The document provides information from various sources on climate change and related topics. It includes links to reports from the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) on impacts, adaptation, and vulnerabilities of climate change as well as mitigation efforts. Other links discuss climate change impacts on health, cities like New York, and past climate change events. The document also discusses the 2015 Paris Climate Accord between the US and China and analyzes potential effects on industries.
Swechha - London Colder than Antarctica" Unusual Trends of Global CoolingNeeraj Parashar
Swechha Shukla has presented a paper "London Colder than Antarctica" - Unusual Trends of Global Cooling. It drawn attention on changes in northern hemispheres and successfully conveyed that snowfall and avalanches are the results of global changes and not local incidents. Vernacular Newspaper "Danik Bhaskar" has covered her paper with photograph on 18th February, 2010.
How to explain global warming The question of AttributionPazSilviapm
How to explain global warming?
The question of Attribution
You learned about the evidence that proves anthropogenic climate change is
taking place. Now, let’s talk about how we explain the phenomena of global
warming.
Previously, you viewed this figure from the IPCC’s assessment report, showing
various factors that contribute to climate change. The next slide will include
further detail about each forcing component.
This figure is also from the IPCC’s assessment report. LOSU means ‘level of
scientific understanding’. In this figure, two different forcing components are
shown; anthropogenic and natural forcings. It is important to remember that
not only anthropogenic forcings, natural forcings also drive climate change. For
example, glacial/Interglacial cycles we observed from the ice core samples
earlier this semester that recorded atmospheric conditions over last 450,000
years are clearly caused by natural forcings as we, homo sapiens, did not exist
that time!
In this figure, each radiative forcing is associated with a value (watts per square
meter) quantifying how much each forcing contributes to climate change. Some
forcings have a negative number (contribute to cooling), whereas others have a
positive number (contribute to warming). The total net forcing is currently a
positive value. Thus, the climate trend is currently warming.
IPCC report
As shown in the previous figure, natural forcing can change climate. The
dominant energy source to change Earth’s climate, the sun, also varies its
energy emission. This figure shows natural changes in solar irradiance from
1874 to 1988. Solar irradiance is the amount of energy per unit area received
from the Sun. In recent decades, solar activity has been measured by satellites,
while before it was estimated using a proxy variation. Without satellite
observation, energy differences were too small to detect.
Solar irradiance is higher during a period called “solar maximum”, which
appears almost every 11 years. During a solar maximum, interesting features
that appears on the Sun’s surface…
(continue)
Solar luminosity
Sunspot cycle (~11 year period,
~0.1% change in radiation
output)
(continued)
…are sunspots! Sunspots are relatively dark areas on the radiating surface of the
Sun, where intense magnetic activity inhibits convection and cools the
photosphere. Luminosity is the total amount of energy emitted by the Sun.
To summarize, more sunspot appears during a period of solar maximum, when the
Sun presents more intense magnetic activity (therefore higher luminosity).
Although solar irradiance was only recently measured by satellite, sunspots
have been observed for a very long time! The first such recording was made
by Galileo Galilei in the 17th century when he created the first telescope. In
addition, there are well documented historical records that captured solar
activity by Chinese astronomers. All records combined confirm ...
Swechha - London Colder than Antarctica" Unusual Trends of Global CoolingNeeraj Parashar
Swechha Shukla has presented a paper "London Colder than Antarctica" - Unusual Trends of Global Cooling. It drawn attention on changes in northern hemispheres and successfully conveyed that snowfall and avalanches are the results of global changes and not local incidents. Vernacular Newspaper "Danik Bhaskar" has covered her paper with photograph on 18th February, 2010.
How to explain global warming The question of AttributionPazSilviapm
How to explain global warming?
The question of Attribution
You learned about the evidence that proves anthropogenic climate change is
taking place. Now, let’s talk about how we explain the phenomena of global
warming.
Previously, you viewed this figure from the IPCC’s assessment report, showing
various factors that contribute to climate change. The next slide will include
further detail about each forcing component.
