This article aims to present the necessary strategies to avoid catastrophic climate change on planet Earth, which requires the replacement of the current energy model for another one based on renewable energy sources and the replacement of the current economic model for another based on the sustainable development model, among other measures.
Global warming is caused by the greenhouse effect from increased CO2 and other gases trapping heat in the atmosphere. The majority of scientists agree that human activity, such as burning fossil fuels, is the main driver of increased greenhouse gas levels and global temperature rises in recent decades. If emissions continue at their current rate, average global temperatures could increase 4-5°C by 2100, causing sea level rises and more extreme weather. Major changes are needed to transition to renewable energy and reduce CO2 emissions to prevent catastrophic climate change impacts.
The document discusses the causes and effects of global warming. It notes that global warming is caused by increasing greenhouse gas emissions from human activities like burning fossil fuels. If left unaddressed, global warming will have severe consequences by 2050, including the spread of diseases, more frequent and intense hurricanes and droughts, economic damage, and rising sea levels from melting polar ice caps that could displace millions of people. Youth are urged to take actions like using renewable energy, driving electric vehicles, planting trees, and conserving energy to help prevent the worst impacts of global warming.
Global warming is defined as the increase in average surface temperatures on Earth over the past century due to greenhouse gas emissions. The main causes are the greenhouse effect trapping heat from the sun and human activities increasing greenhouse gases in the atmosphere. Effects include more extreme weather, rising sea levels, and disrupted ecosystems. While some nations have taken steps to reduce emissions, current trends show temperatures and impacts continuing to increase without serious global action on solutions to mitigate further warming and help societies adapt.
This document argues that climate change constitutes a violation of human rights and the responsibility to protect doctrine, opening up states that are significant contributors to climate change to potential military intervention. It summarizes the scientific consensus on human-caused climate change and its impacts. It frames climate change as a tragedy of the commons problem affecting the global atmosphere. While agreements like the Kyoto Protocol have sought solutions, implementation has been largely symbolic and developing nations have resisted restrictions.
Global warming refers to the long-term rise in Earth's average temperature due to human activities like burning fossil fuels. Since pre-industrial times, human activities have increased Earth's average temperature by about 1 degree Celsius. It is unequivocal that human influence has warmed the atmosphere, ocean and land. The greenhouse effect occurs naturally and makes Earth habitable, but human emissions of greenhouse gases like carbon dioxide are enhancing the effect and causing global warming. Continued emissions will lead to more extreme weather, higher sea levels, and other damaging impacts. Addressing global warming will require international cooperation on clean energy and adaptation efforts.
Global warming refers to the long-term rise in Earth's average temperature due to human activities like burning fossil fuels. Since pre-industrial times, human activities have increased Earth's average temperature by about 1 degree Celsius. It is unequivocal that human influence has warmed the atmosphere, ocean, and land. The greenhouse effect occurs naturally and makes Earth habitable, but human emissions of greenhouse gases like carbon dioxide are enhancing the effect and causing global warming. Continued emissions will lead to more extreme weather, higher sea levels, and other damaging impacts. Addressing global warming will require international cooperation on clean energy and adaptation efforts.
Global warming refers to the long-term rise in Earth's average temperature due to human activities like burning fossil fuels. Since pre-industrial times, human activities have increased Earth's average temperature by about 1 degree Celsius. It is unequivocal that human influence has warmed the atmosphere, ocean and land. The greenhouse effect occurs naturally and makes Earth habitable, but human emissions of greenhouse gases like carbon dioxide are enhancing the effect and causing global warming. Continued emissions will lead to more extreme weather, higher sea levels, and other damaging impacts. Addressing global warming will require international cooperation on clean energy and adaptation efforts.
Global warming refers to the rise in average surface temperatures of the Earth due to increased greenhouse gas emissions. Scientists have found that the Earth's surface temperature has risen by 1.3 degrees Fahrenheit over the last hundred years. Evidence of global warming includes retreating glaciers, thawing permafrost, sea level rise, and more extreme weather events. If greenhouse gas emissions continue at their current rate, global temperatures could increase by 3.5 to 8 degrees Fahrenheit by 2050, causing significant disruptions around the world. Proposed solutions to address global warming include boosting energy efficiency, transitioning to renewable energy, improving transportation systems, better managing forests and agriculture, and developing new technologies.
Global warming is caused by the greenhouse effect from increased CO2 and other gases trapping heat in the atmosphere. The majority of scientists agree that human activity, such as burning fossil fuels, is the main driver of increased greenhouse gas levels and global temperature rises in recent decades. If emissions continue at their current rate, average global temperatures could increase 4-5°C by 2100, causing sea level rises and more extreme weather. Major changes are needed to transition to renewable energy and reduce CO2 emissions to prevent catastrophic climate change impacts.
The document discusses the causes and effects of global warming. It notes that global warming is caused by increasing greenhouse gas emissions from human activities like burning fossil fuels. If left unaddressed, global warming will have severe consequences by 2050, including the spread of diseases, more frequent and intense hurricanes and droughts, economic damage, and rising sea levels from melting polar ice caps that could displace millions of people. Youth are urged to take actions like using renewable energy, driving electric vehicles, planting trees, and conserving energy to help prevent the worst impacts of global warming.
Global warming is defined as the increase in average surface temperatures on Earth over the past century due to greenhouse gas emissions. The main causes are the greenhouse effect trapping heat from the sun and human activities increasing greenhouse gases in the atmosphere. Effects include more extreme weather, rising sea levels, and disrupted ecosystems. While some nations have taken steps to reduce emissions, current trends show temperatures and impacts continuing to increase without serious global action on solutions to mitigate further warming and help societies adapt.
This document argues that climate change constitutes a violation of human rights and the responsibility to protect doctrine, opening up states that are significant contributors to climate change to potential military intervention. It summarizes the scientific consensus on human-caused climate change and its impacts. It frames climate change as a tragedy of the commons problem affecting the global atmosphere. While agreements like the Kyoto Protocol have sought solutions, implementation has been largely symbolic and developing nations have resisted restrictions.
Global warming refers to the long-term rise in Earth's average temperature due to human activities like burning fossil fuels. Since pre-industrial times, human activities have increased Earth's average temperature by about 1 degree Celsius. It is unequivocal that human influence has warmed the atmosphere, ocean and land. The greenhouse effect occurs naturally and makes Earth habitable, but human emissions of greenhouse gases like carbon dioxide are enhancing the effect and causing global warming. Continued emissions will lead to more extreme weather, higher sea levels, and other damaging impacts. Addressing global warming will require international cooperation on clean energy and adaptation efforts.
Global warming refers to the long-term rise in Earth's average temperature due to human activities like burning fossil fuels. Since pre-industrial times, human activities have increased Earth's average temperature by about 1 degree Celsius. It is unequivocal that human influence has warmed the atmosphere, ocean, and land. The greenhouse effect occurs naturally and makes Earth habitable, but human emissions of greenhouse gases like carbon dioxide are enhancing the effect and causing global warming. Continued emissions will lead to more extreme weather, higher sea levels, and other damaging impacts. Addressing global warming will require international cooperation on clean energy and adaptation efforts.
Global warming refers to the long-term rise in Earth's average temperature due to human activities like burning fossil fuels. Since pre-industrial times, human activities have increased Earth's average temperature by about 1 degree Celsius. It is unequivocal that human influence has warmed the atmosphere, ocean and land. The greenhouse effect occurs naturally and makes Earth habitable, but human emissions of greenhouse gases like carbon dioxide are enhancing the effect and causing global warming. Continued emissions will lead to more extreme weather, higher sea levels, and other damaging impacts. Addressing global warming will require international cooperation on clean energy and adaptation efforts.
Global warming refers to the rise in average surface temperatures of the Earth due to increased greenhouse gas emissions. Scientists have found that the Earth's surface temperature has risen by 1.3 degrees Fahrenheit over the last hundred years. Evidence of global warming includes retreating glaciers, thawing permafrost, sea level rise, and more extreme weather events. If greenhouse gas emissions continue at their current rate, global temperatures could increase by 3.5 to 8 degrees Fahrenheit by 2050, causing significant disruptions around the world. Proposed solutions to address global warming include boosting energy efficiency, transitioning to renewable energy, improving transportation systems, better managing forests and agriculture, and developing new technologies.
Earth's climate is mostly influenced by the first 6 miles or so of the atmosphere which contains most of the matter making up the atmosphere. This is really a very thin layer if you think about it. In the book The End of Nature, author Bill McKibbin tells of walking three miles to from his cabin in the Adirondack's to buy food. Afterwards, he realized that on this short journey he had traveled a distance equal to that of the layer of the atmosphere where almost all the action of our climate is contained. In fact, if you were to view Earth from space, the principle part of the atmosphere would only be about as thick as the skin on an onion! Realizing this makes it more plausible to suppose that human beings can change the climate. A look at the amount of greenhouse gases we are spewing into the atmosphere (see below), makes it even more plausible
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Climate Changes And Climate Change
1) Global warming is caused by increased levels of greenhouse gases like carbon dioxide trapping heat in the lower atmosphere. The thin layer of atmosphere where climate occurs can be influenced by human activity.
2) Human activities like burning fossil fuels have increased atmospheric CO2 levels by about 30% since the industrial revolution, contributing to observed rising global temperatures according to computer models.
3) Potential impacts of unmitigated climate change include rising sea levels, worsening extreme weather, melting ice caps and glaciers, and damage to ecosystems. Reducing emissions from coal power plants, increasing renewable energy and energy efficiency can help address the problem.
Global warming is caused by increasing concentrations of greenhouse gases like carbon dioxide and methane from human activities such as burning fossil fuels. The average global temperature has increased by 0.74°C over the 20th century according to the IPCC. While global dimming from aerosols has partially offset warming, aerosol effects are temporary whereas carbon dioxide has effects that last over a century. There is scientific consensus that greenhouse gas emissions are causing climate change, but some debate remains over impacts and responses.
This document discusses the causes of global climate change, including both natural and human factors. It describes how the Earth's climate has fluctuated in the past due to variations in solar output, volcanic eruptions, and orbital shifts. However, it notes that current warming is unprecedented and cannot be explained by natural causes alone based on factors like CO2 levels exceeding natural levels, the last 50 years being the warmest in over 1300 years, and rising global temperatures observed on every continent since 1970. The document suggests that while natural factors have influenced the climate in the past, human activities like burning fossil fuels are the dominant cause of recent climate change, releasing greenhouse gases like CO2 into the atmosphere at accelerated rates not seen since the Industrial
Global warming is caused by increased levels of carbon dioxide and other greenhouse gases in the atmosphere from human activities like burning fossil fuels and deforestation. This traps heat and causes the planet to warm. Effects of global warming include climate change, rising sea levels, changes to water availability, and increased health risks from the spread of diseases. Scientists agree that human activities are the dominant cause of global warming since the mid-20th century based on extensive peer-reviewed research. Ways to prevent further global warming include reducing greenhouse gas emissions through policies, more sustainable energy sources, and changes to transportation and land use.
Global warming is caused primarily by human emissions of greenhouse gases like carbon dioxide and methane. These emissions are warming the planet at an unprecedented rate, leading to consequences like rising sea levels, more extreme weather, and species extinction. While some skeptics deny the science or argue the impacts will not be severe, most scientists warn that immediate action is needed to reduce emissions and avoid catastrophic climate change. Individual actions to reduce our carbon footprints and support political solutions can help address the global climate crisis.
Global warming is caused by increased levels of greenhouse gases like carbon dioxide trapping heat in the atmosphere. The vast majority of scientists agree that human activity, like burning fossil fuels, is the dominant cause of rising CO2 levels and global temperatures in recent decades. While technologies to capture and store carbon emissions are being investigated, there are concerns these methods may fail or have unintended environmental consequences if relied on heavily instead of transitioning to renewable energy sources.
This document discusses global climate change and the need to transition to renewable energy sources to prevent catastrophic impacts. It provides background on how the industrial revolution led to increasing use of fossil fuels that emit greenhouse gases and cause global warming. The key impacts of climate change discussed are rising global temperatures, rising sea levels, more extreme weather, and extinction of many species. The document argues that an energy transition away from fossil fuels to renewable sources like solar and wind is needed to reduce emissions and avoid disastrous climate change in the coming decades and centuries.
This document discusses the topic of climate change and its causes. It states that according to the IPCC, if fossil fuel usage continues at current rates, the average global temperature could rise between 2.6-4.8 degrees Celsius by 2100, causing sea level rise and more extreme weather. One of the main causes of climate change is high gasoline consumption by vehicles in the US. Electric vehicles are presented as one solution to reduce petroleum usage and alleviate environmental stress from carbon dioxide emissions.
This document provides an overview of climate change, including its causes, effects, and what can be done to address it. It explains that climate change refers to rising global temperatures caused mainly by human emissions of greenhouse gases from activities like burning fossil fuels and deforestation. This is causing rising sea levels, more extreme weather, and effects on plants/animals. While addressing climate change will cost money, not doing so could be much more costly. Individual actions and government policies can both help mitigate further climate impacts.
The document discusses global warming and its causes, effects, and potential mitigation measures. It notes that global warming is primarily caused by human greenhouse gas emissions, especially carbon dioxide from fossil fuel combustion. Effects of rising temperatures include melting ice sheets and glaciers, sea level rise, stronger storms, and shifting animal and plant ranges. Proposed mitigation approaches center on reducing greenhouse gas emissions by transitioning to cleaner energy sources and more efficient transportation and industry. Adaptation strategies are also needed to address impacts that can no longer be avoided.
This document summarizes a student presentation on global warming. It discusses the scientific evidence that global warming is occurring due to human greenhouse gas emissions, and some of the potential consequences like increased extreme weather, sea level rise, and impacts to ecosystems. It also briefly outlines political discussions around limiting greenhouse gas emissions through agreements like the UNFCCC and Kyoto Protocol.
This document discusses evidence that global warming is accelerating faster than predicted in recent reports. It notes that greenhouse gas emissions continue to rise, air pollution is declining more quickly than expected, and natural climate cycles may be contributing to faster warming. As a result, the estimated timelines for breaching 1.5°C and 2°C of global warming may occur 5-10 years earlier than projected. The document calls for more urgent policy action and climate research focused on impacts, adaptation, and emergency response options over the next 25 years.
