Carl Linnaeus proposed a two kingdom system of classification in 1758 that divided organisms into the animal and plant kingdoms. He named the kingdoms Regnum Animale and Regnum Vegetable. However, this system had limitations as it did not account for the diversity of organisms. In the late 1800s, August Wilhelm Eichler developed a new phylogenetic classification system for plants that divided them into two subkingdoms - Cryptogamae for non-flowering plants like algae, fungi, mosses and ferns, and Phanerogamae for flowering seed plants. This system better reflected evolutionary relationships among organisms.

1. CLASSIFICATION

2. • Two Kingdom Classification of organisms
was proposed by Carolus Linnaeus in the
year 1758.
• He classified all living things into two
kingdoms, they are Animal kingdom and
Plant kingdom.
• He named for animal kingdom as
Regnum Animale(Kingdom Animalia) and
plant kingdom as Regnum vegetable (
Kingdom Plantae)
• This two kingdom classification laid the
base for modern classification.
• In his classification, he has distinguished
clearly animals from plants.
• Two Kingdom Classification of organisms
was proposed by Carolus Linnaeus in the
year 1758.
• He classified all living things into two
kingdoms, they are Animal kingdom and
Plant kingdom.
• He named for animal kingdom as
Regnum Animale(Kingdom Animalia) and
plant kingdom as Regnum vegetable (
Kingdom Plantae)
• This two kingdom classification laid the
base for modern classification.
• In his classification, he has distinguished
clearly animals from plants.

4. • Carl Linnaeus - (23 May 1707 – 10 January 1778),
also known after his ennoblement as Carl von
Linné was a Swedish botanist, physician,
and zoologist, who formalised the modern system
of naming organisms called binomial
nomenclature.
• He is known by the epithet "father of modern
taxonomy“
• Many of his writings were in Latin and his name
is rendered in Latin as Carolus Linnæus.
• Carl Linnaeus - (23 May 1707 – 10 January 1778),
also known after his ennoblement as Carl von
Linné was a Swedish botanist, physician,
and zoologist, who formalised the modern system
of naming organisms called binomial
nomenclature.
• He is known by the epithet "father of modern
taxonomy“
• Many of his writings were in Latin and his name
is rendered in Latin as Carolus Linnæus.

5. • Kingdom Plantae
• The plant kingdom includes green plants, mosses, ferns, many
colorless and colour unicellular organisms, molds, fungi, lichens,
bacteria and multicellular seaweeds.
The few distinguishing characters of plants.
• Plants vary greatly in form and size.
• The body is usually asymmetrical.
• In higher forms of plants structures like leaves , flowers etc are
present.
• and plants have a definite shape and form.
• Plants do not have the capability to move and they are fixed with
root in the soil.
• But few localized movements may occur in plants.
• Kingdom Plantae
• The plant kingdom includes green plants, mosses, ferns, many
colorless and colour unicellular organisms, molds, fungi, lichens,
bacteria and multicellular seaweeds.
The few distinguishing characters of plants.
• Plants vary greatly in form and size.
• The body is usually asymmetrical.
• In higher forms of plants structures like leaves , flowers etc are
present.
• and plants have a definite shape and form.
• Plants do not have the capability to move and they are fixed with
root in the soil.
• But few localized movements may occur in plants.

6. • There is a continuous growth in their lifespan.
• Plants’ nutrition is autotrophic or saprophytic.
Minerals are absorbed in solution state by roots
• will not absorb the particulate matter.
• The plants body is having a distinct cell wall.
• The plant cells have a vacuole filled with sap and
plastids of different kinds.
• Centrioles and lysosomes are absent in plant cell.
• The reserve food in plants are in starch form.
• There is a continuous growth in their lifespan.
• Plants’ nutrition is autotrophic or saprophytic.
Minerals are absorbed in solution state by roots
• will not absorb the particulate matter.
• The plants body is having a distinct cell wall.
• The plant cells have a vacuole filled with sap and
plastids of different kinds.
• Centrioles and lysosomes are absent in plant cell.
• The reserve food in plants are in starch form.