This figure is also from the IPCC’s assessment report. LOSU means ‘level of
scientific understanding’. In this figure, two different forcing components are
shown; anthropogenic and natural forcings. It is important to remember that
not only anthropogenic forcings, natural forcings also drive climate change. For
example, glacial/Interglacial cycles we observed from the ice core samples
earlier this semester that recorded atmospheric conditions over last 450,000
years are clearly caused by natural forcings as we, homo sapiens, did not exist
that time!
In this figure, each radiative forcing is associated with a value (watts per square
meter) quantifying how much each forcing contributes to climate change. Some
forcings have a negative number (contribute to cooling), whereas others have a
positive number (contribute to warming). The total net forcing is currently a
positive value. Thus, the climate trend is currently warming.
IPCC report
As shown in the previous figure, natural forcing can change climate. The
dominant energy source to change Earth’s climate, the sun, also varies its
energy emission. This figure shows natural changes in solar irradiance from
1874 to 1988. Solar irradiance is the amount of energy per unit area received
from the Sun. In recent decades, solar activity has been measured by satellites,
while before it was estimated using a proxy variation. Without satellite
observation, energy differences were too small to detect.
Solar irradiance is higher during a period called “solar maximum”, which
appears almost every 11 years. During a solar maximum, interesting features
that appears on the Sun’s surface…
(continue)
Solar luminosity
Sunspot cycle (~11 year period,
~0.1% change in radiation
output)
(continued)
…are sunspots! Sunspots are relatively dark areas on the radiating surface of the
Sun, where intense magnetic activity inhibits convection and cools the
photosphere. Luminosity is the total amount of energy emitted by the Sun.
To summarize, more sunspot appears during a period of solar maximum, when the
Sun presents more intense magnetic activity (therefore higher luminosity).
Although solar irradiance was only recently measured by satellite, sunspots
have been observed for a very long time! The first such recording was made
by Galileo Galilei in the 17th century when he created the first telescope. In
addition, there are well documented historical records that captured solar
activity by Chinese astronomers. All records combined confirm ...
Climate Change Paper - CO2 or Crop Irrigation?Keith_Shotbolt
Describes all important observations of climate change and assesses the possible effects of increased CO2, human activity energy consumption, and large-scale crop irrigation.
The True Science of Climate Change - April 2023 r3.pdfKeith_Shotbolt
This Study reviews the sciences of Earth's atmospheric circulation, the Greenhouse Effect and the Water Cycle. It includes observations by 15 leading authorities, and concludes that increased atmospheric water vapour from crop irrigation is by far the main cause of observed changes to climate. Increased atmospheric carbon dioxide, still less than 1 part in 2,000 (0.05%), has had no identifiable influence on world temperatures, polar sea ice extents, and glaciers.
The True Science of Climate Change - October 2023 r7.pdfKeithShotbolt
This Study investigates the greenhouse effect of various gases and the water cycle with associated transfer of latent heat. It concludes that the major cause of climate change is water vapour emitted from vast crop irrigation in semi-arid or desert areas.
From our climate panel in Grand Junction on August 4:
Our Forest, Our Water, Our Land: Local Impacts on Climate Change. Sponsored by Conservation Colorado, Mesa County Library, Math & Science Center
This paper aims to demonstrate the need for replacement of current energy development model to one based on renewable energy sources and present what and how to implement a sustainable energy system capable of preventing catastrophic climate change on Earth.
London Colder than Antarctica" unusual Trends of Global Cooling- Swechha ShuklaNeeraj Parashar
Swechha Shukla has presented a paper "London Colder than Antarctica" - Unusual Trends of Global Cooling. It drawn attention on changes in northern hemispheres and successfully conveyed that snowfall and avalanches are the results of global changes and not local incidents. Vernacular Newspaper "Danik Bhaskar" has covered her paper with photograph on 18th February, 2010.
Describes latest observations of climate by satellites and ground stations and assesses them relative to the possible causes of 'greenhouse gases', world energy use, and latent heat transfer by crop irrigation.
This presentation briefly describes the term - climate change and what we know and what we don't know. The intention was to understand the ideology of the term, framing of the term and politics behind this.
