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Watershed management: Role of Geospatial Technologyamritpaldigra30
Watershed management is the study of the relevant characteristics of a watershed which is done to enhance watershed functions that affect the plant, animal and human or other living communities within the watershed boundary.
This PPT dscribes the Role of Geospatial Technology in Watershed Management
Evaporation is a process by which water changed from the liquid or solid state into the gaseous state through the absorption of heat
It is always related to the loss of water from a free surface over a fixed time interval. Either direct observation or calculation based on the factors involved in the transfer of thermal energy.
One of the fundamental component of hydrological cycle
Essential requirements in the process are
The source of energy to vaporize the liquid water (solar or wind)
The presence of gradient of concentration between the evaporating surface and the surrounding air.
drought monitoring and management using remote sensingveerendra manduri
Monitoring drought and its management became easier with the help of remote sensing..several drought monitoring indices can be used to monitor drought condition. this ppt consists of information regarding droughts in relation to agriculture and their monitoring with the help of remotely sense based indices.
WATERSHED MANAGEMENT - INTRODUCTION
DEFINITION, CONCEPTS OF WATERSHED DEVELOPMENT, OBJECTIVES, INTEGRATED AND MULTI DISCIPLINARY APPROACHES, CHARACTERISTICS OF WATERSHED
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Climate change indices and the use of RClimdex
1. Climate Change Indices
Climate Change and Water Resources (CE74.9002)
Water Engineering and Management (WEM)
School of Engineering and Technology (SET),
Asian institute of Technology (AIT)
2/27/2015 1
I Putu Santikayasa
2. Outlines
1. Introduction
2. What is climate?
3. Climate Indices Project
4. What is Climate indices?
5. R - climdex
6. Case Study
2/27/2015 Tutorial class 2
3. Introduction
2/27/2015 Tutorial class 3
Figure 1. Schematic view of the components of the climate system, their processes
and interactions. (source: IPCC)
5. What is climate?
• Weather: what is happening in the
atmosphere at any given time
– Air temperature at 7am = 24 deg celcius
• Climate: the “average weather”
• Climate is the status of the climate system
which comprises the atmosphere, the
hydrosphere, the cryosphere, the surface
lithosphere and the biosphere
– Average air temperature on July = 24 deg Celcius
2/27/2015 Tutorial class 5
6. What is climate?
• Statistical analysis:
– Mean
– Maximum
– Minimum
– Percentile
• Climate change analysis
– Change in mean, max, min, etc.
• What about the changes in extremes?
– Number of days where T>90th percentile, etc
2/27/2015 Tutorial class 6
7. Climate indices project
• Change on the extreme climate events
impacts on nature and society
• Analyze extreme events is very important
• The monitoring, detection and attribution of
changes in climate extremes require daily
resolution data
• However, the compilation and update of a
globally daily dataset is a very difficult task
2/27/2015 Tutorial class 7
8. 2/27/2015 Tutorial class 8
World Meteorological
Organization Commission
for Climatology (CCl)
World Climate Research Programme (WCRP)
project on Climate Variability and Predictability
(CLIVAR) Expert Team on Climate Change
Detection, Monitoring and Indices (ETCCDMI)
International coordination of the development of a suite of
climate change indices which primarily focus on extremes and
analysis a suite of indices so that individuals, countries, and
regions can calculate the indices in exactly the same way such
that their analyses will fit seamlessly into the global picture
Output: 27 indices were defined and two software packages,
one written in R (RClimDex) and the other written in
FORTRAN (FClimDex), were developed
9. What is Climate indices?
• What is Climate Indices:
A climate indices is defined as a calculated
value that can be used to describe the state
and the changes in the climate system.
Climate indices allow a statistical study of
variations of the dependent climatological
aspects, such as analysis and comparison of
time series, means, extremes and trends.
2/27/2015 Tutorial class 9
10. Climate Indices
• 27 indices:
– 16 indices related to the temperature
– 11 indices related to the precipitation
• Indices are driven from:
– Maximum temperature
– Minimum temperature
– Precipitation
2/27/2015 Tutorial class 10
11. Climate Indices
• The climate indices can be categorized into
5(five) groups:
1. Percentile-based indices
2. Absolute indices
3. Threshold indices
4. Duration indices
5. Other indices
2/27/2015 Tutorial class 11
12. Percentile-based indices
1. Occurrence of cold nights (TN10p)
2. Occurrence of warm nights (TN90p)
3. Occurrence of cold days (TX10p)
4. Occurrence of warm days (TX90p)
5. Very wet days (R95p)
6. Extremely wet days (R99p).
2/27/2015 Tutorial class 12
13. Absolute indices
• Represent maximum or minimum values within a
season or year
1. Maximum daily maximum temperature (TXx),
2. Maximum daily minimum temperature (TNx),
3. Minimum daily maximum temperature (TXn),
4. Minimum daily minimum temperature(TNn),
5. Maximum 1-day precipitation amount (RX1day)
6. Maximum 5-day precipitation amount (RX5day)
2/27/2015 Tutorial class 13
14. Threshold indices
• The number of days on which a temperature or
precipitation value falls above or below a fixed
threshold,
1. Annual occurrence of frost days (FD)
2. Annual occurrence of ice days (ID)
3. Annual occurrence of summer days (SU)
4. Annual occurrence of tropical nights (TR)
5. Number of heavy precipitation days > 10 mm (R10)
6. Number of very heavy precipitation days > 20 mm
(R20)
2/27/2015 Tutorial class 14
15. Duration indices
• Periods of excessive warm, cold, wetness or
dryness or in the case of growing season
length, periods of mildness.