7. • Kingdom Animalia
• Kingdom Animalia including multicellular
organisms and unicellular protozoans.
• These organisms have no chlorophyll and
photosynthetic capability.
• This is including protozoans, sponges,
jellyfish, worms, crabs, insects, spiders, frogs,
Snails, sharks, bony fishes, lizards, birds, and
mammals.
• Kingdom Animalia
• Kingdom Animalia including multicellular
organisms and unicellular protozoans.
• These organisms have no chlorophyll and
photosynthetic capability.
• This is including protozoans, sponges,
jellyfish, worms, crabs, insects, spiders, frogs,
Snails, sharks, bony fishes, lizards, birds, and
mammals.

8. The distinguishing characters of animal
as follows
• The animals show a definite shape, form and symmetry.
• Animals are capable of moving from one place to another
place.
• The growth of the animal occurs proportionately in all body
parts.
• They respond to stimulus.
• Animal body is made up of cells but without the cell wall.
• Plastids and vacuoles are absent.
• Centrosomes and lysosomes are present.
• In animals, food is reserved in the form of glycogen.
• The animals show a definite shape, form and symmetry.
• Animals are capable of moving from one place to another
place.
• The growth of the animal occurs proportionately in all body
parts.
• They respond to stimulus.
• Animal body is made up of cells but without the cell wall.
• Plastids and vacuoles are absent.
• Centrosomes and lysosomes are present.
• In animals, food is reserved in the form of glycogen.

9. Demerits of Two kingdom classification
• This system is not suitable as due to a large diversity of
among the organisms.
• The main demerits are as follows
• Euglena possesses characters of both plants and animals
and they are not classified in a particular group.
• both photosynthetic and nonphotosynthetic organisms are
placed together.
• Lichens are not included either in plant kingdom nor animal
kingdom.
• Euglena and Chlamydomonas having characters of both
animals and plants.
• So they can belong to any kingdom.
• This system is not suitable as due to a large diversity of
among the organisms.
• The main demerits are as follows
• Euglena possesses characters of both plants and animals
and they are not classified in a particular group.
• both photosynthetic and nonphotosynthetic organisms are
placed together.
• Lichens are not included either in plant kingdom nor animal
kingdom.
• Euglena and Chlamydomonas having characters of both
animals and plants.
• So they can belong to any kingdom.

10. Phylogenetic Classification by Eichler

11. • August Wilhelm Eichler, also known under
his Latinized name, Augustus Guilielmus
Eichler (22 April 1839 – 2 March 1887), was
a German botanist who developed a new
system of classification of plants to reflect the
concept of evolution.
• His author abbreviation in botany is Eichler.
• August Wilhelm Eichler, also known under
his Latinized name, Augustus Guilielmus
Eichler (22 April 1839 – 2 March 1887), was
a German botanist who developed a new
system of classification of plants to reflect the
concept of evolution.
• His author abbreviation in botany is Eichler.

12. • Based on the system of
classification proposed
by A.W.EICHLER(1875 -
78) , the plant kingdom is
divided into two sub -
kingdoms .
• They are : 1.
Cryptogamae . 2.
Phanerogamae.
• Based on the system of
classification proposed
by A.W.EICHLER(1875 -
78) , the plant kingdom is
divided into two sub -
kingdoms .
• They are : 1.
Cryptogamae . 2.
Phanerogamae.

