crops
 agricultural practices, through changes of water use (irrigation) and
agricultural inputs such as herbicides, insecticides and fertilizers
 environmental effects, in particular in relation of frequency and intensity of
soil drainage (leading to nitrogen leaching), soil erosion, reduction of crop
diversity
 rural space, through the loss and gain of cultivated lands
 adaptation, organisms may become more or less competitive, as well as
humans may develop urgency to develop more competitive organisms, such
as flood resistant or salt resistant varieties of rice.plant disease may also
came.

13.  cauvery delta is a deltaic region where rice is the major food .
 Thanjavur district is benefited more by north-east monsoon because of the heavy
rainfall and the Western Ghats invariably feeds the Cauvery and helps greatly for the
vast cultivation of the delta area.
 Here alluvial soil is exist over mostly.. So this soil perfectly suitable for agriculture.

14. CLIMATE
Tropical and monsoonal climates are
characteristics of the study region. The monthly average
temperature is generally low at the beginning of the year. In the
study area the temperature reaches 38.00 C and the minimum
touches even 21.30 C, in January and February months are very
pleasant with warm days and cool nights. Heat becomes intense
in April and increases in May-June and comes down gradually in
June-July when the southwest monsoon on sets in. Very mild
winter falls in December and January.

15.  The average rainfall is 821 mm. Northwest monsoons receives the highest
rainfall with 397 mm followed by, South west monsoon receives 303mm of
rainfall.
 The temperature is very high during summer season, low during the winter
season and moderate during other months. The months from July to December
are considered as wet months, as they fall above the mean temperature, while
the other months are dry months as they are fall below the mean temperature.

17. Paddy is the main crop in cauvery delta region. due to
climatic changes like high temperature and irregular rainfall
productivity is very low in recent times
farmers are seriously affected by economically
The urban area slowly moving to the water source areas
and it occupies .the agricultural land in the form of real estates.
Due to improper rainfall the food shortage will also
come in future
in thanjavur, the agricultural lands are used for other
purposes,due to unfavour climatic condition .

18.  Agriculture is extremely vulnerable to climate change. Higher
temperatures eventually reduce the yields of desirable crops
while encouraging weed and pest proliferation
 Changes in precipitation patterns increase the likelihood of
short-run crop and failures of long-run production declines.
Although there will be gains in some crops in some regions of
the district, the overall impacts of climate change on agriculture
are expected to be negative, threatening global food security.
 But recently the rainfall conditions are low or poor climatic
condition has led the agriculture lands are slowly decreased in
last 15 years. Day by day the population is increased, so the
population distribution is moved from rural to urban. Recent
years the record of rainfall is low the temperature is high, so the
agriculture productions are low.

19.  temperature increasing and precipitation fluctuating, water availability and crop
production will decrease in the future. If the irrigated areas are expanded, the total
crop yield will increase; however, food and environmental quality may degrade. Soil
evaporation and plant transpiration will be changed with climate change; thus,
water use efficiency may decrease in the future. Improving water productivity and
keeping stable relations with global food suppliers will be vital for food security.
Hot and dry weather would lead to greater evaporation and transpiration
affecting plant life while storms and flooding are shocks that can make agriculture
highly unpredictable and even economically unviable if the frequency of thes events
increases.

20. • Climate change will affect food security, food availability, food
accessibility, food utilization and food systems stability. It will have impact on
human health, livelihood assets, food production and distribution channels, as
well as changing purchasing power and market flows. Its impacts will be both
short term, resulting from more frequent and more intense extreme weather
events,and long term, caused by changing temperatures and precipitation
patterns,
Climate change hits agricultural productivity directly through
drought, floods, pests, diseases , as well as by temperature changes that affect
plant productivity;

21.  Developing impact assessment of crops
 Improve forecasting technologies for weather and climate
 Improving natural resources management
 Use climate smart agriculture
 Use organic farming or traditional methods
 Prevent the agricultural land use for other purposes
 Encourage farmers through providing organic fertilizers and
loan, and also provide free seeds
 Create awareness to farmers about new agricultural
technologies

22. THANK YOU