L’EFFONDREMENT DE LA MONDIALISATION CONTEMPORAINE ET L’AVENIR DE L’ÉCONOMIE M...Faga1939
Cet article vise à démontrer que la mondialisation contemporaine se dirige rapidement vers l’effondrement et à proposer de nouvelles orientations pour l’avenir de l’économie mondiale. Les signes de l'effondrement de la mondialisation économique et financière contemporaine apparaissaient déjà dès 2010 lorsque le rapport entre les exportations mondiales et le PIB mondial a chuté d'environ 12 %, un déclin jamais vu depuis les années 1970. Les signes de l’effondrement de la mondialisation contemporaine se manifeste également par la tendance à la baisse du taux de profit mondial, la baisse du taux de profit aux États-Unis et la baisse du taux de croissance du produit mondial brut. Si la tendance à la baisse du taux de profit se maintient, le taux de profit du système capitaliste mondial tendrait vers zéro en 2037. Si la tendance à la baisse du taux de profit aux États-Unis se maintient, le taux de profit aux États-Unis atteindra valeur nulle en 2043. Si la tendance à la baisse du taux de croissance du produit mondial brut se maintient, ce taux atteindra la valeur zéro en 2053. Ces estimations ont été obtenues sur la base de la méthode statistique des moindres carrés. Il est conclu que le système capitaliste mondial deviendra non viable au milieu du 21e siècle (2037, 2043 ou 2053), lorsque le processus d’accumulation du capital cessera et que les taux de profit et de croissance de l’économie mondiale atteindront une valeur nulle. Face à l’échec et à l’effondrement de la mondialisation contemporaine, il est urgent de construire une nouvelle mondialisation avec un keynésianisme mondial et un gouvernement mondial pour ordonner l’économie mondiale. La politique économique keynésienne adoptée dans chaque pays et au niveau mondial et l'existence d'un gouvernement mondial sont les solutions pour faire face à l'effondrement de la mondialisation contemporaine et éliminer le chaos qui caractérise l'économie mondiale. Face à l’échec du néolibéralisme et à son incapacité à faire face à la crise mondiale du capitalisme, le keynésianisme pourrait être la solution à condition qu’il soit appliqué dans chaque pays et à l’échelle mondiale, c’est-à-dire qu’il opère dans la planification économique, et pas seulement au niveau national pour obtenir la stabilité économique et le plein emploi des facteurs dans chaque pays, mais aussi au niveau mondial pour éliminer le chaos économique mondial qui prévaut actuellement avec le néolibéralisme. Avec le keynésianisme dans chaque pays et à l’échelle mondiale, il y aurait une coordination des politiques économiques keynésiennes au niveau planétaire qui ne pourrait être réalisée qu’avec l’existence d’un gouvernement mondial.
JUSQU’À QUAND LE MASSACRE DU GOUVERNEMENT ISRAÉLIEN À GAZA CONTINUERA-T-IL.pdfFaga1939
Combien de temps encore les gouvernements des pays épris de paix resteront-ils passifs devant les crimes de guerre et les crimes contre l’humanité commis par le gouvernement israélien ? Combien de temps encore les gouvernements des pays arabes assisteront-ils au massacre israélien dans la bande de Gaza sans prendre aucune mesure concrète pour mettre fin à l’action belliciste du gouvernement israélien ? Combien de temps encore les Juifs épris de paix en Israël et dans le monde continueront-ils à assister passivement au massacre israélien dans la bande de Gaza, soutenant les crimes de guerre et les crimes contre l’humanité commis par le gouvernement Netanyahu ? Il est important de noter qu’Israël ne pourra exister que s’il est accepté par les peuples vivant en Palestine et dans le monde arabe. Israël ne pourra exister que si le gouvernement Netanyahu est remplacé par un gouvernement démocratique capable de dialoguer avec les Palestiniens de la région.
ATÉ QUANDO VAI CONTINUAR O MASSACRE DO GOVERNO ISRAEELENSE EM GAZA.pdfFaga1939
Até quando os governos dos países amantes da paz assistirão passivamente os crimes de guerra e contra a humanidade praticados pelo governo de Israel? Até quando os governos dos países árabes ficarão assistindo o massacre israelense na Faixa de Gaza sem nenhuma atitude concreta para cessar a ação belicista do governo israelense? Até quando os judeus amantes da paz em Israel e no mundo continuarão assistindo passivamente o massacre israelense na Faixa de Gaza apoiando os crimes de guerra e contra a humanidade praticados pelo governo Netanyahu? É importante observar que Israel só terá condições de existir se for aceita pelos povos que vivem na Palestina e no mundo árabe. Israel só terá condições de existir se houver a substituição do governo Netanyahu por um governo democrático capaz de dialogar com os palestinos na região.
ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONSUMPTION FROM PREHISTORY TO THE CONTEMPORARY ERA AND...Faga1939
This article aims to present how the evolution of energy consumption and production occurred from prehistoric times to current times, as well as proposing the future of energy required for the world. From prehistory until the 18th century, the use of renewable energy sources such as wood, wind and hydraulic energy predominated. From the 18th century until the contemporary era, fossil fuels predominated with coal and oil, but their use will probably come to an end from the 21st century onwards to avoid catastrophic global climate change resulting from their use by emitting greenhouse gases responsible for the global warming. With the end of the era of fossil fuels will come the era of renewable energy sources when the use of hydroelectric energy, solar energy, wind energy, tidal energy, wave energy, geothermal energy, biomass energy and hydrogen energy will prevail. There is no doubt that human activities on Earth cause changes in the environment in which we live. Many of these environmental impacts come from the generation, handling and use of energy using fossil fuels. The main reason for the existence of these environmental impacts lies in the fact that global consumption of primary energy from non-renewable sources (oil, coal, natural gas and nuclear) corresponds to approximately 88% of the total, with only 12% coming from renewable sources. Regardless of the various solutions that may be adopted to eliminate or mitigate the causes of the greenhouse effect, the most important action is, without a doubt, the adoption of measures that contribute to the elimination or reduction of the consumption of fossil fuels in energy production, as well as as well as for its more efficient use in transport, industry, agriculture and cities (residences and commerce), given that the use and production of energy are responsible for 57% of greenhouse gases emitted by human activity. In this sense, it is essential to implement a sustainable energy system in the world. In a sustainable energy system, the global energy matrix should only rely on clean and renewable energy sources (hydroelectric, solar, wind, hydrogen, geothermal, tidal, wave and biomass), and should therefore not rely on the use fossil fuels (oil, coal and natural gas).
PRODUÇÃO E CONSUMO DE ENERGIA DA PRÉ-HISTÓRIA À ERA CONTEMPORÂNEA E SUA EVOLU...Faga1939
Este artigo tem por objetivo apresentar como ocorreu a evolução do consumo e da produção de energia desde a pré-história até os tempos atuais, bem como propor o futuro da energia requerido para o mundo. Da pré-história até o século XVIII predominou o uso de fontes renováveis de energia como a madeira, o vento e a energia hidráulica. Do século XVIII até a era contemporânea, os combustíveis fósseis predominaram com o carvão e o petróleo, mas seu uso chegará ao fim provavelmente a partir do século XXI para evitar a mudança climática catastrófica global resultante de sua utilização ao emitir gases do efeito estufa responsáveis pelo aquecimento global. Com o fim da era dos combustíveis fósseis virá a era das fontes renováveis de energia quando prevalecerá a utilização da energia hidrelétrica, energia solar, energia eólica, energia das marés, energia das ondas, energia geotérmica, energia da biomassa e energia do hidrogênio. Não existem dúvidas de que as atividades humanas sobre a Terra provocam alterações no meio ambiente em que vivemos. Muitos destes impactos ambientais são provenientes da geração, manuseio e uso da energia com o uso de combustíveis fósseis. A principal razão para a existência desses impactos ambientais reside no fato de que o consumo mundial de energia primária proveniente de fontes não renováveis (petróleo, carvão, gás natural e nuclear) corresponde a aproximadamente 88% do total, cabendo apenas 12% às fontes renováveis. Independentemente das várias soluções que venham a ser adotadas para eliminar ou mitigar as causas do efeito estufa, a mais importante ação é, sem dúvidas, a adoção de medidas que contribuam para a eliminação ou redução do consumo de combustíveis fósseis na produção de energia, bem como para seu uso mais eficiente nos transportes, na indústria, na agropecuária e nas cidades (residências e comércio), haja vista que o uso e a produção de energia são responsáveis por 57% dos gases de estufa emitidos pela atividade humana. Neste sentido, é imprescindível a implantação de um sistema de energia sustentável no mundo. Em um sistema de energia sustentável, a matriz energética mundial só deveria contar com fontes de energia limpa e renováveis (hidroelétrica, solar, eólica, hidrogênio, geotérmica, das marés, das ondas e biomassa), não devendo contar, portanto, com o uso dos combustíveis fósseis (petróleo, carvão e gás natural).
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Earth's climate is mostly influenced by the first 6 miles or so of the atmosphere which contains most of the matter making up the atmosphere. This is really a very thin layer if you think about it. In the book The End of Nature, author Bill McKibbin tells of walking three miles to from his cabin in the Adirondack's to buy food. Afterwards, he realized that on this short journey he had traveled a distance equal to that of the layer of the atmosphere where almost all the action of our climate is contained. In fact, if you were to view Earth from space, the principle part of the atmosphere would only be about as thick as the skin on an onion! Realizing this makes it more plausible to suppose that human beings can change the climate. A look at the amount of greenhouse gases we are spewing into the atmosphere (see below), makes it even more plausible
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1) Global warming is caused by increased levels of greenhouse gases like carbon dioxide trapping heat in the lower atmosphere. The thin layer of atmosphere where climate occurs can be influenced by human activity.
2) Human activities like burning fossil fuels have increased atmospheric CO2 levels by about 30% since the industrial revolution, contributing to observed rising global temperatures according to computer models.
3) Potential impacts of unmitigated climate change include rising sea levels, worsening extreme weather, melting ice caps and glaciers, and damage to ecosystems. Reducing emissions from coal power plants, increasing renewable energy and energy efficiency can help address the problem.
Global warming is caused by increasing concentrations of greenhouse gases like carbon dioxide and methane from human activities such as burning fossil fuels. The average global temperature has increased by 0.74°C over the 20th century according to the IPCC. While global dimming from aerosols has partially offset warming, aerosol effects are temporary whereas carbon dioxide has effects that last over a century. There is scientific consensus that greenhouse gas emissions are causing climate change, but some debate remains over impacts and responses.
This document discusses the causes of global climate change, including both natural and human factors. It describes how the Earth's climate has fluctuated in the past due to variations in solar output, volcanic eruptions, and orbital shifts. However, it notes that current warming is unprecedented and cannot be explained by natural causes alone based on factors like CO2 levels exceeding natural levels, the last 50 years being the warmest in over 1300 years, and rising global temperatures observed on every continent since 1970. The document suggests that while natural factors have influenced the climate in the past, human activities like burning fossil fuels are the dominant cause of recent climate change, releasing greenhouse gases like CO2 into the atmosphere at accelerated rates not seen since the Industrial
Global warming is caused by increased levels of carbon dioxide and other greenhouse gases in the atmosphere from human activities like burning fossil fuels and deforestation. This traps heat and causes the planet to warm. Effects of global warming include climate change, rising sea levels, changes to water availability, and increased health risks from the spread of diseases. Scientists agree that human activities are the dominant cause of global warming since the mid-20th century based on extensive peer-reviewed research. Ways to prevent further global warming include reducing greenhouse gas emissions through policies, more sustainable energy sources, and changes to transportation and land use.
Global warming is caused primarily by human emissions of greenhouse gases like carbon dioxide and methane. These emissions are warming the planet at an unprecedented rate, leading to consequences like rising sea levels, more extreme weather, and species extinction. While some skeptics deny the science or argue the impacts will not be severe, most scientists warn that immediate action is needed to reduce emissions and avoid catastrophic climate change. Individual actions to reduce our carbon footprints and support political solutions can help address the global climate crisis.
Global warming is caused by increased levels of greenhouse gases like carbon dioxide trapping heat in the atmosphere. The vast majority of scientists agree that human activity, like burning fossil fuels, is the dominant cause of rising CO2 levels and global temperatures in recent decades. While technologies to capture and store carbon emissions are being investigated, there are concerns these methods may fail or have unintended environmental consequences if relied on heavily instead of transitioning to renewable energy sources.
This document discusses global climate change and the need to transition to renewable energy sources to prevent catastrophic impacts. It provides background on how the industrial revolution led to increasing use of fossil fuels that emit greenhouse gases and cause global warming. The key impacts of climate change discussed are rising global temperatures, rising sea levels, more extreme weather, and extinction of many species. The document argues that an energy transition away from fossil fuels to renewable sources like solar and wind is needed to reduce emissions and avoid disastrous climate change in the coming decades and centuries.
This document discusses the topic of climate change and its causes. It states that according to the IPCC, if fossil fuel usage continues at current rates, the average global temperature could rise between 2.6-4.8 degrees Celsius by 2100, causing sea level rise and more extreme weather. One of the main causes of climate change is high gasoline consumption by vehicles in the US. Electric vehicles are presented as one solution to reduce petroleum usage and alleviate environmental stress from carbon dioxide emissions.
This document provides an overview of climate change, including its causes, effects, and what can be done to address it. It explains that climate change refers to rising global temperatures caused mainly by human emissions of greenhouse gases from activities like burning fossil fuels and deforestation. This is causing rising sea levels, more extreme weather, and effects on plants/animals. While addressing climate change will cost money, not doing so could be much more costly. Individual actions and government policies can both help mitigate further climate impacts.
The document discusses global warming and its causes, effects, and potential mitigation measures. It notes that global warming is primarily caused by human greenhouse gas emissions, especially carbon dioxide from fossil fuel combustion. Effects of rising temperatures include melting ice sheets and glaciers, sea level rise, stronger storms, and shifting animal and plant ranges. Proposed mitigation approaches center on reducing greenhouse gas emissions by transitioning to cleaner energy sources and more efficient transportation and industry. Adaptation strategies are also needed to address impacts that can no longer be avoided.
This document summarizes a student presentation on global warming. It discusses the scientific evidence that global warming is occurring due to human greenhouse gas emissions, and some of the potential consequences like increased extreme weather, sea level rise, and impacts to ecosystems. It also briefly outlines political discussions around limiting greenhouse gas emissions through agreements like the UNFCCC and Kyoto Protocol.
This document discusses evidence that global warming is accelerating faster than predicted in recent reports. It notes that greenhouse gas emissions continue to rise, air pollution is declining more quickly than expected, and natural climate cycles may be contributing to faster warming. As a result, the estimated timelines for breaching 1.5°C and 2°C of global warming may occur 5-10 years earlier than projected. The document calls for more urgent policy action and climate research focused on impacts, adaptation, and emergency response options over the next 25 years.