1. Cold spell duration indicator (CSDI)
2. Warm spell duration indicator (WSDI)
3. Growing season length (GSL)
4. Consecutive dry days (CDD)
5. Consecutive wet days (CWD)
2/27/2015 Tutorial class 15
16. Others indices
• The indices do not fall into any of the above
categories but could have significant societal
impacts.
1. Annual precipitation total (PRCPTOT)
2. Diurnal temperature range (DTR)
3. Simple daily intensity index (SDII)
4. Extreme temperature range (ETR)*
5. Annual contribution from very wet days
(R95pT)
2/27/2015 Tutorial class 16
*) not directly calculated by RClimDex but have been defined for this study as TXx–
TNn
17. Climate Indices
ID Indicator name Definitions UNITS
FD0 Frost days Annual count when TN(daily minimum)<0ºC Days
SU25 Summer days Annual count when TX(daily maximum)>25ºC Days
ID0 Ice days Annual count when TX(daily maximum)<0ºC Days
TR20 Tropical nights Annual count when TN(daily minimum)>20ºC Days
2/27/2015 Tutorial class 17
18. Climate Indices
GSL
Growing season
Length
Annual (1st Jan to 31st Dec in NH, 1st July to 30th
June in SH) count between first span of at least 6
days with TG>5ºC and first span after July 1
(January 1 in SH) of 6 days with TG<5ºC
Days
TXx Max Tmax Monthly maximum value of daily maximum temp ºC
TNx Max Tmin Monthly maximum value of daily minimum temp ºC
TXn Min Tmax Monthly minimum value of daily maximum temp ºC
TNn Min Tmin Monthly minimum value of daily minimum temp ºC
2/27/2015 Tutorial class 18
19. Climate Indices
TN10p Cool nights Percentage of days when TN<10th percentile Days
TX10p Cool days Percentage of days when TX<10th percentile Days
TN90p Warm nights Percentage of days when TN>90th percentile Days
TX90p Warm days Percentage of days when TX>90th percentile Days
WSDI
Warm spell
duration indicator
Annual count of days with at least 6 consecutive
days when TX>90th percentile
Days
2/27/2015 Tutorial class 19
20. Climate Indices
CSDI
Cold spell duration
indicator
Annual count of days with at least 6 consecutive
days when TN<10th percentile
Days
DTR
Diurnal
temperature range
Monthly mean difference between TX and TN ºC
RX1day
Max 1-day
precipitation
amount
Monthly maximum 1-day precipitation Mm
Rx5day
Max 5-day
precipitation
amount
Monthly maximum consecutive 5-day precipitation Mm
SDII
Simple daily
intensity index
Annual total precipitation divided by the number of
wet days (defined as PRCP>=1.0mm) in the year
Mm/d
ay
2/27/2015 Tutorial class 20
21. Climate Indices
R10
Number of heavy
precipitation days
Annual count of days when PRCP>=10mm Days
R20
Number of very
heavy precipitation
days
Annual count of days when PRCP>=20mm Days
Rnn
Number of days
above nn mm
Annual count of days when PRCP>=nn mm, nn is user
defined threshold
Days
CDD
Consecutive dry
days
Maximum number of consecutive days with
RR<1mm
Days
CWD
Consecutive wet
days
Maximum number of consecutive days with
RR>=1mm
Days
2/27/2015 Tutorial class 21
22. Climate Indices
R95p Very wet days Annual total PRCP when RR>95th percentile Mm
R99p Extremely wet days Annual total PRCP when RR>99th percentile mm
PRCPTOT Annual total wet-
day precipitation
Annual total PRCP in wet days (RR>=1mm) mm
2/27/2015 Tutorial class 22
23. Software for index calculation
• RClimDex: The RClimDex provides a friendly graphical
user interface to compute all 27 core indices . It also
conducts simple quality control on the input daily data.
It has been developed and maintained by Xuebin Zhang
and Yang Feng at Climate Research Division. The
software was used first at the South Africa Workshop in
Cape Town, South Africa, in June 2004
• FClimDex: The FClimDex is a FORTRAN program that
conducts data quality control and computes all the
indices. Note that a FORTRAN 90 compiler is required
to use this program.