13. • CRYPTOGAMAE (cryptogams)
• The cryptogams are flowerless (non-
flowering)and seedless , spore bearing plants .
• This sub-kingdom is sub-divided into three
divisions:
(a) Thallophyta (b) Bryophyta (c) Pteridophyta
• CRYPTOGAMAE (cryptogams)
• The cryptogams are flowerless (non-
flowering)and seedless , spore bearing plants .
• This sub-kingdom is sub-divided into three
divisions:
(a) Thallophyta (b) Bryophyta (c) Pteridophyta

14. • A. THALLOPHYTA (thallophytes): Thallophyta is
the most primitive and the largest division of
Cryptogams.
• The plant body is not differentiated into root ,
stem and leaves and such a plant body is termed
as thallus
• The thalloid plant body is either unicellular or
multicellular.
• The division thallophyta is classified into two
sub - divitions: (1) Algae and (2) Fungi
• A. THALLOPHYTA (thallophytes): Thallophyta is
the most primitive and the largest division of
Cryptogams.
• The plant body is not differentiated into root ,
stem and leaves and such a plant body is termed
as thallus
• The thalloid plant body is either unicellular or
multicellular.
• The division thallophyta is classified into two
sub - divitions: (1) Algae and (2) Fungi

15. • 1. ALGAE
Alage are chlorophyll bearing thalloid , autotrophic and largely
aquatic (fresh water and marine water) plants .
• They also occur in a variety of other habitats:- moist stones ,soils
wood etc.
Eg. Spirogyra .
• 2. FUNGI
Fungi are achlorophyllous (non-green) heterotrophic thallophytes .
• They live as heterotrphs
• Some fungi grown in close association with roots o f vascular plants
forming mycorrhizae.
• Eg. Rhizopus
• 1. ALGAE
Alage are chlorophyll bearing thalloid , autotrophic and largely
aquatic (fresh water and marine water) plants .
• They also occur in a variety of other habitats:- moist stones ,soils
wood etc.
Eg. Spirogyra .
• 2. FUNGI
Fungi are achlorophyllous (non-green) heterotrophic thallophytes .
• They live as heterotrphs
• Some fungi grown in close association with roots o f vascular plants
forming mycorrhizae.
• Eg. Rhizopus

16. • B . BRYOPHTA(Bryophytes): Bryophytes are
chlophytes are are chlorophyllous , autotrophic,
embryophic and atracheophytic cryptogams.
• They are mostly found on damp and shady
places.
• They are called amphibians of plant kingdom.
Eg. Funaria.
• B . BRYOPHTA(Bryophytes): Bryophytes are
chlophytes are are chlorophyllous , autotrophic,
embryophic and atracheophytic cryptogams.
• They are mostly found on damp and shady
places.
• They are called amphibians of plant kingdom.
Eg. Funaria.

17. • C.PTERIDOPHYTA(pteridophytes): Pteridophy
tes are chlorophyllous, autotrophic
embryophytic and tracheophytic cryptogams.
• They are the non flowering plants possesing
vascular tissues .
• Hence they are called VASCULAR
CRYPTOGAMS.
Eg:pteris.
• C.PTERIDOPHYTA(pteridophytes): Pteridophy
tes are chlorophyllous, autotrophic
embryophytic and tracheophytic cryptogams.
• They are the non flowering plants possesing
vascular tissues .
• Hence they are called VASCULAR
CRYPTOGAMS.
Eg:pteris.

18. 2. PHANEROGAMAE(phanerogams)
Phanerogams are flower bearing ,seed
producing tracheoptytes .
• This sub kingdom has only one division SPERMATOPHYTA.
• And 2 subdivisions:
1) Gymnospermae and 2) Angiospermae
1) GYMNOSPERMAE (gymnosperms): Gymnosperms are
phanerogams or spermatophytes without ovary and fruit .
The seeds are naked without a fruit wall.
Eg: Cycas , Pinus
2. PHANEROGAMAE(phanerogams)
Phanerogams are flower bearing ,seed
producing tracheoptytes .
• This sub kingdom has only one division SPERMATOPHYTA.
• And 2 subdivisions:
1) Gymnospermae and 2) Angiospermae
1) GYMNOSPERMAE (gymnosperms): Gymnosperms are
phanerogams or spermatophytes without ovary and fruit .
The seeds are naked without a fruit wall.
Eg: Cycas , Pinus