Similar to STRATEGIES TO DEAL WITH GLOBAL CLIMATE CHANGE.pdf (17)
L’EFFONDREMENT DE LA MONDIALISATION CONTEMPORAINE ET L’AVENIR DE L’ÉCONOMIE M...Faga1939
Cet article vise à démontrer que la mondialisation contemporaine se dirige rapidement vers l’effondrement et à proposer de nouvelles orientations pour l’avenir de l’économie mondiale. Les signes de l'effondrement de la mondialisation économique et financière contemporaine apparaissaient déjà dès 2010 lorsque le rapport entre les exportations mondiales et le PIB mondial a chuté d'environ 12 %, un déclin jamais vu depuis les années 1970. Les signes de l’effondrement de la mondialisation contemporaine se manifeste également par la tendance à la baisse du taux de profit mondial, la baisse du taux de profit aux États-Unis et la baisse du taux de croissance du produit mondial brut. Si la tendance à la baisse du taux de profit se maintient, le taux de profit du système capitaliste mondial tendrait vers zéro en 2037. Si la tendance à la baisse du taux de profit aux États-Unis se maintient, le taux de profit aux États-Unis atteindra valeur nulle en 2043. Si la tendance à la baisse du taux de croissance du produit mondial brut se maintient, ce taux atteindra la valeur zéro en 2053. Ces estimations ont été obtenues sur la base de la méthode statistique des moindres carrés. Il est conclu que le système capitaliste mondial deviendra non viable au milieu du 21e siècle (2037, 2043 ou 2053), lorsque le processus d’accumulation du capital cessera et que les taux de profit et de croissance de l’économie mondiale atteindront une valeur nulle. Face à l’échec et à l’effondrement de la mondialisation contemporaine, il est urgent de construire une nouvelle mondialisation avec un keynésianisme mondial et un gouvernement mondial pour ordonner l’économie mondiale. La politique économique keynésienne adoptée dans chaque pays et au niveau mondial et l'existence d'un gouvernement mondial sont les solutions pour faire face à l'effondrement de la mondialisation contemporaine et éliminer le chaos qui caractérise l'économie mondiale. Face à l’échec du néolibéralisme et à son incapacité à faire face à la crise mondiale du capitalisme, le keynésianisme pourrait être la solution à condition qu’il soit appliqué dans chaque pays et à l’échelle mondiale, c’est-à-dire qu’il opère dans la planification économique, et pas seulement au niveau national pour obtenir la stabilité économique et le plein emploi des facteurs dans chaque pays, mais aussi au niveau mondial pour éliminer le chaos économique mondial qui prévaut actuellement avec le néolibéralisme. Avec le keynésianisme dans chaque pays et à l’échelle mondiale, il y aurait une coordination des politiques économiques keynésiennes au niveau planétaire qui ne pourrait être réalisée qu’avec l’existence d’un gouvernement mondial.
JUSQU’À QUAND LE MASSACRE DU GOUVERNEMENT ISRAÉLIEN À GAZA CONTINUERA-T-IL.pdfFaga1939
Combien de temps encore les gouvernements des pays épris de paix resteront-ils passifs devant les crimes de guerre et les crimes contre l’humanité commis par le gouvernement israélien ? Combien de temps encore les gouvernements des pays arabes assisteront-ils au massacre israélien dans la bande de Gaza sans prendre aucune mesure concrète pour mettre fin à l’action belliciste du gouvernement israélien ? Combien de temps encore les Juifs épris de paix en Israël et dans le monde continueront-ils à assister passivement au massacre israélien dans la bande de Gaza, soutenant les crimes de guerre et les crimes contre l’humanité commis par le gouvernement Netanyahu ? Il est important de noter qu’Israël ne pourra exister que s’il est accepté par les peuples vivant en Palestine et dans le monde arabe. Israël ne pourra exister que si le gouvernement Netanyahu est remplacé par un gouvernement démocratique capable de dialoguer avec les Palestiniens de la région.
ATÉ QUANDO VAI CONTINUAR O MASSACRE DO GOVERNO ISRAEELENSE EM GAZA.pdfFaga1939
Até quando os governos dos países amantes da paz assistirão passivamente os crimes de guerra e contra a humanidade praticados pelo governo de Israel? Até quando os governos dos países árabes ficarão assistindo o massacre israelense na Faixa de Gaza sem nenhuma atitude concreta para cessar a ação belicista do governo israelense? Até quando os judeus amantes da paz em Israel e no mundo continuarão assistindo passivamente o massacre israelense na Faixa de Gaza apoiando os crimes de guerra e contra a humanidade praticados pelo governo Netanyahu? É importante observar que Israel só terá condições de existir se for aceita pelos povos que vivem na Palestina e no mundo árabe. Israel só terá condições de existir se houver a substituição do governo Netanyahu por um governo democrático capaz de dialogar com os palestinos na região.
ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONSUMPTION FROM PREHISTORY TO THE CONTEMPORARY ERA AND...Faga1939
This article aims to present how the evolution of energy consumption and production occurred from prehistoric times to current times, as well as proposing the future of energy required for the world. From prehistory until the 18th century, the use of renewable energy sources such as wood, wind and hydraulic energy predominated. From the 18th century until the contemporary era, fossil fuels predominated with coal and oil, but their use will probably come to an end from the 21st century onwards to avoid catastrophic global climate change resulting from their use by emitting greenhouse gases responsible for the global warming. With the end of the era of fossil fuels will come the era of renewable energy sources when the use of hydroelectric energy, solar energy, wind energy, tidal energy, wave energy, geothermal energy, biomass energy and hydrogen energy will prevail. There is no doubt that human activities on Earth cause changes in the environment in which we live. Many of these environmental impacts come from the generation, handling and use of energy using fossil fuels. The main reason for the existence of these environmental impacts lies in the fact that global consumption of primary energy from non-renewable sources (oil, coal, natural gas and nuclear) corresponds to approximately 88% of the total, with only 12% coming from renewable sources. Regardless of the various solutions that may be adopted to eliminate or mitigate the causes of the greenhouse effect, the most important action is, without a doubt, the adoption of measures that contribute to the elimination or reduction of the consumption of fossil fuels in energy production, as well as as well as for its more efficient use in transport, industry, agriculture and cities (residences and commerce), given that the use and production of energy are responsible for 57% of greenhouse gases emitted by human activity. In this sense, it is essential to implement a sustainable energy system in the world. In a sustainable energy system, the global energy matrix should only rely on clean and renewable energy sources (hydroelectric, solar, wind, hydrogen, geothermal, tidal, wave and biomass), and should therefore not rely on the use fossil fuels (oil, coal and natural gas).
PRODUÇÃO E CONSUMO DE ENERGIA DA PRÉ-HISTÓRIA À ERA CONTEMPORÂNEA E SUA EVOLU...Faga1939
Este artigo tem por objetivo apresentar como ocorreu a evolução do consumo e da produção de energia desde a pré-história até os tempos atuais, bem como propor o futuro da energia requerido para o mundo. Da pré-história até o século XVIII predominou o uso de fontes renováveis de energia como a madeira, o vento e a energia hidráulica. Do século XVIII até a era contemporânea, os combustíveis fósseis predominaram com o carvão e o petróleo, mas seu uso chegará ao fim provavelmente a partir do século XXI para evitar a mudança climática catastrófica global resultante de sua utilização ao emitir gases do efeito estufa responsáveis pelo aquecimento global. Com o fim da era dos combustíveis fósseis virá a era das fontes renováveis de energia quando prevalecerá a utilização da energia hidrelétrica, energia solar, energia eólica, energia das marés, energia das ondas, energia geotérmica, energia da biomassa e energia do hidrogênio. Não existem dúvidas de que as atividades humanas sobre a Terra provocam alterações no meio ambiente em que vivemos. Muitos destes impactos ambientais são provenientes da geração, manuseio e uso da energia com o uso de combustíveis fósseis. A principal razão para a existência desses impactos ambientais reside no fato de que o consumo mundial de energia primária proveniente de fontes não renováveis (petróleo, carvão, gás natural e nuclear) corresponde a aproximadamente 88% do total, cabendo apenas 12% às fontes renováveis. Independentemente das várias soluções que venham a ser adotadas para eliminar ou mitigar as causas do efeito estufa, a mais importante ação é, sem dúvidas, a adoção de medidas que contribuam para a eliminação ou redução do consumo de combustíveis fósseis na produção de energia, bem como para seu uso mais eficiente nos transportes, na indústria, na agropecuária e nas cidades (residências e comércio), haja vista que o uso e a produção de energia são responsáveis por 57% dos gases de estufa emitidos pela atividade humana. Neste sentido, é imprescindível a implantação de um sistema de energia sustentável no mundo. Em um sistema de energia sustentável, a matriz energética mundial só deveria contar com fontes de energia limpa e renováveis (hidroelétrica, solar, eólica, hidrogênio, geotérmica, das marés, das ondas e biomassa), não devendo contar, portanto, com o uso dos combustíveis fósseis (petróleo, carvão e gás natural).
LA LOI DE L'ENTROPIE ET LA CONQUÊTE DE L'IMMORTALITÉ DE L'ÊTRE HUMAIN.pdfFaga1939
Cet article vise à analyser les possibilités d'atteindre l'immortalité humaine face à l'obstacle que représente la loi de l'entropie qui mesure le degré de désordre dans un système. L'entropie dans les systèmes biologiques, par exemple, s'explique lorsqu'un être vivant, lorsqu'il effectue un travail, une partie de la chaleur produite maintient son corps au chaud, mais une grande partie se dissipe dans l'environnement qui l'entoure, provoquant une grande fraction de l’énergie provenant de ses sources de combustible à transformer en chaleur. L'effet net du processus originel (diminution de l'entropie de l'être vivant) et du transfert d'énergie (augmentation de l'entropie dans l'environnement extérieur) est une augmentation générale de l'entropie de l'Univers. Tout le monde s’accorde à dire que grâce à l’entropie, le désordre de la vie se produit, les galaxies s’enfonçant dans des trous noirs, les étoiles se transformant en poussière de carbone, les moteurs de voitures et d’avions s’usant et vieillissant nous conduisant à la mort. En juin 2019, une équipe de scientifiques de l'Université technique de Munich et de l'Institut Max Planck de physique et de systèmes complexes a annoncé qu'une exception à cette règle universelle avait été trouvée dans le mystérieux monde quantique avec le phénomène de « quasi-particule » qui se produit. dans une série de cycles sans fin, les rendant en fait immortels. Ce fait continue de stimuler les discussions sur un ancien désir humain : l’immortalité du corps humain. Dans le passé, l’homme cherchait à vaincre la mort à travers les religions. À l’époque contemporaine, les gens ont commencé à croire qu’il serait possible de vaincre la mort grâce à l’utilisation de la science et de la technologie. L’année 2045 marquera le début d’une ère dans laquelle la médecine pourra offrir à l’humanité la possibilité de vivre une époque jamais vue dans l’histoire. Nous ne serons qu’à quelques pas de l’immortalité. Compte tenu de la rapidité des innovations, une personne née en 2050 aura 95 % de chances de vivre mille ans. Tous ces efforts visant à atteindre l’immortalité parviendront-ils à vaincre les forces imposées par la loi de l’entropie ? Dans quelle mesure l’immortalité des « quasi-particules » peut-elle contribuer à rendre les êtres humains immortels ? Dans quelle mesure la science et la technologie contribueront-elles à l’obtention de l’immortalité des êtres humains ?
THE LAW OF ENTROPY AND THE ACHIEVEMENT OF HUMAN BEING IMMORTALITY.pdfFaga1939
This article aims to analyze the possibilities of achieving human immortality in the face of the obstacle represented by the law of entropy that measures the degree of disorder in a system. Entropy in biological systems, for example, is explained when a living being, when performing work, part of the heat produced keeps its body warm, but a large part dissipates in the environment around it, causing a large fraction of the energy of its fuel sources are transformed into heat. The net effect of the original process (decrease in the entropy of the living being) and the transfer of energy (increase in entropy in the external environment) is a general increase in the entropy of the Universe. Everyone agrees that thanks to entropy, the disorder of life occurs, with galaxies sinking into black holes, stars turning into carbon dust, car and airplane engines wearing out and aging leading us to death. In June 2019, a team of scientists from the Technical University of Munich and the Max Planck Institute for Physics and Complex Systems announced that an exception to this universal rule had been found in the mysterious quantum world with the “quasi-particle” phenomenon that occurs in a series of endless cycles, making them, in fact, immortal. This fact continues to stimulate discussions about an ancient human desire: the immortality of the human body. In the past, man sought to overcome death through religions. In the contemporary era, people began to believe that it would be possible to overcome death through the use of science and technology. The year 2045 will mark the beginning of an era in which medicine will be able to offer humanity the possibility of living for a time never seen in history. We will be just a few steps away from immortality. Considering the speed of innovations, a person born in 2050 will have a 95% chance of living a thousand years. Will all this effort aimed at achieving immortality be able to overcome the forces imposed by the law of entropy? To what extent can the immortality of “quasi-particles” contribute to making human beings immortal? To what extent will science and technology contribute to the achievement of immortality for human beings?
A LEI DA ENTROPIA E A CONQUISTA DA IMORTALIDADE DO SER HUMANO.pdfFaga1939
Este artigo tem por objetivo analisar as possibilidades de conquista da imortalidade do ser humano diante do obstáculo representado pela lei da entropia que mede o grau de desordem de um sistema. A entropia nos sistemas biológicos, por exemplo, se explica quando o ser vivo, ao realizar trabalho, parte do calor produzido conserva seu corpo aquecido, mas uma grande parte se dissipa no ambiente a seu redor, fazendo com que uma grande fração da energia de suas fontes de combustíveis seja transformada em calor. O efeito líquido do processo original (diminuição da entropia do ser vivo) e a transferência de energia (aumento de entropia no meio exterior) é um aumento geral na entropia do Universo. Todos concordam que graças à entropia, ocorre a desordem da vida, com as galáxias afundando em buracos negros, as estrelas virando poeira de carbono, motores de carros e aviões se desgastando e o envelhecimento nos encaminhando à morte. Em junho de 2019, uma equipe de cientistas da Universidade Técnica de Munique e do Instituto Max Planck de Física e Sistemas Complexos anunciou que foi encontrada uma exceção à esta regra universal no misterioso mundo quântico com o fenômeno das “quase-partículas” que ocorre numa série de ciclos intermináveis, tornando-as, de fato, imortais. O fato não deixa de estimular discussões sobre um milenar desejo humano: a imortalidade do corpo humano. No passado, o homem procurava superar a morte através das religiões. Na era contemporânea, passou-se a acreditar que seria possível vencer a morte com o uso da ciência e da tecnologia. O ano de 2045 marcará o início de uma era em que a medicina poderá oferecer à humanidade a possibilidade de viver por um tempo jamais visto na história. Estaremos a poucos passos da imortalidade. Considerando a rapidez das inovações, uma pessoa nascida em 2050 terá 95% de chance de viver mil anos. Todo este esforço voltado para a conquista da imortalidade será capaz de vencer as forças impostas pela lei da entropia? Até que ponto a imortalidade das “quase-partículas” poderá contribuir para tornar os seres humanos imortais? Até que ponto a ciência e a tecnologia contribuirão para a conquista da imortalidade dos seres humanos?
