This is a PowerPoint presentation about the classifications of variables in terms of research. It tackles the independent, dependent and extraneous variables

1. CLASSIFICATION OF VARIABLES

2. OBJECTIVES
1. Determine the classifications of variables
2. Differentiate the classifications variables from
one another.
Identify the types of variables used in a
research study.

3. ACTIVITY:
JEEPNEY RIDE

4. VARIABLE
 Any property or factor that a researcher measures, controls, and /or
manipulates.
 Any changing quantity or measure of any factor, trait, or condition
that can exist in differing amount or types.
 It is a logical set of characteristics, numbers, or quantities that can be
measured or counted.
 Anything that has quantity or quality that varies.

5. EXAMPLE:
Age, sex, business income and expenses,
country of birth, capital expenditure, class
grades, eye color and vehicle type.

6. KINDS OF VARIABLES:
1. Numeric Variable:
- variables with values that normally describe a measurable
numerical quantity.
- values that are considered as quantitative data.
- variables that answer the questions “how many “or “how
much”

7. a. Continuous variables:
- these are quantitative or numeric variables
- these can be obtained by measuring or
computation
- also called as interval variables
Examples: income, time, age, electric or water bills, height,
weight, length, general average

8. b. Discrete Variables:
- these are quantitative or numeric variables
- these can be obtained by counting
- these assume any whole value within the limits of given
variables
Examples: number of family members, number of registered cars,
number of votes, number of respondents

9. 2. Categorical Variables:
- these are variables that describe a quality or
characteristic of a data
- variables that answer the questions “ what type,
which category”

10. a. Ordinal Variables:
- these are values that can be logically arranged or ranked
- these can be expressed through sequential and numerical
order
- these allow comparison of degree
Examples: academic grades such as A, B, C, rank such as first,
second, third, clothing size such as X,L,M,S,

11. b. Nominal Variables:
- these are values that cannot be arranged in a logical order or
sequence
- these are only concerned with names and categories of responses
- these cannot quantify data
Examples: nationality, hair and eye color, business type, kinds of
religion, kinds of languages,

12. c. Dichotomous Variables:
- these variables represent only two categories when
observed and measured
- this value is most often a representation for a measured
variables
Example: age (under 56 or more), gender (male or female),
answer (yes or no), correctness ( true or false)

13. d. Polychotomous Variables:
- these are variables that can have more than two values
- these are variables that have many categories
Examples: educational attainment ( elementary, high
school, college, graduate, post graduate)
: level of performance (excellent, very good,
good, satisfactory, poor)

14. 3. Experimental Variables
- anything that can change or be changed
a. Independent Variables
- these are manipulated variables that cause a change in another variable
- also known as manipulated or explanatory variable
b. Dependent Variables
- these variables are usually affected by the manipulation of the independent
variables
- these are responses or effects that result from the treatment or condition
employed
- also known as response or predicted variable

15. c. Extraneous Variables
- these variables are already existing during the conduct of an experiment
- these could influence the result of the experiment
- variables that are minimized to lessen the impact on the responses
- these are not included in the study but may affect the dependent
variable
- also known as mediating, intervening, or covariate variables

16. Examples:
a. Title of Research: AN EXPERIMENT ON THE METHODS OF
TEACHING AND LANGUAGE ACHIEVEMENT
AMONG ELEMENTARY PUPILS
Independent Variable : METHODS OF TEACHING
Dependent Variable : LANGUAGE ACHIEVEMENT
Extraneous Variables : VENTILATION; PHYSICAL AMBIANCE

17. b. Title of Research: USE OF GARDENING TOOLS AND TYPES OF
FERTILIZER: THEIR EFFECTS ON THE AMOUNT
OF HARVEST
Independent Variables: USE OF GARDENING TOOLS, TYPES
OF FERTILIZER
Dependent Variable : AMOUNT OF HARVEST
Extraneous Variables : HUMIDITY LEVEL, TYPES OF
SEEDS/PLANTS

18. 4.Non- experimental Variables:
a. Predictor Variables
- these are used in regression analyses
- these provide information on an associated dependent
variable regarding a particular outcome
- these change the other variable/s in a non-experimental
study

20. b. Criterion Variables
- these are usually affected by predictor variables (outcome)
- these are usually used in making predictions
- also known as the dependent variable but are not exactly
interchangeable

21. Examples:
a. Title of Research: COMPETENCIES OF TEACHERS AND STUDENTS’
BEHAVIOR IN SELECTED PRIVATE SCHOOLS.
Predictor Variable : COMPETENCIES OF TEACHERS
Criterion Variable : STUDENTS’ BEHAVIOR

22. b. Title of Research: CONDUCT OF GUIDANCE AND COUNSELING
PROGRAMS AND DEGREE OF ABSENTEEISM AND
DROP-OUT RATE AMONG GRADE 8 CLASSES
Predictor Variable : CONDUCT OF GUIDANCE COUNSELING PROGRAMS
Criterion Variable : DEGREE OF ABSENTEEISM AND DROP-OUT RATE

23. c. Title of Research: THE TYPES OF FACILITIES, ADMINISTRATOR’S
PROFILE, AND PARENTS’ SUPPORT TOWARDS
SCHOOL EFFECTIVENESS AMONG PUBLIC SENIOR
HIGH SCHOOL
Predictor Variable : TYPES OF FACILITIES; ADMINISTRATOR’S PROFILE;
PARENT’S SUPPORT
Criterion Variable : SCHOOL EFFECTIVENESS

24. THANK YOU

25. TOPIC EVALUATION
ORDINAL VARIABLE
NOMINAL VARIABLE
DICHOTOMOUS VARIABLE

26. WHY VARIABLES ARE
IMPORTANT IN
RESEARCH?