STRATEGIES TO DEAL WITH GLOBAL CLIMATE CHANGE.pdfFaga1939
This article aims to present the necessary strategies to avoid catastrophic climate change on planet Earth, which requires the replacement of the current energy model for another one based on renewable energy sources and the replacement of the current economic model for another based on the sustainable development model, among other measures.
09-28-17 Lifelong Learning Lecture: Jim HaynesEllsworth1835
"Natural and Human Causes of Climate Change: What Scientists Know and How They Know It"
Presented by James M. Haynes, PhD, Interim Provost and Vice President for Academic Affairs, Professor of Environmental Science and Ecology
For eons, six slowly, often intermittently acting natural forces have changed the Earth's temperature within a range of +7 degrees Fahrenheit, leading to climate swings from ice ages to planet-wide tropical conditions. Now, a seventh rapidly acting force is changing climate—modern human civilization. What evidences of climate change are observed today, and what is likely to happen to our children and generations beyond as a result of human activity in the recent past and today? What can we do to minimize the impacts of the changes to come?
Ecological Society of America Science CommonsTom Moritz
Ecological Society of America
"Obstacles to Data Sharing in Ecology"
(NSF Workshop)
National Evolutionary Synthesis Center
Durham, North Carolina
May 30, 2007
Science and the limits of our current regime for intellectual property.
WRI’s brand new “Food Service Playbook for Promoting Sustainable Food Choices” gives food service operators the very latest strategies for creating dining environments that empower consumers to choose sustainable, plant-rich dishes. This research builds off our first guide for food service, now with industry experience and insights from nearly 350 academic trials.
Artificial Reefs by Kuddle Life Foundation - May 2024punit537210
Situated in Pondicherry, India, Kuddle Life Foundation is a charitable, non-profit and non-governmental organization (NGO) dedicated to improving the living standards of coastal communities and simultaneously placing a strong emphasis on the protection of marine ecosystems.
One of the key areas we work in is Artificial Reefs. This presentation captures our journey so far and our learnings. We hope you get as excited about marine conservation and artificial reefs as we are.
Please visit our website: https://kuddlelife.org
Our Instagram channel:
@kuddlelifefoundation
Our Linkedin Page:
https://www.linkedin.com/company/kuddlelifefoundation/
and write to us if you have any questions:
info@kuddlelife.org
Climate Change All over the World .pptxsairaanwer024
Climate change refers to significant and lasting changes in the average weather patterns over periods ranging from decades to millions of years. It encompasses both global warming driven by human emissions of greenhouse gases and the resulting large-scale shifts in weather patterns. While climate change is a natural phenomenon, human activities, particularly since the Industrial Revolution, have accelerated its pace and intensity
Characterization and the Kinetics of drying at the drying oven and with micro...Open Access Research Paper
The objective of this work is to contribute to valorization de Nephelium lappaceum by the characterization of kinetics of drying of seeds of Nephelium lappaceum. The seeds were dehydrated until a constant mass respectively in a drying oven and a microwawe oven. The temperatures and the powers of drying are respectively: 50, 60 and 70°C and 140, 280 and 420 W. The results show that the curves of drying of seeds of Nephelium lappaceum do not present a phase of constant kinetics. The coefficients of diffusion vary between 2.09.10-8 to 2.98. 10-8m-2/s in the interval of 50°C at 70°C and between 4.83×10-07 at 9.04×10-07 m-8/s for the powers going of 140 W with 420 W the relation between Arrhenius and a value of energy of activation of 16.49 kJ. mol-1 expressed the effect of the temperature on effective diffusivity.
"Understanding the Carbon Cycle: Processes, Human Impacts, and Strategies for...MMariSelvam4
The carbon cycle is a critical component of Earth's environmental system, governing the movement and transformation of carbon through various reservoirs, including the atmosphere, oceans, soil, and living organisms. This complex cycle involves several key processes such as photosynthesis, respiration, decomposition, and carbon sequestration, each contributing to the regulation of carbon levels on the planet.
Human activities, particularly fossil fuel combustion and deforestation, have significantly altered the natural carbon cycle, leading to increased atmospheric carbon dioxide concentrations and driving climate change. Understanding the intricacies of the carbon cycle is essential for assessing the impacts of these changes and developing effective mitigation strategies.