PEACE BETWEEN ISRAEL AND PALESTINE REQUIRES EXTREMISTS OUT OF POWER AND RESTR...Faga1939
This article aims to demonstrate the need for Israeli and Palestinian extremists to be removed from power and for the UN to be restructured so that there is peace between Israel and Palestine. The construction of peace can only happen in the Palestine region if the Jewish people in Israel and throughout the world, as well as the Palestinians, politically repel the extremists who exercise power in their territories and establish governments that seek conciliation between the Jewish and Palestinian peoples. It can be said that there is only one solution to the conflict between Palestine and Israel: on the one hand, Israel needs to accept the constitution of the Palestinian State, seek a fair and negotiated solution regarding Jerusalem and the fate of Palestinian refugees and end the settlements Jews in the West Bank and, on the other, Palestinians need to recognize the State of Israel because neither Palestinians nor Israelis can impose their will on each other. Neither the right-wing extremists who govern Israel nor the Palestinian extremist groups will be able to impose their will by force of arms in Palestine. It is unlikely that the conflict between Palestinians and Jews will be resolved today because existing international institutions are not capable of building a negotiated solution to the conflict between these two peoples and between Israel, Iran and the Arab countries. This means that there is an urgent need to restructure the international system to resolve the conflict between Israel and Palestine, between Russia and Ukraine and all international conflicts that may occur in the future. The time has come for humanity to promote the construction of world peace and to exercise control over its destiny. To achieve these objectives, it is urgent to restructure the UN with a view to transforming it into a democratic government of the world that constitutes the only means of survival for the human species.
PAZ ENTRE ISRAEL E PALESTINA EXIGE EXTREMISTAS FORA DO PODER E REESTRUTURAÇÃO...Faga1939
Este artigo tem por objetivo demonstrar a necessidade de que extremistas israelenses e palestinos sejam colocados fora do poder e haja a reestruturação da ONU para que haja paz entre Israel e Palestina. A construção da paz só poderá acontecer na região da Palestina se o povo judeu em Israel e no mundo inteiro, bem como os palestinos repelirem politicamente os extremistas que exercem o poder em seus territórios e constituírem governos que busquem a conciliação entre os povos judeu e palestino. Pode-se afirmar que só há uma solução para o conflito entre Palestina e Israel: de um lado, Israel precisa aceitar a constituição do Estado palestino, buscar uma solução justa e negociada sobre Jerusalém e sobre o destino de refugiados palestinos e acabar com os assentamentos judeus na Cisjordânia e, de outro, os palestinos precisam reconhecer o Estado de Israel porque nem palestinos nem israelenses podem impor sua vontade um ao outro. Nem os extremistas de direita que governam Israel nem os grupos extremistas palestinos terão condições de impor sua vontade pela força das armas na Palestina. É pouco provável que o conflito entre palestinos e judeus seja solucionado na atualidade porque as instituições internacionais existentes não são capazes de construir uma saída negociada para o conflito entre estes dois povos e entre Israel, o Irã e os países árabes. Isto significa dizer que urge a reestruturação do sistema internacional para solucionar o conflito entre Israel e Palestina, entre Rússia e Ucrânia e todos os conflitos internacionais que venham a ocorrer no futuro. É chegada a hora da humanidade promover a construção da paz mundial e de exercer o controle de seu destino. Para alcançar estes objetivos, urge a reestruturação da ONU visando transformá-la em um governo democrático do mundo que se constitui no único meio de sobrevivência da espécie humana.
HOW TO OVERCOME DEPRESSION AND ANXIETY IN THE LIVES OF PEOPLE IN THE WORLD WE...Faga1939
This article aims to present the causes of depression and anxiety in individuals, which are considered the evils of the century, and the solutions that would allow them to be overcome. Depression and anxiety affect more than 300 million people worldwide. In Brazil, the disorder affects around 18.6 million individuals, according to data from PAHO (Pan American Health Organization), which corresponds to 9.3% of the population.
COMO SUPERAR A DEPRESSÃO E A ANSIEDADE NA VIDA DAS PESSOAS NO MUNDO EM QUE VI...Faga1939
Este artigo tem por objetivo apresentar as causas da depressão e da ansiedade nos indivíduos, que são consideradas os males do século, e as soluções que permitiriam superá-las. A depressão e a ansiedade atingem mais de 300 milhões de pessoas em todo o mundo. No Brasil, o transtorno afeta cerca de 18,6 milhões de indivíduos, conforme dados da OPAS (Organização Pan-Americana da Saúde), o que corresponde a 9,3% da população.
HOW TO PLAN CITIES TO COPE WITH EXTREME WEATHER EVENTS.pdfFaga1939
This article aims to present what and how to do to promote cities planning capable of facing extreme weather events. Floods have been recurring in cities in several countries around the world, including Brazil. There is a drastic change in the Earth's climate thanks to global warming, which is contributing to the occurrence of floods in cities that are recurring in an increasingly catastrophic way in their effects. The floods that devastated some cities in western and southern Germany, Henan in China and London in England in 2021 and, currently, in Rio Grande do Sul demonstrate the vulnerability of highly populated areas to catastrophic floods. Water-related disasters caused worldwide losses of US$306 billion between 1980 and 2016. To cope with extreme weather events in cities, flood control must be carried out, which concerns all methods used to reduce or prevent the harmful effects of water action. Structural measures must be adopted with engineering works aimed at correcting and/or preventing problems arising from floods and non-structural measures which are those that seek to prevent and/or reduce the damage and consequences of floods, not through engineering works, but through the introduction of standards, regulations and programs that aim, for example, to regulate land use and occupation, implementation of alert systems and public awareness. The municipal government plays a fundamental role in preventing flooding, floods and floods in cities. To this end, a municipal development master plan must be drawn up that includes, among other measures, the adoption of solutions to minimize or eliminate the risks faced by the population, the systematic identification of risk areas in order to establish population settlement rules. Three bodies are essential in flood prevention actions in a municipality: 1) the municipal civil defense body; 2) the body responsible for the meteorological service responsible for reporting the climate forecast for the city and/or region; and, 3) community civil defense centers, which are people who work voluntarily in civil defense activities.
COMO PLANEJAR AS CIDADES PARA ENFRENTAR EVENTOS CLIMÁTICOS EXTREMOS.pdfFaga1939
Este artigo tem por objetivo apresentar o que e como fazer para promover o planejamento das cidades capaz de enfrentar eventos climáticos extremos. Tem sido recorrente a ocorrência de inundações nas cidades em vários países do mundo, inclusive no Brasil. Está havendo uma mudança drástica no clima da Terra graças ao aquecimento global que está contribuindo para a ocorrência de inundações nas cidades que se repetem de forma cada vez mais catastrófica em seus efeitos. As inundações que devastaram algumas cidades do oeste e do sul da Alemanha, Henan na China e Londres na Inglaterra em 2021 e, no momento, no Rio Grande do Sul demonstram a vulnerabilidade de áreas altamente populosas a enchentes catastróficas. Os desastres relacionados com a água causaram perdas mundiais de US$ 306 bilhões entre 1980 e 2016. Para fazer frente a eventos climáticos extremos nas cidades, é preciso que seja realizado o controle de inundações que diz respeito a todos os métodos usados para reduzir ou impedir os efeitos prejudiciais da ação das águas. Devem ser adotadas medidas estruturais com obras de engenharia visando a correção e / ou prevenção de problemas decorrentes de inundações e medidas não estruturais que são aquelas que buscam prevenir e / ou reduzir os danos e consequências das inundações, não por meio de obras de engenharia, mas pela introdução de normas, regulamentos e programas que visam, por exemplo, disciplinar o uso e ocupação do solo, implementação de sistemas de alerta e conscientização da população. A prefeitura municipal tem um papel fundamental no sentido de evitar alagamentos, enchentes e inundações nas cidades. Para tanto, deve elaborar um plano diretor de desenvolvimento municipal que contemple, entre outras medidas, a adoção de soluções para minimizar ou eliminar os riscos enfrentados pela população, a identificação sistemática de áreas de risco a fim de estabelecer regras de assentamento da população. Três órgãos são essenciais nas ações de prevenção a enchentes em um município: 1) o órgão municipal de defesa civil; 2) o órgão responsável pelo serviço de meteorologia responsável por informar a previsão do clima da cidade e/ou região; e, 3) os núcleos comunitários de defesa civil, que são pessoas que trabalham de forma voluntária nas atividades de defesa civil.
LES OBSTACLES QUI ENTRAVENT LE DÉVELOPPEMENT DU BRÉSIL À L'ÈRE CONTEMPORAINE ...Faga1939
Cet article vise à démontrer que le gouvernement Lula est confronté à deux défis majeurs dans ses efforts pour promouvoir le développement économique et social du Brésil. Le premier défi, d'ordre économique, est représenté par les obstacles qui existent avec la politique de plafonnement des dépenses, malgré la flexibilité offerte par le cadre budgétaire et l'existence d'une Banque centrale indépendante, qui rendent le gouvernement brésilien incapable de coordonner ses politiques monétaires et fiscales, réaliser des investissements publics dans l'expansion de l'économie et obtenir la stabilité macroéconomique et, le deuxième défi, de nature politique, est représenté par les obstacles existant au Congrès national du fait qu'il ne dispose pas de majorité au parlement, ce qui empêche le gouvernement fédéral de mettre en pratique son projet de développement national et de répondre pleinement aux exigences sociales. Pour que les forces progressistes brésiliennes puissent réélire le président Lula lors des élections présidentielles de 2026 et obtenir une majorité parlementaire au Congrès national engagé en faveur du progrès politique, économique et social, le gouvernement Lula devra réussir sur le front économique, en promouvant l'expansion du l'économie, en augmentant de manière significative en générant des emplois et des revenus, en maîtrisant l'inflation et en répondant au maximum aux revendications sociales qui profitent avant tout aux populations mal desservies du pays. Les forces progressistes du Brésil doivent s'engager, dès les élections municipales de 2024, à élire le nombre maximum de maires et de conseillers engagés dans les avancées politiques, économiques et sociales du Brésil. Telles sont les conditions pour empêcher, en 2026, les extrémistes de droite de reconquérir la présidence de la République, d’élargir leur participation aux gouvernements des États et au Congrès national et de mettre en pratique leur infâme projet antisocial et antinational.
THE OBSTACLES THAT IMPEDE THE DEVELOPMENT OF BRAZIL IN THE CONTEMPORARY ERA A...Faga1939
This article aims to demonstrate that the Lula government is faced with two major challenges in its effort to promote Brazil's economic and social development. The first challenge, of an economic nature, is represented by the obstacles that exist with the spending cap policy, despite the flexibility provided by the fiscal framework and the existence of an independent Central Bank, which make the Brazilian government unable to coordinate its fiscal and monetary policies, make public investments in the expansion of the economy and obtain macroeconomic stability and, the second challenge, of a political nature, is represented by the obstacles existing in the National Congress due to the fact that it does not have a majority in parliament, which prevents the federal government from putting its national developmental project into practice and fully meet social demands. For Brazil's progressive forces to re-elect President Lula in the 2026 presidential elections and obtain a parliamentary majority in the National Congress committed to political, economic and social advances, the Lula government will have to be successful on the economic front, promoting the expansion of the economy, increasing significantly generating jobs and income, keeping inflation under control and meeting the maximum social demands that benefit, above all, the country's underserved populations. Brazil's progressive forces need to commit, starting from the 2024 municipal elections, towards to elect the maximum number of mayors and councilors committed to Brazil's political, economic and social advances. These are the conditions to prevent, in 2026, right-wing extremists from regaining the Presidency of the Republic, expanding their participation in state governments and the National Congress and putting their nefarious anti-social and anti-national project into practice.
L'ÉVOLUTION DE L'ÉDUCATION AU BRÉSIL À TRAVERS L'HISTOIRE ET LES EXIGENCES DE...Faga1939
Cet article vise à présenter l’évolution de l’éducation au Brésil à travers l’histoire et les exigences de son développement futur. De 1500 jusqu'au XIXe siècle, l'éducation brésilienne s'est concentrée exclusivement sur la formation des classes supérieures, dans le but de les préparer aux activités politico-bureaucratiques et aux professions libérales, presque toujours en charge ou sous l'influence de l'initiative religieuse privée. La relation ombilicale entre l'Église catholique et la puissance coloniale portugaise s'est maintenue au Brésil même après son indépendance en 1822 pendant la période impériale et a pris fin avec la Proclamation de la République avec le divorce officiel entre l'Église et l'État. Au niveau des politiques publiques, plusieurs tentatives de réforme éducative de la part du gouvernement central républicain ont fini par perpétuer le modèle éducatif hérité de la période coloniale. La première LDB (Lei de Diretrizes e Bases da Educação Brasileira) de l’histoire de l’éducation brésilienne n’a pas brisé le binôme d’élitisme et d’exclusion qui s’était manifesté dans l’éducation brésilienne depuis la période coloniale. La LDB de 1961 a permis la cohabitation entre écoles publiques et privées. Cette situation éducative en vigueur au Brésil dans la seconde moitié du XXe siècle a suscité une critique acerbe de la part de Paulo Freire. En 1982, des projets éducatifs alternatifs à l'enseignement technique imposé par la dictature militaire ont émergé, comme ce qui s'est passé à Rio de Janeiro sous le gouvernement de Leonel Brizola, qui a mis en œuvre les soi-disant CIEP (Centres intégrés d'éducation publique), qui étaient des écoles à temps plein. Mais ces expériences éducatives adoptées de manière autonome et conformément aux corrélations de forces qui s’établissaient entre les tendances pédagogiques existantes étaient destinées à être de courte durée, comme cela s’est effectivement produit. Avec la fin de la dictature militaire au Brésil, la dernière décennie du XXe siècle a été marquée par l'adoption du modèle économique néolibéral qui a porté préjudice aux politiques publiques, notamment éducatives, car il a permis la croissance du secteur privé, principalement dans le contexte de l'enseignement supérieur, tandis que dans les écoles publiques, l'enseignement est devenu encore plus inefficace, une situation qui perdure aujourd'hui. Mais aujourd'hui, l'exclusion des classes populaires a eu lieu parce que l'école publique ne garantit pas l'apprentissage effectif des connaissances essentielles requises par la société brésilienne. De ce qui précède, on peut conclure qu’il reste encore une tâche majeure à accomplir pour la société brésilienne contemporaine : la consolidation effective d’écoles publiques, laïques et de qualité pour tous. À l'époque contemporaine, il est urgent de promouvoir une révolution dans le système éducatif brésilien, ce qui est devenu nécessaire parce que les mauvaises performances du système éducatif brésilien.