2/27/2015 Tutorial class 23
24. Software for index calculation
• ClimDex: An older MicroSoft Excel based
indices software ClimDex, developed by Byron
Gleason of the U.S. National Climatic Data
Centre is still available. This software was used
at the Caribbean Regional Climate Change
workshop was held in Kingston, Jamaica in
January 2001. Note that this software does
not include recent improvements
recommended by ET and is not supported
anymore.
2/27/2015 Tutorial class 24
25. Climdex and RClimdex
Climdex
• Ms. Excel
platform
• Running under
Window
• Difficult to fix the
bug
RClimdex
• R platform
• Free
• Powerfull for
statistical
analysis
• Running under
window and unix
• Relatively easy to
fix the bug
2/27/2015 Tutorial class 25
26. Rclimdex ver. 1.3
• Can be used to calculate 27 core indices (as
recommended by the CCl/CLIVAR )
• Developed under R 1.84 or higher
• Limitation:
– Simple data quality control
– Not include Data homogenization
2/27/2015 Tutorial class 26
27. Rclimdex ver. 1.3
1. Not all indices are calculated on a monthly basis.
2. Monthly indices are calculated if no more than 3
days are missing in a month, while annual values
are calculated if no more than 15 days are
missing in a year.
3. No annual value will be calculated if any one
month’s data are missing.
4. For threshold indices, a threshold is calculated if
at least cover of 70% of data
2/27/2015 Tutorial class 27
28. • Software and user manual can be downloaded
from :
http://cccma.seos.uvic.ca/ETCCDMI/software.shtml
2/27/2015 Tutorial class 28
29. Rclimdex Quickguide
• The R software must be installed before run
Rclimdex
• R software can be downloaded from:
http://www.r-project.org
Select the R software based on the OS
(Microsoft Window or UNIX)
2/27/2015 Tutorial class 29
30. Rclimdex Quickguide
Data Preparation:
1. Data must be formatted as ASCII text file
2. Columns as following sequences: Year, Month,
Day, PRCP, TMAX, TMIN. (NOTE: PRCP units =
millimeters and Temperature units= degrees
Celsius)
3. The format as described above must be space
delimited
4. Missing data must be coded as -99.9; data
records must be in calendar date order. (Missing
dates are allowed)
2/27/2015 Tutorial class 30
31. Rclimdex Quickguide
• Sample data:
Year
Month
Day
Precipitation
(mm)
TMax
(oC)
TMin
(oC)
Missing data
Calendar date order – missing dates are allowed
2/27/2015 Tutorial class 31
33. 1. Within the R consol prompt “>”, enter
source(“rclimdex.r”). This will load RClimDex
into R environment
Type: source (“rclimdex path”)
– source("C:climateindicesrclimdex.r")
– source (“http://cccma.seos.uvic.ca/ETCCDMI/RClimDex/rclimdex.r”)
2. Choose the “File” from the RGui menu, and
then select “Source R code” (recommended)
Load RClimdex
Load Data->Run
QC
Indices Calculation
2/27/2015 Tutorial class 33
35. • Data Quality Control is a prerequisite for indices
calculations
• The RClimDex QC performs the following procedure:
– Replace all missing values (currently coded as -99.9) into an
internal format that R recognizes (i.e. NA, not available)
– Replace all unreasonable values into NA
• Unreasonable values include s
– Daily precipitation amounts less than zero
– Daily maximum temperature less than daily minimum
temperature.
• QC also identifies outliers in daily maximum and minimum
temperature. The outliers are daily values outside a region
defined by the user
Load RClimdex
Load Data->Run
QC
Indices Calculation
2/27/2015 Tutorial class 35
36. • Select “Load Data and Run QC” from the
RClimDex Menu to open a window
2/27/2015 Tutorial class 36
37. QC result
1. ____tempQC.csv unreasonable temperature
2. ____prcpQC.csv unreasonable precipitation
3. ____tepstdQC.csv all possible outliers in daily
temperature with the dates on which those outliers occur
4. ____indcal.csv QC’d data and will be used for the
indices calculation
Note:
The indices are computed from the QC’d data. If a user
modifies the original data file to correct some of the
problematic values, the Load Data and Run QC procedure
needs to be performed again before continue to the next
steps
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38. • RClimDex computes 27 core climate indices
• Parameters input:
– First and last year of base period for the threshold
calculation
– Station Latitude (South hemisphere (-))
– Daily precipitation threshold, P (in mm)
– Upper and Limit of Day High
– Upper and Limit of Day Low
Load RClimdex
Load Data->Run
QC
Indices Calculation
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41. • Selection of indices
• Outputs are stored as the excel and jpeg files
(folder)
• Jpeg file format: trends computed by linear
least square (solid line) and locally weighted
linear regression (dashed line)
Load RClimdex
Load Data->Run
QC
Indices Calculation
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46. Accessing climate data from NOAA
data center
• Go to http://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/
• Select Data Access > Land Base station
• Select Climate data Online (CDO)
• Select Search Tool
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47. • Fill the form and click “SEARCH”
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48. • Select “View Full detail”
• Select “see station list
below”
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