By studying the carbon cycle, scientists can identify carbon sources and sinks, measure carbon fluxes, and predict future trends. This knowledge is crucial for crafting policies aimed at reducing carbon emissions, enhancing carbon storage, and promoting sustainable practices. The carbon cycle's interplay with climate systems, ecosystems, and human activities underscores its importance in maintaining a stable and healthy planet.
In-depth exploration of the carbon cycle reveals the delicate balance required to sustain life and the urgent need to address anthropogenic influences. Through research, education, and policy, we can work towards restoring equilibrium in the carbon cycle and ensuring a sustainable future for generations to come.
UNDERSTANDING WHAT GREEN WASHING IS!.pdfJulietMogola
Many companies today use green washing to lure the public into thinking they are conserving the environment but in real sense they are doing more harm. There have been such several cases from very big companies here in Kenya and also globally. This ranges from various sectors from manufacturing and goes to consumer products. Educating people on greenwashing will enable people to make better choices based on their analysis and not on what they see on marketing sites.
Epcon is One of the World's leading Manufacturing Companies.EpconLP
Epcon is One of the World's leading Manufacturing Companies. With over 4000 installations worldwide, EPCON has been pioneering new techniques since 1977 that have become industry standards now. Founded in 1977, Epcon has grown from a one-man operation to a global leader in developing and manufacturing innovative air pollution control technology and industrial heating equipment.
Willie Nelson Net Worth: A Journey Through Music, Movies, and Business Venturesgreendigital
Willie Nelson is a name that resonates within the world of music and entertainment. Known for his unique voice, and masterful guitar skills. and an extraordinary career spanning several decades. Nelson has become a legend in the country music scene. But, his influence extends far beyond the realm of music. with ventures in acting, writing, activism, and business. This comprehensive article delves into Willie Nelson net worth. exploring the various facets of his career that have contributed to his large fortune.
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Introduction
Willie Nelson net worth is a testament to his enduring influence and success in many fields. Born on April 29, 1933, in Abbott, Texas. Nelson's journey from a humble beginning to becoming one of the most iconic figures in American music is nothing short of inspirational. His net worth, which estimated to be around $25 million as of 2024. reflects a career that is as diverse as it is prolific.
Early Life and Musical Beginnings
Humble Origins
Willie Hugh Nelson was born during the Great Depression. a time of significant economic hardship in the United States. Raised by his grandparents. Nelson found solace and inspiration in music from an early age. His grandmother taught him to play the guitar. setting the stage for what would become an illustrious career.
First Steps in Music
Nelson's initial foray into the music industry was fraught with challenges. He moved to Nashville, Tennessee, to pursue his dreams, but success did not come . Working as a songwriter, Nelson penned hits for other artists. which helped him gain a foothold in the competitive music scene. His songwriting skills contributed to his early earnings. laying the foundation for his net worth.
Rise to Stardom
Breakthrough Albums
The 1970s marked a turning point in Willie Nelson's career. His albums "Shotgun Willie" (1973), "Red Headed Stranger" (1975). and "Stardust" (1978) received critical acclaim and commercial success. These albums not only solidified his position in the country music genre. but also introduced his music to a broader audience. The success of these albums played a crucial role in boosting Willie Nelson net worth.
Iconic Songs
Willie Nelson net worth is also attributed to his extensive catalog of hit songs. Tracks like "Blue Eyes Crying in the Rain," "On the Road Again," and "Always on My Mind" have become timeless classics. These songs have not only earned Nelson large royalties but have also ensured his continued relevance in the music industry.
Acting and Film Career
Hollywood Ventures
In addition to his music career, Willie Nelson has also made a mark in Hollywood. His distinctive personality and on-screen presence have landed him roles in several films and television shows. Notable appearances include roles in "The Electric Horseman" (1979), "Honeysuckle Rose" (1980), and "Barbarosa" (1982). These acting gigs have added a significant amount to Willie Nelson net worth.