19. 2) ANGIOSPERMAE(angiosperms):Angiosperms are
the flowering plants in which the seeds are
enclosed by fruits.
• The angiosperms are divided into two classes :
the dicotyledons and the monocotylesons .
• Dicotyledons : They have two cotyledon in their
seeds - Pea
• Monocotyledons- with single
cotyledon exampel: Maize , sorghum ,etc
2) ANGIOSPERMAE(angiosperms):Angiosperms are
the flowering plants in which the seeds are
enclosed by fruits.
• The angiosperms are divided into two classes :
the dicotyledons and the monocotylesons .
• Dicotyledons : They have two cotyledon in their
seeds - Pea
• Monocotyledons- with single
cotyledon exampel: Maize , sorghum ,etc

20. R.H Whittaker- 5 Kingdom
classification

22. • Organisms are divided into five major
kingdoms.
• R.H Whittaker proposed the five kingdom
classification in 1969.
• The most common system of classification in
use today is the Five Kingdom Classification.
• In this system all living organisms are divided
into five kingdoms:
• Organisms are divided into five major
kingdoms.
• R.H Whittaker proposed the five kingdom
classification in 1969.
• The most common system of classification in
use today is the Five Kingdom Classification.
• In this system all living organisms are divided
into five kingdoms:

23. • KINGDOM: MONERA
• Kingdom Monera - It consists of primitive
organisms.
• The organisms are very small and single celled.
• They consists of prokarytotes which includes
species like the bacteria, archaebacteria,
cyanobacteria and mycoplasma.
Example: bacteria.
• KINGDOM: MONERA
• Kingdom Monera - It consists of primitive
organisms.
• The organisms are very small and single celled.
• They consists of prokarytotes which includes
species like the bacteria, archaebacteria,
cyanobacteria and mycoplasma.
Example: bacteria.

24. • KINGDOM: PROTISTA
• Protista are single-celled eukaryotes and are
mainly aquatic.
• It includes diatoms, golden algae, euglena and
protozoans like amoeba, paramaecium,
plasmodium etc.
• They are mostly marine and photosynthetic.
• Example: Paramaecium
• KINGDOM: PROTISTA
• Protista are single-celled eukaryotes and are
mainly aquatic.
• It includes diatoms, golden algae, euglena and
protozoans like amoeba, paramaecium,
plasmodium etc.
• They are mostly marine and photosynthetic.
• Example: Paramaecium

25. • KINGDOM: MYCOTA
• Kingdom Mycota or Kingdom Fungi consists of network
of thread-like structures called as mycelium.
• The bodies consists of long, thread-like structures
which are called hyphae.
• These organisms are mostly saprophytes or parasites
and also symbionts.
• This kingdom of fungi also includes lichens, mycorrhiza,
etc.
• Example: Aspergillus
• KINGDOM: MYCOTA
• Kingdom Mycota or Kingdom Fungi consists of network
of thread-like structures called as mycelium.
• The bodies consists of long, thread-like structures
which are called hyphae.
• These organisms are mostly saprophytes or parasites
and also symbionts.
• This kingdom of fungi also includes lichens, mycorrhiza,
etc.
• Example: Aspergillus

26. • KINGDOM: METAPHYTA
• Kingdom Metaphyta or Kingdom Plantae are
eukaryotic, mutlicellular plants,
• They contain chlororphyll pigment, which helps
them prepare their own food by the process of
photosynthesis.
• This kingdom includes all types of plants like
herbs, shrubs, trees, flowering and non flowering
plants.
• Example: rose plant, mango tree, etc.
• KINGDOM: METAPHYTA
• Kingdom Metaphyta or Kingdom Plantae are
eukaryotic, mutlicellular plants,
• They contain chlororphyll pigment, which helps
them prepare their own food by the process of
photosynthesis.
• This kingdom includes all types of plants like
herbs, shrubs, trees, flowering and non flowering
plants.
• Example: rose plant, mango tree, etc.