THE EVOLUTION OF EDUCATION IN BRAZIL THROUGHOUT HISTORY AND THE REQUIREMENTS ...Faga1939
This article aims to present the evolution of education in Brazil throughout history and the requirements for its future development. From 1500 until the 19th century, Brazilian education focused exclusively on training the upper classes, with the aim of preparing them for political-bureaucratic activities and liberal professions, almost always in charge of or under the influence of private religious initiative. The umbilical relationship between the Catholic Church and the Portuguese colonial power was maintained in Brazil even after its independence in 1822 during the imperial period and came to an end with the Proclamation of the Republic when there was an official divorce between Church and State. At the level of public policies, there were several attempts at educational reform by the republican central government that ended up perpetuating the educational model inherited from the colonial period. The first LDB (Lei de Diretrizes e Bases da Educação Brasileira) in the history of Brazilian education did not break the binomial of elitism and exclusion that had manifested itself in Brazilian education since the colonial period. The LDB of 1961 made it possible for public and private schools to cohabit. This educational situation in force in Brazil in the second half of the 20th century had a scathing critic in Paulo Freire. In 1982, alternative educational projects emerged to the technical education imposed by the military dictatorship, such as what occurred in Rio de Janeiro during the government of Leonel Brizola, which implemented the so-called CIEPs (Integrated Centers for Public Education), which were full-time schools. But these educational experiences adopted autonomously and in accordance with the correlations of forces that were established between existing pedagogical trends were destined to be short-lived, as in fact happened. With the end of the military dictatorship in Brazil, the last decade of the 20th century was marked by the adoption of the neoliberal economic model that harmed public policies, in particular education, as it allowed the growth of the private sector, mainly in the context of higher education, while In public schools, teaching became even more inefficient, a situation that continues today. Now, however, the exclusion of the popular classes took place because the State school does not guarantee the effective learning of the essential knowledge required by Brazilian society. From the above, it can be concluded that there is still a major task to be resolved by contemporary Brazilian society: the effective consolidation of state, public, secular and quality schools for all. In the contemporary era, there is an urgent need to promote a revolution in Brazil's education system, which has become necessary because the poor performance of Brazil's education system results, among other factors, above all from insufficient investments in Brazilian education.
A EVOLUÇÃO DA EDUCAÇÃO NO BRASIL AO LONGO DA HISTÓRIA E OS REQUISITOS PARA SE...Faga1939
Este artigo tem por objetivo apresentar a evolução da educação do Brasil ao longo da história e os requisitos para seu futuro desenvolvimento. De 1500 até o século XIX, a educação brasileira voltou-se exclusivamente à formação das camadas superiores, no intuito de prepará-las para as atividades político-burocráticas e das profissões liberais quase sempre a cargo ou sob a influência da iniciativa privada religiosa. A relação umbilical entre a Igreja Católica e o poder colonial português foi mantido no Brasil mesmo após sua independência ocorrida em 1822 durante o período imperial e chegou ao fim com a Proclamação da República quando houve o divórcio oficial entre Igreja e Estado. Ao nível das políticas públicas, houve várias tentativas de reforma educacional por parte do governo central republicano que acabaram por perpetuar o modelo educacional herdado do período colonial. A primeira LDB (Lei de Diretrizes e Bases da Educação Brasileira) da história da educação brasileira não rompeu o binômio do elitismo e da exclusão que se manifestava na educação brasileira desde o período colonial. A LDB de 1961 possibilitou a coabitação da escola pública e da particular. Esta situação educacional vigente no Brasil da segunda metade do século XX teve em Paulo Freire um crítico contundente. Em 1982, surgiram projetos educacionais alternativos ao ensino tecnicista imposto pela ditadura militar, como o que ocorreu no Rio de Janeiro durante o governo de Leonel Brizola que implementou os chamados CIEPs (Centros Integrados de Educação Pública) que eram escolas de período integral. Mas essas experiências educacionais adotadas de forma autônoma e de acordo com as correlações de forças que se estabeleciam entre as tendências pedagógicas existentes estavam fadadas a ter vida curta como de fato aconteceu. Com o fim da ditadura militar no Brasil, a última década do século XX ficou marcada pela adoção do modelo econômico neoliberal que prejudicou as políticas públicas, em particular a educação, pois permitiu o crescimento do setor privado, principalmente no âmbito do ensino superior, enquanto na escola pública o ensino ficou ainda mais ineficiente, situação esta que se mantem até hoje. Agora, porém, a exclusão das classes populares se realizava porque a escola de Estado não garante a aprendizagem efetiva dos conhecimentos essenciais exigidos pela sociedade brasileira. Pelo exposto, conclui-se que ainda existe uma grande tarefa a ser resolvida pela sociedade brasileira contemporânea: a efetiva consolidação da escola de Estado, pública, laica e de qualidade para todos. Na era contemporânea, urge promover uma revolução no sistema de educação do Brasil, que se tornou necessária porque o péssimo desempenho do sistema de educação do Brasil resulta, entre outros fatores, sobretudo da insuficiência de investimentos na educação brasileira quando comparado com os investimentos em educação dos melhores sistemas de educação do mundo.
LA MONTÉE DE L'ÉDUCATION DANS LE MONDE DE LA PRÉHISTOIRE À L'ÈRE CONTEMPORAIN...Faga1939
Cet article vise à présenter l’évolution de l’éducation dans le monde du XVIIIe siècle au XXIe siècle. Cet article représente la suite de la Partie 1 de l'article qui aborde l'évolution de l'éducation dans le monde de la Préhistoire au XVIIIe siècle. Le XVIIIe siècle a été un moment marquant dans l'histoire de l'humanité car c'est à cette époque que l'éducation était considérée comme un droit pour tous, qu'il y avait l'obligation de l'État de maintenir les écoles, le droit à l'enseignement public gratuit et la garantie que l'école publique n'était sous la domination d'aucune croyance religieuse (laïcité). La première révolution industrielle et la naissance des usines ont créé un espace pour l’émergence d’une institution scolaire publique moderne. L'influence catholique dans l'éducation a commencé à décliner. Au XVIIIe siècle, Jean-Jacques Rousseau, considéré comme le père de la pédagogie moderne, a contribué à l'éducation. La Révolution française de 1789 signifiait que l’intervention de l’État dans l’éducation traditionnellement confiée à l’Église catholique. La politique expansionniste de Napoléon a imposé en Europe des lignes directrices laïques, étatiques et civiles dans la réorganisation des systèmes éducatifs à partir de 1794. Au XIXe siècle naissent les pédagogies de Pestalozzi, ainsi que les pédagogies positiviste et socialiste. Au XXe siècle, le débat pédagogique impliquait deux courants théoriques majeurs : la Nouvelle École et la conception marxiste, la première identifiée au capitalisme et la seconde au socialisme. L'Escola Nova a été le mouvement pédagogique qui a eu la plus grande influence sur l'éducation au XXe siècle. Au XXe siècle, plusieurs innovations pédagogiques originales ont eu lieu dans les pays en développement, comme celle menée par Paulo Freire au Brésil. Au 21ème siècle, à l'ère contemporaine, l'enseignement ne se résume plus seulement en présentiel pour devenir également du non-présentiel ou partiellement en présentiel avec l'enseignement à distance (EAD). Le grand défi éducatif de l’avenir est de réaliser une vaste révolution dans l’enseignement, y compris la qualification des enseignants et la structuration des unités d’enseignement pour s’adapter aux besoins imposés par les progrès technologiques.
Kinetic studies on malachite green dye adsorption from aqueous solutions by A...Open Access Research Paper
Water polluted by dyestuffs compounds is a global threat to health and the environment; accordingly, we prepared a green novel sorbent chemical and Physical system from an algae, chitosan and chitosan nanoparticle and impregnated with algae with chitosan nanocomposite for the sorption of Malachite green dye from water. The algae with chitosan nanocomposite by a simple method and used as a recyclable and effective adsorbent for the removal of malachite green dye from aqueous solutions. Algae, chitosan, chitosan nanoparticle and algae with chitosan nanocomposite were characterized using different physicochemical methods. The functional groups and chemical compounds found in algae, chitosan, chitosan algae, chitosan nanoparticle, and chitosan nanoparticle with algae were identified using FTIR, SEM, and TGADTA/DTG techniques. The optimal adsorption conditions, different dosages, pH and Temperature the amount of algae with chitosan nanocomposite were determined. At optimized conditions and the batch equilibrium studies more than 99% of the dye was removed. The adsorption process data matched well kinetics showed that the reaction order for dye varied with pseudo-first order and pseudo-second order. Furthermore, the maximum adsorption capacity of the algae with chitosan nanocomposite toward malachite green dye reached as high as 15.5mg/g, respectively. Finally, multiple times reusing of algae with chitosan nanocomposite and removing dye from a real wastewater has made it a promising and attractive option for further practical applications.
Microbial characterisation and identification, and potability of River Kuywa ...Open Access Research Paper
Water contamination is one of the major causes of water borne diseases worldwide. In Kenya, approximately 43% of people lack access to potable water due to human contamination. River Kuywa water is currently experiencing contamination due to human activities. Its water is widely used for domestic, agricultural, industrial and recreational purposes. This study aimed at characterizing bacteria and fungi in river Kuywa water. Water samples were randomly collected from four sites of the river: site A (Matisi), site B (Ngwelo), site C (Nzoia water pump) and site D (Chalicha), during the dry season (January-March 2018) and wet season (April-July 2018) and were transported to Maseno University Microbiology and plant pathology laboratory for analysis. The characterization and identification of bacteria and fungi were carried out using standard microbiological techniques. Nine bacterial genera and three fungi were identified from Kuywa river water. Clostridium spp., Staphylococcus spp., Enterobacter spp., Streptococcus spp., E. coli, Klebsiella spp., Shigella spp., Proteus spp. and Salmonella spp. Fungi were Fusarium oxysporum, Aspergillus flavus complex and Penicillium species. Wet season recorded highest bacterial and fungal counts (6.61-7.66 and 3.83-6.75cfu/ml) respectively. The results indicated that the river Kuywa water is polluted and therefore unsafe for human consumption before treatment. It is therefore recommended that the communities to ensure that they boil water especially for drinking.
Climate Change All over the World .pptxsairaanwer024
Climate change refers to significant and lasting changes in the average weather patterns over periods ranging from decades to millions of years. It encompasses both global warming driven by human emissions of greenhouse gases and the resulting large-scale shifts in weather patterns. While climate change is a natural phenomenon, human activities, particularly since the Industrial Revolution, have accelerated its pace and intensity
Recycling and Disposal on SWM Raymond Einyu pptxRayLetai1
Increasing urbanization, rural–urban migration, rising standards of living, and rapid development associated with population growth have resulted in increased solid waste generation by industrial, domestic and other activities in Nairobi City. It has been noted in other contexts too that increasing population, changing consumption patterns, economic development, changing income, urbanization and industrialization all contribute to the increased generation of waste.
With the increasing urban population in Kenya, which is estimated to be growing at a rate higher than that of the country’s general population, waste generation and management is already a major challenge. The industrialization and urbanization process in the country, dominated by one major city – Nairobi, which has around four times the population of the next largest urban centre (Mombasa) – has witnessed an exponential increase in the generation of solid waste. It is projected that by 2030, about 50 per cent of the Kenyan population will be urban.
Aim:
A healthy, safe, secure and sustainable solid waste management system fit for a world – class city.
Improve and protect the public health of Nairobi residents and visitors.
Ecological health, diversity and productivity and maximize resource recovery through the participatory approach.
Goals:
Build awareness and capacity for source separation as essential components of sustainable waste management.
Build new environmentally sound infrastructure and systems for safe disposal of residual waste and replacing current dumpsites which should be commissioned.
Current solid waste management situation:
The status.
Solid waste generation rate is at 2240 tones / day
collection efficiently is at about 50%.
Actors i.e. city authorities, CBO’s , private firms and self-disposal
Current SWM Situation in Nairobi City:
Solid waste generation – collection – dumping
Good Practices:
• Separation – recycling – marketing.
• Open dumpsite dandora dump site through public education on source separation of waste, of which the situation can be reversed.
• Nairobi is one of the C40 cities in this respect , various actors in the solid waste management space have adopted a variety of technologies to reduce short lived climate pollutants including source separation , recycling , marketing of the recycled products.
• Through the network, it should expect to benefit from expertise of the different actors in the network in terms of applicable technologies and practices in reducing the short-lived climate pollutants.
Good practices:
Despite the dismal collection of solid waste in Nairobi city, there are practices and activities of informal actors (CBOs, CBO-SACCOs and yard shop operators) and other formal industrial actors on solid waste collection, recycling and waste reduction.
Practices and activities of these actor groups are viewed as innovations with the potential to change the way solid waste is handled.
CHALLENGES:
• Resource Allocation.
Optimizing Post Remediation Groundwater Performance with Enhanced Microbiolog...Joshua Orris
Results of geophysics and pneumatic injection pilot tests during 2003 – 2007 yielded significant positive results for injection delivery design and contaminant mass treatment, resulting in permanent shut-down of an existing groundwater Pump & Treat system.
Accessible source areas were subsequently removed (2011) by soil excavation and treated with the placement of Emulsified Vegetable Oil EVO and zero-valent iron ZVI to accelerate treatment of impacted groundwater in overburden and weathered fractured bedrock. Post pilot test and post remediation groundwater monitoring has included analyses of CVOCs, organic fatty acids, dissolved gases and QuantArray® -Chlor to quantify key microorganisms (e.g., Dehalococcoides, Dehalobacter, etc.) and functional genes (e.g., vinyl chloride reductase, methane monooxygenase, etc.) to assess potential for reductive dechlorination and aerobic cometabolism of CVOCs.
In 2022, the first commercial application of MetaArray™ was performed at the site. MetaArray™ utilizes statistical analysis, such as principal component analysis and multivariate analysis to provide evidence that reductive dechlorination is active or even that it is slowing. This creates actionable data allowing users to save money by making important site management decisions earlier.
The results of the MetaArray™ analysis’ support vector machine (SVM) identified groundwater monitoring wells with a 80% confidence that were characterized as either Limited for Reductive Decholorination or had a High Reductive Reduction Dechlorination potential. The results of MetaArray™ will be used to further optimize the site’s post remediation monitoring program for monitored natural attenuation.
ENVIRONMENT~ Renewable Energy Sources and their future prospects.tiwarimanvi3129
This presentation is for us to know that how our Environment need Attention for protection of our natural resources which are depleted day by day that's why we need to take time and shift our attention to renewable energy sources instead of non-renewable sources which are better and Eco-friendly for our environment. these renewable energy sources are so helpful for our planet and for every living organism which depends on environment.
Evolving Lifecycles with High Resolution Site Characterization (HRSC) and 3-D...Joshua Orris
The incorporation of a 3DCSM and completion of HRSC provided a tool for enhanced, data-driven, decisions to support a change in remediation closure strategies. Currently, an approved pilot study has been obtained to shut-down the remediation systems (ISCO, P&T) and conduct a hydraulic study under non-pumping conditions. A separate micro-biological bench scale treatability study was competed that yielded positive results for an emerging innovative technology. As a result, a field pilot study has commenced with results expected in nine-twelve months. With the results of the hydraulic study, field pilot studies and an updated risk assessment leading site monitoring optimization cost lifecycle savings upwards of $15MM towards an alternatively evolved best available technology remediation closure strategy.