Television Appearances
Nelson's char
Altered Terrain: Colonial Encroachment and Environmental Changes in Cachar, A...PriyankaKilaniya
The beginning of colonial policy in the area was signaled by the British annexation of the Cachar district in southern Assam in 1832. The region became an alluring investment opportunity for Europeans after British rule over Cachar, especially after the accidental discovery of wild tea in 1855. Within this historical context, this study explores three major stages that characterize the evolution of nature. First, it examines the distribution and growth of tea plantations, examining their size and rate of expansion. The second aspect of the study examines the consequences of land concessions, which led to the initial loss of native forests. Finally, the study investigates the increased strain on forests caused by migrant workers' demands. It also highlights the crucial role that the Forest Department plays in protecting these natural habitats from the invasion of tea planters. This study aims to analyze the intricate relationship between colonialism and the altered landscape of Cachar, Assam, by means of a thorough investigation, shedding light on the environmental, economic, and societal aspects of this historical transformation.
14. Summary Graph
This figure shows a summary
of estimated peak rates of
climate change and sizes of
changes associated with
various classes of cause. Ice
ages and tectonic movement
would be considered slow, and
volcanic eruptions and changes
in solar heating would be
relatively fast. Please note that
the axes are logarithmic. Also,
the plotted line is drawn to
assist in seeing the relationship
between speed, size, and
duration of climate change. In
this figure, human-caused
climate change falls within
natural variability. Projections
of human influence, however,
may place the human-caused
climate change outside what
is considered natural.
http://climate-expeditions.org/public/human-impacts-
on-climate-change.html
16. “What do we know today
about how global temperature
changes?
“The temperature of the air near the surface has been
measured by land, sea and satellite instruments, very
accurately since the 1970s and fairly accurately since the
late 19th century (black curve in GRAPH A, below). Four
main influences are known, and combining these gives
quite a good match to the observations (orange curve in
A). The known influences are: irregular “El Niño”
fluctuations in the upwelling of deep cold waters in the
tropical Pacific Ocean, which cool or warm the air for a
few years (purple curve in B); sulfate smog particles
emitted in volcanic eruptions, such as El Chichón in 1982
and Pinatubo in 1991, which bring temporary cooling
(blue curve); a quasi-regular cycle in the Sun’s activity
that changes the radiation received at Earth (green
curve); and human ("anthropogenic") changes —
primarily emission of carbon dioxide from fossil fuels, but
also other greenhouse gases and pollution such as
smoke, and land-use changes such as deforestation (red
curve). Theorists can calculate the actual influence of
each factor, but only approximately. The authors of the
model shown in the graph adjusted the weights to give
the best fit to the observations. In particular, the global
heating since the 1970s can be explained only by
humanity’s greenhouse gas emissions. Note, for example,
how the temperature trend in the first decade of the 21st
century was generally flat because an upward push by
anthropogenic forces was temporarily offset by a
downward pull as solar activity decreased and the
oceans absorbed more heat than usual from the
atmosphere (sea water temperatures in fact continued to
rise).”
http://www.aip.org/history/climate/summary.htm
27. “Port Jefferson, NY” US National Weather Service
http://www.weather.gov/images/okx/Sandy/ManhattanLexingtonAve_WzohaibFl
ickrNHCReport.jpg
28. The Precautionary Principle
“…the “precau9onary principle” is a no9on which supports taking
protec9ve ac9on before there is complete scien9fic proof of a risk;
that is, ac9on should not be delayed simply because full scien9fic
informa9on is lacking. The “precau9onary principle” or
precau9onary approach has been incorporated into several
interna9onal environmental agreements, and some claim that it is
now recognized as a general principle of interna9onal
environmental law.”
29. BUT…
what happens when two precautionary
principles seem to collide….?
An “Economic” Principle (Jobs!)
and
An “Environmental” Principle (Health!)
31. Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change
(IPCC)
“The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) is the
international body for assessing the science related to climate
change. The IPCC was set up in 1988 by the World Meteorological
Organization (WMO) and United Nations Environment Programme
(UNEP) to provide policymakers with regular assessments of the
scientific basis of climate change, its impacts and future risks, and
options for adaptation and mitigation. IPCC assessments provide
a scientific basis for governments at all levels to develop climate-
related policies, and they underlie negotiations at the UN Climate
Conference – the United Nations Framework Convention on
Climate Change (UNFCCC). The assessments are policy-relevant
but not policy-prescriptive: they may present projections of
future climate change based on different scenarios and the risks
that climate change poses and discuss the implications of
response options, but they do not tell policymakers what actions
to take.”
http://www.ipcc.ch/news_and_events/docs/factsheets/FS_what_ipcc.pdf
37. The Discovery of Global Warming (Feb 2015)
• 1784 Benjamin Franklin, "Meteorological Imagina5ons and
Conjectures (Paper Read 1784)." Memoirs of the Literary and
Philosophical Society of Manchester 2nd ed., 1789: 373-77.
REPRINTED Weatherwise 35, 262 (1982).
• 1801William Herschel, "Observa5ons Tending to Inves5gate
the Nature of the Sun..." Philosophical Transac9ons of the
Royal Society of London 265: 265-318.
• 1824 Joseph Fourier, "Remarques Générales Sur Les
Températures Du Globe Terrestre Et Des Espaces Planétaires."
Annales de Chemie et de Physique 27: 136-67. Transla5on by
Ebeneser Burgess, "General Remarks on the Temperature of
the Earth and Outer Space," American Journal of Science 32:
1-20 (1837) online here.
• 1827 Joseph Fourier, "Mémoire Sur Les Températures Du
Globe Terrestre Et Des Espaces Planétaires." Mémoires de
l'Académie Royale des Sciences 7: 569-604.
• 1838 Claude Pouillet, "Mémoire Sur La Chaleur Solaire..."
Comptes Rendus de l'Académie des Sciences 7: 24-65.
Transla5on by Richard Taylor, "Memoir on Solar Heat, the
Radia5ve Effects of the Atmosphere, and the Temperature of
Space," Scien9fic Memoirs 4 (London: Taylor and Francis,
1846), online here.
• 1844 J. Sparks, Life of Benjamin Franklin, Vol. 6. Boston:
Tappan & Denneb.
• 1861 John Tyndall, "On the Absorp5on and Radia5on of Heat
by Gases and Vapours..." Philosophical Magazine ser. 4, 22:
169-94, 273-85. Online here.
• 1863 John Tyndall, "On Radia5on through the Earth's
Atmosphere." Philosophical Magazine ser. 4, 25: 200-206.
• 1863 John Tyndall, "On the Rela5on of Radiant Heat to
Aqueous Vapor." Philosophical Magazine ser. 4, 26: 30-54.
• 1864 James Croll, "On the Physical Cause of the Change of
Climate During Geological Epochs." Philosophical Magazine
28: 121-37.
• 1873 W. Köppen, "Uber Mehrjährige Perioden der Wiberung,
Insbesondere Über die 11jährige Periode der Temperatur."
Zeitschrij der Osterreichischen Gesellschaj für Meteorologie
8: 241-48, 141-50.
• 1873 John Tyndall, Contribu9ons to Molecular Physics in the
Domain of Radiant Heat. New York: Appleton.
• 1873 John Tyndall, "Further Researches on the Absorption
and Radiation of Heat by Gaseous Matter (1862)." In
Contributions to Molecular Physics in the Domain of Radiant
Heat pp. 69-121. New York: Appleton.
• 1875 James Croll, Climate and Time in Their Geological
Relations. A Theory of Secular Changes of the Earth's Climate.
New York: Appleton.
• 1876 J.J. Murphy, "The Glacial Climate and the Polar Ice-Cap."
Quarterly J. Geological Society of London 32: 400-06.
• 1881 Franz von Czerney, Die Veränderlichkeit Des Klimas Und
Ihre Ursachen. Vienna.
• 1884 S.P. Langley, "Researches on Solar Heat and Its
Absorption by the Earth's Atmosphere: A Report of the
Mount Whitney Expedition." Professional Papers of the Signal
Service 15: 1-242.
• 1886 James Croll, Discussion on Climate and Cosmology. New
York: Appleton.