Epcon is One of the World's leading Manufacturing Companies.EpconLP
Epcon is One of the World's leading Manufacturing Companies. With over 4000 installations worldwide, EPCON has been pioneering new techniques since 1977 that have become industry standards now. Founded in 1977, Epcon has grown from a one-man operation to a global leader in developing and manufacturing innovative air pollution control technology and industrial heating equipment.
Presented by The Global Peatlands Assessment: Mapping, Policy, and Action at GLF Peatlands 2024 - The Global Peatlands Assessment: Mapping, Policy, and Action
Improving the viability of probiotics by encapsulation methods for developmen...Open Access Research Paper
The popularity of functional foods among scientists and common people has been increasing day by day. Awareness and modernization make the consumer think better regarding food and nutrition. Now a day’s individual knows very well about the relation between food consumption and disease prevalence. Humans have a diversity of microbes in the gut that together form the gut microflora. Probiotics are the health-promoting live microbial cells improve host health through gut and brain connection and fighting against harmful bacteria. Bifidobacterium and Lactobacillus are the two bacterial genera which are considered to be probiotic. These good bacteria are facing challenges of viability. There are so many factors such as sensitivity to heat, pH, acidity, osmotic effect, mechanical shear, chemical components, freezing and storage time as well which affects the viability of probiotics in the dairy food matrix as well as in the gut. Multiple efforts have been done in the past and ongoing in present for these beneficial microbial population stability until their destination in the gut. One of a useful technique known as microencapsulation makes the probiotic effective in the diversified conditions and maintain these microbe’s community to the optimum level for achieving targeted benefits. Dairy products are found to be an ideal vehicle for probiotic incorporation. It has been seen that the encapsulated microbial cells show higher viability than the free cells in different processing and storage conditions as well as against bile salts in the gut. They make the food functional when incorporated, without affecting the product sensory characteristics.
Improving the Management of Peatlands and the Capacities of Stakeholders in I...
STRATEGIES TO DEAL WITH GLOBAL CLIMATE CHANGE.pdf
1. 1
STRATEGIES TO DEAL WITH GLOBAL CLIMATE CHANGE
Fernando Alcoforado
Abstract: This article aims to present the necessary strategies to avoid catastrophic climate change on
planet Earth, which requires the replacement of the current energy model for another one based on
renewable energy sources and the replacement of the current economic model for another based on the
sustainable development model, among other measures.
Keywords: Global warming. Energy. Renewable energy. Climate change. Sustainable development.
1. Introduction
Global warming is a climatic phenomenon to a large extent - an increase in the average
temperature of the Earth's surface that has been going on for the past 150 years. The IPCC
(Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change), established by the UN (United Nations),
says that much of the observed warming on the planet is due most probably to an increase
in greenhouse and there is strong evidence that global warming is due to human activity.
Many meteorologists and climatologists consider proven that human action is actually
influencing the occurrence of the phenomenon.
There is no doubt that human activity on Earth cause changes in the environment in which
we live. Many of these environmental impacts are from the generation, handling and use
of energy. The main reason for the existence of environmental impacts from the
generation, handling and use of energy lies in the fact that the global consumption of
primary energy from non-renewable sources (oil, coal, natural gas and nuclear) accounts
for approximately 88% of total, leaving only 12% to renewable sources. Because of the
excessive use of fossil fuels, the carbon dioxide content in the atmosphere has been
increasing steadily, leading many experts to believe that the increase in average
temperature of the Earth's biosphere, which is being observed decades ago, is due to
"Greenhouse Effect" caused by this increase of CO2 and other gases in the atmosphere.
This is why the current energy model must be replaced by another model based on
renewable energy sources.
The unsustainability of the current model of society's development stems from the fact
that it is responsible for the rapid rise in global temperatures, the exhaustion of the planet's
natural resources and of rise of sea levels on a larger scale in the 21st century than in the
10 thousand years since the last ice age. The facts of life are increasingly showing the
need for the paradigm that has guided the development of human society since the 1st.
Industrial Revolution has to be profoundly modified. This is why the current economic
model must be replaced by sustainable development model among other measures.
This study is of great importance because it deals with a subject of great interest for the
future of humanity that is global climate change, besides proposing solutions that could
eliminate its catastrophic economic and social effects.
2. Methods
The methodology used consisted mainly of analyzing the existing literature about global
climate change, world energy and sustainable development to characterize the causes,
consequences and future evolution of global climate change, the world energy evolution
and its environmental impacts and the sustainable development model to propose
solutions to avoid global climate change. The following topics were analyzed:
2. 2
Global warming and consequential catastrophic climate change
The global energy scenarios and greenhouse effect
The third energy revolution needed to combat global warming
The societal development model needed to prevent global catastrophic climate
change in the 21st century
The Paris Global Climate Agreement (COP 21) and its non-compliance
2.1- Global warming and consequential catastrophic climate change [5]
Global warming, which was a matter of exclusive interest of the scientific community,
assumes today a much broader dimension being a matter of concern by the world's people
and governments around the world. The media has contributed enough to the issue of
global warming have become an issue of general interest publicizing the extreme climate
change that has been recorded since the Industrial Revolution in England to this day in
various parts of the world as well as the opinion of many scientists and institutions
attesting to the severity of the problem
Analysis of Figure 1 reveals that Earth receives radiation emitted by Sun that is absorbed
by the Earth's surface warming it. Much of this radiation is returned to the space and the
other part is absorbed by the gas layer-surrounding atmosphere causing the greenhouse
effect.
Figure 1- Greenhouse Effect
Source: The Greenhouse Effect - www.ib.bioninja.com.au
Global warming results from the greenhouse effect caused by heat retention in Earth's
low atmosphere caused by the concentration of gases of various kinds. Earth receives
3. 3
radiation emitted by Sun that is absorbed by the Earth's surface warming it. Much of this
radiation is returned to the space and the other part is absorbed by the gas layer
surrounding atmosphere causing the greenhouse effect. It is due to this natural
phenomenon, the greenhouse effect, we have an average temperature of Earth at 15 °C.
Without this phenomenon, the average temperature of the planet would be -18 °C.
To be climate balance, the Earth must receive the same amount of energy that sends back
into space. If imbalance occurs for some reason, the globe warms or cools until the
temperature reached again, the exact measure for correct heat exchange. The natural
climatic balance was disrupted by the Industrial Revolution in England in 1786. Since the
nineteenth century, carbon dioxide concentrations in the air increased by 30%, doubled
the methane and nitrous oxide have risen 15%. Global warming is produced by human
activity (anthropogenic) on the planet and also by natural processes such as
decomposition of organic matter and volcanic eruptions, which produce ten times more
gas than man does. For ages, the natural processes alone ensured the maintenance of the
greenhouse effect, without which life would not be possible on Earth. The gases
responsible for the global warming derived from human activity are produced by fossil
fuels used in cars, industries and power plants, for agricultural production, bovine
flatulence and the burning in forests.
Figure 2 shows the main evidence for global warming comes from the temperature
measurements in weather stations around the globe since 1860.
Figure 2- Increase of average global temperatures
Source: https://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/world-of-change/DecadalTemp
4. 4
The largest increases in average global temperature were in two periods: 1910-1945 and
1970 to 2010. From 1940 to 1970, there was a stabilization in the growth average global
temperature.
Figure 3 shows the temperature in the Earth's surface from 1880 to 2020 in Fahrenheit.
The figures for the year 1000 to 1860 were estimated and the 1860 to 2000 were based
on global observations by instruments.
Figure 3- Average global temperatures
Source : http://www.earth-policy.org/indicators/C51
Figure 4 shows the temperature variations in the Earth's surface from 1000 to 2000 and
its projections up to 2100. The figures for the year 1000 to 1860 were estimated and the
1860 to 2000 were based on global observations by instruments. Due to global warming,
it is likely that future climatic imbalances are abrupt and catastrophic. There will be a
rapid and destructive increase in global temperatures unless carbon emissions are cut. If
current trends continue, between 2020 and 2070, the concentration of greenhouse gases
could double and the average surface temperature of the Earth could rise by about 4-5 °C.
It is estimated that kept the current rate of increase in emissions of greenhouse gases, the
planet's average temperature should rise from the current 15 °C to 16.5 °C at best, and
19.5 °C in the worst assumptions in the year 2025. In the year 2100, the global average
temperature will reach 18 °C, at best, and 29 °C at worst. The most likely value for the
average global temperature by the end of the 21st century would be 19 °C.
5. 5
Figure 4- Changes in temperature on the surface of the Earth: 1000 2100
Source: IPCC, Synthesis Report, figure SPM-10b
All indications are that sea levels may rise due to the increase in global temperature. There
may be the melting of ice sheets deposited in the polar caps and the summits of the great
mountain ranges. By 2050, sea levels may rise to 1.17 meters, in the year 2075 to 2.12
meters and in 2100 to 3.45 meters disappearing large tracts of coastal lands, islands and
coastal cities. A greater number of hurricanes would occur with increasing of global
temperature. Some scientists are concerned that in the future, the polar ice cap and
glaciers melt significantly. If this happens, there may be an increase in sea levels in many
6. 6
meters. Galileo magazine, no. 170, June 2006, published the text under the title Global
warming and the economy in which informs that if the ice sheet of Antarctica disappear
would be a catastrophe because the region has ice enough to get the level global seas rise
by more than 65 meters [8].
In summary, global warming can cause structural and social transformations of the planet
Earth caused by the increase in temperatures, whose consequences are as follows:
Rising ocean temperatures and polar ice caps melting;
Possible flooding of coastal areas and coastal cities, as a result of rising sea levels;
Increased sunshine and solar radiation, due to the increase of the ozone layer hole;
Intensification of climatic catastrophes, such as hurricanes and tornadoes, droughts,
irregular rains, among other meteorological phenomena that are difficult to control
and predict;
Extinction of species due to adverse environmental conditions for most of them.
In recent times, there have been numerous attacks on the global warming thesis and its
effects on the climate defended by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change
(IPCC) by questioning their reports produced with the participation of 2,500 scientists
from 131 countries, bringing together observations, conclusions, forecasts and
recommendations of several thousand climate scientists from around the world. What we
are witnessing today is a real war of the media sectors and US government against the
issue of catastrophic climate change and its relation to the predatory human activities such
as the emission of greenhouse gases.
It should be noted that the controversy over climate change is established among scientists
who support the theory that global warming results from natural causes and those who
argue that it results from natural causes and human activity. This is a matter that is still
under debate in the scientific community, although many meteorologists and
climatologists recently stated publicly that they consider proven that human action has
really influenced the evolution of this phenomenon. Most of the scientific community
defends the thesis that global warming is man's responsibility. The paradigm of natural
causes of climate change is being put into question by the new paradigm that assigns
greater responsibility to the man.
Sabotage against science has become a routine component of the moment in which we
live. Hire mercenaries of science is a practice of large corporations responsible for the
use of fossil fuels to disqualify the evidence of global warming. The mission of skeptics
and pseudo scientists artificially is inflate the uncertainties associated with scientific
evidence, preventing or delaying so any measure to protect the environment of serious
consequences for humanity. All sciences are vulnerable to this type of attack, since
dealing with uncertainty is its intrinsic character. Any study is subject to criticism,
legitimate or not. The strategy adopted to weaken even the most robust scientific
conclusions is simple, just highlight selectively the uncertainties, by attacking the key
studies one by one and, most importantly, systematically ignoring the weight of their
evidence.
In contrast to the views of skeptics and pseudo scientists, more than 255 members
scientists of the US Academy of Sciences defended the theory of climate change in an
article published on May 6, 2010, in the Science revue. In an article entitled The Climate
7. 7
Change and Science Integrity, 255 scientists claim that "there are consistent evidence that
humans are changing the climate in a way that threatens our societies" [9].
The Science revue text also condemns the attacks by so-called "climate skeptics" in
relation to the experts and institutions who warn both the existence, and for the possible
effects of global warming. The researchers say that many of the attacks have been boosted
by specific interests of large corporations or dogma, not by honest effort to provide an
alternative theory. According to the article, the increase in temperature of the planet is
due to the higher concentration of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere, which in turn are
caused by human activity. At the conclusion of the article, the climatologists said
humanity has two options: Omit the scientific data and rely on luck or act quickly to
reduce the threat of climate change.
2.2- The global energy scenarios and greenhouse effect
Energy is an essential input for humans and for economic and social development. One
can say that the most basic need of human beings is the search for energy to keep their
bodies functioning. This aspect, the attendance of physiological need, predominated in
human history until the discovery of human beings that could control energy forms which
would be useful as the fire, which represented an important milestone for mankind to,
with the use of thermal energy, be able to cook their food and heat. In the early days of
human history, the domestication of animals provided the mechanical energy required for
transportation, agriculture, etc. A few millennia, the hydraulic power of the rivers and the
wind began to be used. However, only with the advent of the Industrial Revolution, about
three centuries, it is that the use and production of energy have taken fundamental
connotation in replacing humans and animals by machines [1].
Since the domain of fire 750,000 years ago until the advent of the Industrial Revolution
there was no major evolution in human form using energy. But with the Industrial
Revolution that took place in England in 1786 and the subsequent process of
industrialization, the need for increased power and new primary sources with higher
energy density, were introduced. The use of coal as an energy source marked the end of
the era of renewable energy represented by the use of wood and the insufficient hydraulic
and wind farms, to begin the non-renewable energy era, the era of fossil fuels.
The use of electricity and the invention of electrical machinery in the nineteenth century,
along with the introduction of automotive vehicles, laid the foundation for the
introduction of modern consumer society, characterized by energy intensity
unprecedented in human history. With the advance of industrialization, it was necessary
new fuels with most energy power, being oil the fuel that had these properties. It began
thus a new phase of utilization of liquid fuels that endures to this day. More recently, after
the Second World War, nuclear power seemed a promising alternative for the generation
of electricity, but suffered a major setback due to the nuclear accident at Chernobyl in
1986 in Ukraine and Fukushima in Japan recently.
Many of these environmental impacts are from the generation, handling and use of
energy. The main reason for the existence of environmental impacts from the generation,
handling and use of energy lies in the fact that the global consumption of primary energy
from non-renewable sources (oil, coal, natural gas and nuclear) accounts for
approximately 88% of total. This huge dependence on non-renewable energy sources has
led, in addition to ongoing concern about the possibility of depletion of these sources, the
8. 8
emission of large amounts of carbon dioxide (CO2) in the atmosphere, which in 2013 was
of 36.3 billion tons, approximately 3.9 times the amount emitted in 1960 (9.3 billion tons).
Energy demand in the world will increase 35% in the period between 2010 and 2040.
Increasing global energy demand will be driven by population growth that is expected to
reach around 9 billion by 2040 (currently the world's population is 7 billion inhabitants)
and the doubling of the global economy taking into account the annual growth rate of
about 3% in much of the developing world [12].