• 1886 S.P. Langley, "Observations on Invisible Heat-Spectra
and the Recognition of Hitherto Ummeasured Wave-Lengths,
Made at the Alleghany Observatory." Philosophical Magazine
31: 394-409.
• 1888 George J. Symons, Ed. The Eruption of Krakatoa, and
Subsequent Phenomena. Report of the Krakatoa Committee
of the Royal Society. London: Trübner.
• 1890 Eduard Brückner, Klimaschwankungen Seit 1700, Nebst
Bemerkungen Über Die Klimaschwankungen Der Diluvialzeit.
Vienna: Hölzel
• 1890 Joseph Fourier, Oeuvres De Fourier, Edited by Gaston
Darboux, Vol. 2. Paris: Gauthier-Villars.
• 1890 E. Walter Maunder, "Professor Spoerer's Researches on
Sun-Spots." Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical
Society 50: 251-52.
• 1894 Arvid Högbom, "Om Sannolikheten För Sekulära
Förändringar I Atmosfärens Kolsyrehalt." Svensk kemisk
Tidskrift 6: 169-77.
• 1895 Luigi De Marchi, Le Cause Dell'era Glaciale. Pavia: R.
Istituto Lombardo.
• 1895 Eugene Dubois, The Climates of the Geological Past and
Their Relation to the Evolution of the Sun. London:
Sonnenschein.
• 1895 C.A. Young, The Sun. Akron, Ohio: Werner.
• 1896 Svante Arrhenius, "On the Influence of Carbonic Acid in
the Air Upon the Temperature of the Ground." Philosophical
Magazine 41: 237-76. Online here.
http://www.aip.org/history/climate/bibdate.htm
39. The Evolution of Scientific
Understanding of Climate Change
• For over two centuries scientists have
considered and studied why and how climate
change occurs
• Accumulations of data – driven by advances in
methodology and in available technology –
now provide strong support for currently
accepted theories
• But public skepticism continues…
40.
41. Climate Change and Human Health
hFps://www.ipcc.ch/site/assets/uploads/2018/02/WGIIAR5-Chap11_FINAL.pdf
42. “Figure 11-1 | Conceptual diagram showing three primary exposure pathways by which climate change affects health: directly through
weather variables such as heat and storms; indirectly through natural systems such as disease vectors; and pathways heavily mediated
through human systems such as undernutrition. The green box indicates the moderating influences of local environmental conditions on
how climate change exposure pathways are manifest in a particular population. The gray box indicates that the extent to which the three
categories of exposure translate to actual health burden is moderated by such factors as background public health and socioeconomic
conditions, and adaptation measures. The green arrows at the bottom indicate that there may be feedback mechanisms, positive or
negative, between societal infrastructure, public health, and adaptation measures and climate change itself… “
(courtesy of E. Garcia, UC Berkeley).
https://www.ipcc.ch/site/assets/uploads/2018/02/WGIIAR5-Chap11_FINAL.pdf
43. Who is most affected???
https://www.ipcc.ch/site/assets/uploads/2018/02/WGIIAR5-Chap11_FINAL.pdf
54. “[US-China] Climate Accord Relies on Environmental
Policies Now in Place”
“The United States and China should both be able to
meet the stated goals by aggressively pursuing
policies that are largely in place, these analysts said.
For the United States, those include the Obama
administration’s proposal to reduce greenhouse gas
emissions from coal plants, which would go into
effect in 2017. Experts said that in practice it should
be possible to wring more emissions cuts from that
and other climate-related measures without adding
to costs.” -- HENRY FOUNTAIN and JOHN SCHWARTZ
Nov. 12, 2014 New York Times
http://mobile.nytimes.com/2014/11/13/world/climate-pact-by-us-and-china-
relies-on-policies-now-largely-in-place.html?referrer&_r=0
55. NYT Video | “What the Climate Accord Could Change The
possible effects for the coal and automobile industries of the
landmark agreement between the United States and China.”
http://www.nytimes.com/video/world/asia/100000003230992/what-the-climate-accord-could-
change.html?playlistId=1194811622182®ion=video-grid&version=video-grid-
thumbnail&contentCollection=Times+Video&contentPlacement=3&module=recent-