SALOWICZ [12] shows that natural gas will be the energy source that will grow more in
the world. Global demand for natural gas is expected to increase about 65% between 2010
and 2040. According to projections, natural gas is expected to exceed, in 2025, coal as
the second largest source of energy, surpassed only by oil. This article also shows that
around 65% of the growth in the supply of gas will come from unconventional sources
such as shale gas, which will account for a third of world production in 2040. The United
States will lead the production of unconventional gas, accounting for more than half of
the expansion between 2010 and 2040. According to the survey, demand for oil will grow
about 25% in this period.
Liquid fuels such as gasoline, diesel and jet fuel remain as the main energy choice for the
majority of transport by offering a unique combination of affordability, availability,
portability and high energy density. Nuclear power may also have solid growth, led by
Asia-Pacific region, where it is expected that production passes of 3% in 2010 to almost
9% in 2040. Renewable energy sources, including traditional as biomass, hydro and
geothermal as well as wind, solar and biofuels will grow about 60%. Wind, solar and
biofuels will probably compose about 4% of energy supply by 2040, surpassing the 1%
recorded in 2010.
Energy sources used for electricity generation will continue to be the major components
of global demand and is expected to grow by more than 50% by 2040. The increase
reflects the expected increase of 90% in electricity use, led by developing countries where
1.3 billion people currently lack access to electricity. In the case of coal, the assessment
is that demand will continue to grow until 2025, and then pass to fall. This will occur by
the need to reduce greenhouse gas emissions by the countries of Organization for
Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD), as well by China. Thus, it is estimated
that the coal share in the energy matrix pass approximately 26% in 2010 to 22% in 2030.
Study by the International Atomic Energy Agency concluded that, by 2030, the world
will be making use of 88.5% more energy compared to that recorded in 1990 and that
most of it will be provided by coal, oil and for natural gas [3]. This is the energy scenario
of reference for 2030 if the current world energy matrix is maintained. This is therefore
the scenario that reveals for the planet's future if it remains on the current development
model of society based on excessive consumption of fossil fuels.
The main greenhouse gases in the atmosphere are shown in Figure 4 below.
9. 9
Figure 4 - The contribution of greenhouse gases to global warming
Source: Global Greenhouse Gas Emissions Data. Available on https://www.epa.gov/ghgemissions/global-
greenhouse-gas-emissions-data
Figure 4 leads to the conclusion that carbon dioxide (CO2) is responsible for 76% of
global greenhouse gas emissions. According to the IEA (International Energy Agency),
global emissions of carbon from burning fossil fuels, which in 1973 amounted to 16.2
billion tons a year of CO2, reached 22.7 billion tons per year in 1998. If the supply
projections of the IEA energy are confirmed, the amount of carbon emissions is expected
to increase reaching 32.8 tons of CO2 in 2020.
Figure 5 shows the global emission of greenhouse gases by economic sector.
Figure 5- Global Greenhouse Gas Emissions by Economic Sector
Source: Global Greenhouse Gas Emissions Data. Available on website
<https://www.epa.gov/ghgemissions/global-greenhouse-gas-emissions-data>.
10. 10
The main factors contributing to the greenhouse effect in the atmosphere are shown in the
Table 1[10]:
Table 1 - Main causes of the greenhouse effect
Causative factors of greenhouse effect Contribution (%)
Energy use and production 57
CFC 17
Agricultural practices 14
Deforestation 9
Other industrial activities 3
Source: Lashof, D.A. & Tirpak, D.A., n.2
Table 1 analysis reveals that the use and energy production are the most responsible for
the greenhouse effect. This means that the strategy to reduce greenhouse gas emissions
requires a significant reduction in consumption and energy production, especially those
based on fossil fuels.
It is estimated that, in keeping with the current rate of increase in greenhouse gas
emissions, the average temperature of the planet is expected to rise from the current 15
degrees Celsius to 16.5 degrees at best and 19.5 degrees at the worst of the hypotheses in
the year 2025. By the year 2100, the average global temperature will reach 18 degrees at
best and 29 degrees Celsius at worst. The most likely value for the global mean
temperature by the end of the twenty-first century would be 19 degrees Celsius. Figure 6
shows the record from 1900 onwards and projections of global mean temperature up to
2100.
Figure 6- Average global temperature and projections
Source:. ALCOFORADO (2010), Aquecimento Global e Catástrofe Planetária. Curitiba: Editora CRV.
11. 11
Due to global warming, it is likely that future climatic imbalances will be abrupt and
catastrophic. There will be a rapid and destructive increase in global temperatures unless
carbon emissions are cut. If current trends continue, between 2020 and 2070, the
concentration of greenhouse gases could double and the average surface temperature of
the Earth could rise by about 4 °C.
2.3- The third energy revolution needed to combat global warming [1]
In the second half of the eighteenth century, the first energy revolution in the world took
place in England with the use of coal in substitution of wood that had been widely used
as an energy source. The first energy revolution occurred simultaneously with the advent
of the 1st Industrial Revolution. Equipped with a calorific power far superior to the fuels
used until then, the coal provided much higher energy for the same volume, besides being
easier and cheaper to transport it. The development of coal mines and the invention of the
steam engine contributed to the birth of a new economy in Europe and the West.
The steam engine drives the machines in the factories, the locomotives in the first
railroads, and the ships that replace the sailboats. People, commodities, capital, and ideas
begin to circulate at a hitherto unknown speed. Soon a new environment is revealed with
the emergence of the first metropolises and changes in social organization. The first
energy revolution was confined to Europe, initially in Britain and then in Western Europe,
then in the United States at the beginning of the twentieth century.
The second energy revolution, which coincided with the 2nd Industrial Revolution,
occurred with the advent of oil and electricity. The use of oil as an energy source in the
world began in the United States with the exploration of the first well in 1901 in Texas.
Just as the steam engine became widely used with the advent of coal as an energy source,
the internal combustion engine became widely used with the advent of petroleum. The
discovery of an energetic vector such as electricity and the invention of electric machines
in the nineteenth century together with the introduction of automotive vehicles paved the
way for the introduction of the modern consumer society, characterized by an energy
intensity never seen in the history of mankind.
In one way or another, all human activities on Earth have caused changes in the
environment in which we live. Many of these environmental impacts are derived from the
generation, handling and use of energy which is responsible for 57% of the emission of
greenhouse gases in the atmosphere resulting from human activities. The main reason for
this significant participation of energy processes can be observed in the fact that, in 2011,
the world consumption of primary energy from non-renewable sources (oil, coal, natural
gas and nuclear) accounted for approximately 88% of the total, with only 12% renewable.
This enormous dependence on non-renewable sources of energy has led to the emission
of large quantities of carbon dioxide (CO2) into the atmosphere by coal, oil and natural
gas-based fossil fuels, which in 1973 was 16.2 billion tons per year in 1998 of 23 billion
tons and in 2013 was about 36.3 billion tons, approximately 3.9 times the quantity emitted
in 1960 (9.3 billion tons). As a consequence of the reliance on non-renewable sources of
energy, the carbon dioxide content in the atmosphere has increased progressively, leading
many experts to believe that the increase in the average temperature of the terrestrial
biosphere that has been observed for some decades is due to "Greenhouse effect" caused.
If there is no immediate reduction in the emission of greenhouse gases, the means
used to mitigate them will not suffice and life on the planet will be threatened. Global
12. 12
warming resulting from the emission of greenhouse gases will trigger climate change
that will leave no part of the globe intact. If there is no reduction of greenhouse gases,
scientists predict severe and irreversible impacts on mankind and ecosystems as a
consequence of catastrophic climate change. Storms with unusual frequency, floods
due to sea level rise that can submerge many islands and coastal cities, prolonged
periods of drought and extreme heat all over the world should occur. Extreme weather
events can lead to the breakdown of energy infrastructure networks, transport,
communications and services. There is a risk of food insecurity, lack of water, loss
of agricultural production and income, particularly among the poorest populations.
The world is facing a challenge that is to not allow the global average temperature
grow in the 21st century above two degrees centigrade. In order to avoid such average
global temperature increase above 2°C, carbon dioxide (and equivalent)
concentrations would have to be stabilized at 450 ppm (parts per million) without
which the world would face the end of the 21st century with a catastrophic climate
change that can threaten the survival of mankind. To do so, global emissions will
have to be reduced below their 1990 levels. Reducing emissions from 1990 levels is
a gigantic challenge. It is important to consider that the International Energy Agency
(IEA), in designing recent trends, forecasts a 50% increase in energy demand by
2030, with continued dependence on fossil fuels.
The International Energy Agency (IEA) has warned that "the world will be headed
for an unsustainable energy future" if governments do not take "urgent measures" to
optimize available resources [13]. To optimize the energy resources available on the
planet, we must start the third energy revolution that must translate into the
implementation of a sustainable energy system on a planetary scale. In a sustainable
energy system, world oil production should be halved and coal reduced 90%, while
renewable energy sources (solar, wind, biomass, tidal, geothermal, hydrogen, etc.)
should grow almost 4 times by 2030. By the year 2030, renewable energy should be
on the order of 70% of the total energy production of the planet.
With the sustainable energy system, it is quite possible that natural gas will become,
among fossil fuels, the predominant energy resource in the future because it is the
least polluting of fossil fuels. Nuclear energy would not be an important source of
energy in a truly sustainable energy system. This is largely due to the accidents at
Three Mile Island in the United States, Chernobyl in the former Soviet Union and
Fukushima in Japan. A sustainable energy system will only be possible if energy
efficiency is greatly improved, that is, if it is maximized the relation between the
amount of energy used in an activity (useful energy) and that made available for its
realization (total energy). These are the requirements of a sustainable energy system
throughout the world.
The first step in deploying a sustainable energy system around the world is to redirect
a large number of government policies to meet the central objectives of reducing
fossil fuel use and increase energy efficiency. For example, rewarding the
manufacture of efficient motor vehicles and electric cars, encouraging high-capacity
mass transport alternatives to replace cars, restructuring energy industries and raising
taxes on fossil fuels, among other measures.
The use of renewable energy sources would bring about major changes across the
globe, including the creation of entirely new industries, the development of new
transport systems and the modification of agriculture and cities. The major challenge
13. 13
nowadays is to continue developing new technologies that use energy efficiently and
economically use renewable resources. This is the alternative energy scenario that
could avoid compromising the global environment. This means that profound
changes in global energy policy must be put into practice to make the third energy
revolution possible in the world.
2.4- The societal development model needed to prevent global catastrophic climate
change in the 21st century
The risk that global warming contributes to the occurrence of catastrophic climate
change requires that all mankind adopt the precautionary principle that has its
application based on two assumptions: 1) the possibility that human conducts cause
collective damages linked to catastrophic situations that can affect all living things;
and, 2) uncertainty about the existence of the dreaded damage. The fact that possible
catastrophic events resulting from global warming did not have measurable risk
would require the adoption of precautionary measures to prevent their occurrence. It
should be noted that we are dealing with a non-measurable, potential, non-assessable
risk.
The adoption of precautionary measures reinforces the duty of prudence. Prevention is
better than cure. The precautionary principle goes further than the idea of preventing
certain risk, since it seeks to preserve the environment considering an uncertain risk.
Precautionary measures are taken when the risk is high – so high that full scientific
certainty should not be required before corrective action is taken and should be applied
in cases where any activity could result in lasting or irreversible damage to the
environment. The precautionary principle differs from the principle of prevention that is
directly related to a certain risk known to science. The precautionary principle is that it
should preside over decisions related to addressing global catastrophic climate change.
Once the world is facing a challenge not to allow average global temperature to be two
Celsius degrees higher in the 21st
Century, it is imperative that carbon dioxide (and
equivalent) concentrations are stabilized at 450 ppm (parts per million). Without such
attitude, the world will face catastrophic climate change at the end of this century, which
can threaten the survival of mankind. To do so, global emissions will have to be reduced
below their 1990 levels. Reducing emissions from 1990 levels is a gigantic challenge.
This is why it is imperative to implement the “sustainable development” model based on
forms and processes that, when used, do not affect the integrity of the environment on
which they depend [4]. The new society to be built in the world would have to be
sustainable from the economic, social and environmental point of view. The concept of
sustainability has become a key element in finding viable solutions to solve the world’s
greatest problems, relying on the thesis that a sustainable society is one that meets the
needs of the present generation without diminishing the possibilities of future generations
to meet their needs [5].
How to build a sustainable society? This is a task aimed at achieving the sustainable
development objectives described below:
Reduce global carbon emissions by promoting changes in the global energy matrix
based on fossil fuels (coal and oil), on the other, based on renewable energy
14. 14
resources, hydroelectricity, biomass and solar and wind energy to prevent or
minimize global warming and, consequently, prevent the occurrence of catastrophic
changes in the Earth’s climate.
Improve energy efficiency by developing actions to achieve energy savings in the
city and in the countryside, in buildings, in agriculture, in industries and in transport
in general, thus contributing to the reduction of global carbon emissions and
consequently, the greenhouse effect.
Make motor vehicles and equipment for domestic, agricultural and industrial uses
more efficient, design buildings for maximum lighting, cooling, and heating
economy, model agriculture and industry to require the least energy resources and
raw materials, also contemplating the self-production of energy with the use of waste
from its production processes based on reverse logistics and, finally, use new
transport alternatives from the bicycle to those of high capacity based on railways,
among other initiatives.
Combat pollution from land, air and water, reducing waste by recycling the currently
used and discarded materials. In this perspective, essential materials should only be
used in production processes and in other applications only in the last case. When
used in the various applications, they must first be reused many times; second, they
must be recycled to form a new product; thirdly, they must be burned in order to
extract all the energy they contain and, ultimately, they must be removed to a landfill.
Adjust population growth to the resources available on the planet, reducing their birth
rates, especially in countries and regions with high rates of population growth.
Reduce social inequalities, including the adoption of measures that contribute to
meeting the basic needs of the world’s population, such as food, clothing, housing,
health services, employment and a better quality of life. For sustainable development,
therefore, all human beings must meet their basic needs and be given opportunities
to realize their aspirations for a better life.
Ensure that the economic growth and wealth that results from it are shared by
everybody, education services enable the population to increase the qualification
levels for work and culture, health services are effective in combating child mortality
and contribute to the increase in the life expectancy of the population, all men and
women have decent housing, and there are public and private investments at the
necessary level that contribute to the reduction of mass unemployment as a result of
the general crisis of the world capitalist system which tends to worsen in the future.
In order to avoid catastrophic climate change, it is therefore necessary to structure a new
society based on the model of sustainable development at a global level that satisfies the
needs of the current generation without diminishing the possibilities of future generations
to meet their needs and, in this way, contribute to prevent the depletion of the Earth's
natural resources and prevent catastrophic climate change at a global level.
2.5- The Paris Global Climate Agreement (COP 21) and its non-compliance [2]
After several years of negotiations, impasses, timid advances and failures, 195 countries
and the European Union produced at COP 21 in Paris a global agreement that defines
how humanity will fight global warming in the coming decades. For the first time, every
country in the world commits itself to reducing greenhouse gas emissions, strengthening
resilience (ability to return to its natural state, especially after a critical and unusual
situation) and to unite in a common cause against climate change. The agreement has no
legal character for all goals, as the majority wanted.
15. 15
The COP 21 agreement consists of a 31-page document. It contains a 12-page text, the
Paris Accord, and a decision detailing how the agreement will be implemented. Together,
the two documents form a sort of manual of reorientation of the world economy. They
signal, albeit in a very preliminary way, that the emissions of greenhouse gases must to
end sometime in the 21st century. To the optimists, the deal represents the end of the era
of fossil fuels.
The stated aim of the Paris Agreement is to contain the global average temperature rise
by well below 2 °C above pre-industrial levels and to make efforts to limit the temperature
rise to 1.5 °C above pre-industrial levels, recognizing that this would significantly reduce
the risks and impacts of climate change. The reference to the target of 1.5 °C came about
thanks to the joint action of the island countries, which will be condemned to extinction
in the long term by the rise in sea level resulting from increase of global temperature of 2
°C.
As the greenhouse gas emission reduction targets presented are unable to hold the
temperature to the required level, it has been decided that adjustments will need to be
made every five years, starting in 2023. These adjustments would need a was considered
in the text of the Paris Agreement. The Paris Accord also envisages that rich countries
commit to disbursing at least US$ 100 billion a year from 2020 for emission reduction
projects in emerging countries and confirms that developing countries can expand the
donor base in the future, even if on a voluntary basis.
Two key aspects were not considered in the Paris Agreement: (1) the long-term goal of
decarbonising the economy by 2050 or cutting at least 70% of global greenhouse gas
emissions by the mid-21st century; and 2) the temperature target is not accompanied by
a road map telling how the world intends to reach less than 2 °C or 1.5 °C, which weakens
the pursuit of that target. In other words, COP 21 has produced an agreement that is, in
practice, a mere letter of intent.
It is therefore perceived that the Paris Agreement does not solve the fundamental issues,
and the voluntary targets indicated by each of the nations are not enough to ensure that
global warming is well below 2 degrees Celsius or 1,5 degree Celsius by the year 2100.
Moreover, the document is silent in not presenting proposals that contribute to the
construction of a model of sustainable development on our planet in place of the
unsustainable current model of capitalist development.
To change this situation and put an end to the constant climate change that threatens to
destroy our planet and humanity, it is necessary to promote a deep transformation of the
current society. The unsustainability of the current model of capitalist development is
evident, since it has been extremely destructive of living conditions on the planet. Faced
with this, it is imperative to replace the current dominant economic model throughout the
world with another that takes into account man integrated with the environment, with
nature, that is, the model of sustainable development. This was not considered at COP 21.
Another issue not addressed at COP 21 concerns wars, which is also largely responsible
for the planet's environmental aggravation, which is proliferating throughout the world.
Among the countless dire consequences of wars are the devastating effects on the
environment. The bombing of military targets and civilian populations, the intense
movement of military vehicles and troops, the great concentration of combat flights, the
16. 16
missiles thrown over cities and the destruction of military and industrial structures during
all these conflicts also provoke the emission of metals and other substances that
contaminate soil, water and air. In addition to environmental contamination, it is also
necessary to consider the modification of natural landscapes and the loss of biodiversity
in the long term, either by the presence of landmines or chemical agents dispersed in the
environment. This was also not considered at COP 21.
Finally, it is important to emphasize that the Paris Agreement is also silent on the
construction of a system of governance on the planet that is capable of ensuring the
reorganization of the world economy that is leading the world to depression, of the
planet's environment threatened by catastrophic climate change and of international
relations that worsen every day fueling the proliferation of wars. Faced with these serious
omissions of COP 21, it can be said that we will hardly succeed in trying to avoid
catastrophic changes in the climate of planet Earth in the 21st century.
Katie Reilly [11] reports that IPCC of United Nations warned that sufficiently limiting
man-made global warming will "require rapid, far-reaching and unprecedented changes
in all aspects of society" in order to avoid dramatic global consequences, including rising
sea levels, dying coral reefs and human casualties due to extreme heat. Reilly states that
the special report - published by the United Nations' Intergovernmental Panel on Climate
Change - assessed what it will take to limit global temperature increase to no more than
2.7 °F (1.5 °C) above preindustrial levels. In accordance with the 2015 Paris Agreement,
scientists consider that temperature to be a tipping point at which many severe effects of
global warming will be realized.
The special IPCC UN report shows that "examples of actions include shifting to low- or
zero-emission power generation, such as renewables; changing food systems, such as
dietary changes away from land-intensive animal products; electrifying transport and
developing 'green infrastructure', such as building green roofs, or improving energy
efficiency by smart urban planning, which will change the layout of many cities. The
report called climate change "an urgent and potentially irreversible threat to human
societies and the planet," and warned that delayed action would make it impossible to
limit warming to 2.7 °F (1.5 °C). "While the pace of change that would be required to
limit warming to [2.7 °F] can be found in the past, there is no historical precedent for the
scale of the necessary transitions, particularly in a socially and economically sustainable
way" the report stated. "Resolving such speed and scale issues would require people's
support, public-sector interventions and private-sector cooperation".
Reilly [11] reports what the UN report presents some changes that will need to be made
in order to stop the current pace of global warming:
Reduce carbon emissions by 45%
By 2030, global carbon dioxide emissions should be 45% less than they were in 2010, the
report found. And carbon dioxide emissions must reach net zero around 2075 meaning
the amount of carbon dioxide entering the atmosphere equals the amount being removed.
By 2050, emissions from other heat-trapping greenhouse gasses, including methane and
carbon black, should be reduced by 35%, relative to the 2010 rate. Emissions would need
to decline rapidly across all of society's main sectors, including buildings, industry,
transport, energy, and agriculture, forestry and other land use.
Remove carbon dioxide from the air
17. 17
In addition to reducing carbon dioxide emissions, the reported carbon dioxide removal
measures including planting new trees and carbon capture and storage, the process by
which carbon dioxide is trapped and prevented from entering the atmosphere. Most
current and potential [carbon dioxide removal] measures could have significant impacts
on land, energy, water, or nutrients if deployed at large scale.
Use 85% renewable energy and stop using coal entirely
The report recommended far-reaching changes to land use, urban planning, infrastructure
systems and energy use — changes that will be “unprecedented in terms of scale”.
Climate scientists said renewable energy sources will have to account for 70% to 85% of
electricity production by 2050. The use of coal should decrease steeply and should
account for close to 0% of global electricity, and gas just 8%. While acknowledging the
challenges, and differences between the options and national circumstances, political,
economic, social and technical feasibility of solar energy, wind energy and electricity
storage technologies have substantially improved over the past few years, the report
stated. These improvements signal a potential system transition in electricity generation.
Plant new forests equal to the size of Canada
Scientists recommend that up to about 3 million square miles of pasture and up to 1.9
million square miles of non-pasture agricultural land be converted into up to 2.7 million
square miles for energy crops, which can be used to make biofuels. That would amount
to land a little less than the size of Australia. The report also recommends adding 3.9
million square miles of forests by 2050, relative to 2010 — which is roughly the size of
Canada.
“Such large transitions pose profound challenges for sustainable management of the
various demands on land for human settlements, food, livestock feed, fibre, bioenergy,
carbon storage, biodiversity and other ecosystem services”, the report stated. Mitigation
options limiting the demand for land include sustainable intensification of land use
practices, ecosystem restoration and changes towards less resource-intensive diets.
Jonathan Watts [14] reports that "the world's leading climate scientists have been warned
there is only two years of global warming to be kept to a maximum of 1.5 °C, beyond
which even half a degree will significantly worsen the risks of drought, floods, extreme
heat and poverty for hundreds of millions of people. " Watts claims that the authors of the
landmark report by the UN Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) say
urgent and unprecedented changes are needed to reach the target, which they say is
affordable and feasible although it lies at the most ambitious end of the Paris Agreement
pledge to keep temperatures between 1.5 °C and 2 °C. The half-degree difference could
also prevent corals from being completely eradicated and ease pressure on the Arctic,
according to the 1.5 °C study, which was launched after approval at the final plenary of
all 195 countries in Incheon in South Korea that saw delegates hugging one another, with
some in tears.
Watts [14] states that policymakers commissioned the report at the Paris climate talks in
2016, but since then the gap between science and politics has widened. Donald Trump
has promised to withdraw the US - the world's largest source of historical emissions -
from the Paris Agreement. The Brazil's presidential election put Jair Bolsonaro in a strong
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position to carry out his threat to to withdraw Brazil from the Paris Agreement and also
open the Amazon rainforest to agribusiness.
The IPCC UN report shows that the world is currently 1 °C warmer than preindustrial
levels. Following devastating hurricanes in the US, record droughts in Cape Town and
forest fires in the Arctic, the IPCC makes clear that climate change is already happening,
upgraded its risk warning from previous reports, and warned that every fraction of
warming would worsen the impact . The report was presented to governments at the UN
climate conference in Poland. At the current level of commitments, the world is on course
for a disastrous 3 °C of warming.
The UN report authors are refusing to accept defeat, believing the visible damage caused
by climate change will shift their way. Climate change is occurring earlier and more
rapidly than expected. This report is really important. It has a scientific robustness that
shows 1.5 °C is not just a political concession. There is a growing recognition that 2 °C
is dangerous.
3. Results and Conclusions
Global climate change tends to produce a real crisis of humanity that makes it imperative
to build a new society that acts in an interdependent and rational way with common
objectives in each country and on a planetary scale without which it can be placed in
check the survival of humans and life on planet Earth. The lack of convergence among
countries around the world in tackling climate change is reflected in some countries'
failure to meet the targets set out in the Paris Agreement at COP 21.
It has been proven that, in order to avoid climate change, it is not enough to meet goals
such as those established at COP 21. It is also necessary to build a new sustainable society
from an economic, social and environmental point of view. The new sustainable society
could be based on the vision of Capra and Lenore [7] and Ernest Callenbach [6]. In their
works, Capra, Lenore and Callenbach argue that the concept of sustainability has become
a key element in the global movement, crucial to finding viable solutions to solve the
world's greatest problems. Both rely on the definition of Lester Brown, founder of the
Worldwatch Institute: A sustainable society is one that meets their needs without
diminishing the chances of future generations to meet their needs.
Capra, Lenore and Callenbach also point out that global sustainability requires that the
world's population stabilize to a maximum of eight billion people, that sustainable
economies are not driven by fossil fuels, but by solar energy and its many direct and
indirect forms (heating and photovoltaic electricity, wind energy, hydric and so on),
nuclear power is no longer used due to its long list of economic, social and environmental
disadvantages and risks, energy production is more decentralized and, therefore, less
vulnerable to cuts or blackouts and a much more efficient sustainable energy system to
be used.
The authors mentioned above argue that transport in a sustainable society will be much
less wasteful and polluting than today, people will live much closer to their workplaces
and will move around in the vicinity by highly developed bus and rail transport systems,
fewer cars and bicycles which will be an important vehicle in the sustainable transport
system, recycling will be the main source of raw materials in sustainable industries, and
19. 19
product design will focus on durability and repeated use rather than the short and
disposable life of products . They add that the desirable will be a mindset based on
recycling ethics. Recycling companies will take the place of current urban cleaning and
disposal companies, reducing the amount of waste by at least two-thirds.
The above authors defend the thesis that in a sustainable society there will be a need for
a restored and stabilized biological base, land use will follow the basic principles of
biological stability (nutrient retention, carbon balance, soil protection, conservation of
water and preservation of species diversity), rural areas will have greater diversity than
currently with balanced land management, where there will be crop rotation and species
cultivation, there will be no wasted crops, tropical forests will be conserved, there will be
no deforestation to obtain wood and other products, millions of hectares of new trees will
be planted, efforts to halt desertification will transform degraded areas into productive
land, the exhaustive use of pasture will be eliminated, as will food chain of affluent
societies, to include less meat and more grains and vegetables.
Finally, Capra, Lenore and Callenbach consider that value systems that emphasize
quantity, expansion, competition and domination will give rise to quality, conservation,
cooperation and solidarity among human beings, the decisive characteristic of a
sustainable economy will be the rejection of the blind quest for growth, gross domestic
product will be recognized as a failed indicator, economic and social as well as
technological changes will be measured by their contribution to sustainability, military
budgets will be a small fraction of what they are today, governments will invest in a
strengthened United Nations peacekeeping organization instead of keeping expensive and
polluting defense institutions, nations will decentralize power and decision making within
their own borders and at the same time will establish a degree unprecedented level of
cooperation and coordination at the international global problems.
It can be argued that the introduction of the concept of sustainable development will entail
profound changes in the way society develops, so that economic growth is less intensive
in the consumption of raw materials and energy and more equitable in the distribution of
its results to the population. Above all, above all, a real political and cultural revolution
must be carried out all over the world, so that the paradigm of current development is
replaced by the paradigm of sustainable development.
We are, for the foregoing, facing a critical moment in the history of Earth and humanity,
at a time when it must choose the course to be given to its future. As the world becomes
increasingly interdependent and fragile, mankind faces at the same time great dangers and
great promises in regard to its future. We must recognize that in the midst of a magnificent
diversity of cultures and ways of life, we are a human family and a terrestrial community
with a common destiny. We must join forces to create a sustainable global society based
on respect for nature, universal human rights, economic justice and a culture of peace. To
arrive at this purpose, it is imperative that all of us, the peoples of the Earth, declare our
responsibility to one another, to the continuity of life on the planet and to future
generations.
Author
Fernando Alcoforado, holder of the CONFEA / CREA System Medal of Engineering
Merit and a PhD in Territorial Planning and Regional Development from the University
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of Barcelona, Spain, is a member of the Bahian Academy of Education, of the SBPC-
Brazilian Society for the Progress of Science and IPB - Polytechnic Institute of Bahia. He
graduated in Electrical Engineering from UFBA - Federal University of Bahia, Brazil,
and is Specialist in Engineering Economy and Industrial Administration from UFRJ -
Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. He was professor of MBA in Business
Management from FGV - Fundação Getúlio Vargas and postgraduate courses in
Administration, Economics and Engineering from several Brazilian educational
institutions and act as a Consultant in the areas of strategic planning, business planning,
regional planning, planning of systems of science, technology and innovation and
planning of systems of energy. He held the positions of Coordinator of Strategic Planning
of Ceped- Research and Development Center, Secretary of Planning of City of Salvador,
Undersecretary of Energy of the State of Bahia, President of IRAE - Instituto Rômulo
Almeida of Higher Studies, Director of the Faculty of Administration of the Faculties
Integrated Olga Mettig of Salvador, Bahia and Consultant of Winrock International in the
area of renewable energy and UNESCO- United Nations Educational, Scientific and
Cultural Organization and Culture. He is the author of 16 books dealing with topics
related to the Brazilian Economy, Energy, Economic and Social Development,
Environment, Global Warming, Globalization and Science and Technology.
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