27. • KINGDOM: METAZOA
• Kingdom Animalia or Kingdom Metazoa are
heterotrophic, eukaryotic, multicellular
organisms.
• They lack cell wall.
• This kingdom includes all types of animals.
• Example: Dog, cattle etc.
• KINGDOM: METAZOA
• Kingdom Animalia or Kingdom Metazoa are
heterotrophic, eukaryotic, multicellular
organisms.
• They lack cell wall.
• This kingdom includes all types of animals.
• Example: Dog, cattle etc.

28. Merits of Five kingdom classification
• Reveals course of evoloution
• Plants and animals in this system are
homogenous and judiciously separated
• Prokaryotes are put in Monera- separate from
higher plants- as they are morphologically and
physiologically different from higher plants
• Unicellular organisms are put under Protista-
is appreciated as it avoids putting them either
in plant kingdom or animal kingdom
• Reveals course of evoloution
• Plants and animals in this system are
homogenous and judiciously separated
• Prokaryotes are put in Monera- separate from
higher plants- as they are morphologically and
physiologically different from higher plants
• Unicellular organisms are put under Protista-
is appreciated as it avoids putting them either
in plant kingdom or animal kingdom

29. Demerits of Five Kingdom classification
• Monera and protista includes both
photosyntheic and non photosynthetic groups
• Evolution of some lower groups are not fully
reflected. Eg. In green algae and certain
photosynthetic bacteria, the source of
hydogen for photosynthesis is not water- but
they are placed in two different kingdoms.
• Viruses, viroids and prions have no place in 5
kingdom classification
• Monera and protista includes both
photosyntheic and non photosynthetic groups
• Evolution of some lower groups are not fully
reflected. Eg. In green algae and certain
photosynthetic bacteria, the source of
hydogen for photosynthesis is not water- but
they are placed in two different kingdoms.
• Viruses, viroids and prions have no place in 5
kingdom classification

30. Three domain, 6 kingdom classification

31. • Carl Richard Woese - July 15,
1928 – December 30, 2012
• American microbiologist and bio
physicist.
• Woese is famous for defining
the Archaea (a new domain of
life) in 1977
by phylogenetic taxonomy of
16S ribosomal RNA, a
technique pioneered by Woese
which revolutionized the
discipline of microbiology.
• Carl Richard Woese - July 15,
1928 – December 30, 2012
• American microbiologist and bio
physicist.
• Woese is famous for defining
the Archaea (a new domain of
life) in 1977
by phylogenetic taxonomy of
16S ribosomal RNA, a
technique pioneered by Woese
which revolutionized the
discipline of microbiology.

32. • The Three Domain System, groups organisms primarily based on
differences in ribosomal RNA (rRNA) structure.
• Ribosomal RNA is a molecular building block for ribosomes.
• Under this system, organisms are classified into three domains
and six kingdoms.
• The domains are Archaea, Bacteria, and Eukarya.
• The kingdoms are :
• Archaebacteria(ancient bacteria)
• Eubacteria (true bacteria)
• Protista
• Fungi
• Plantae
• Animalia
• The Three Domain System, groups organisms primarily based on
differences in ribosomal RNA (rRNA) structure.
• Ribosomal RNA is a molecular building block for ribosomes.
• Under this system, organisms are classified into three domains
and six kingdoms.
• The domains are Archaea, Bacteria, and Eukarya.
• The kingdoms are :
• Archaebacteria(ancient bacteria)
• Eubacteria (true bacteria)
• Protista
• Fungi
• Plantae
• Animalia

33. • Archaea Domain
• This domain contains single-celled organisms known
as archaea.
• Archaea have genes that are similar to
both bacteria and eukaryotes.
• Like bacteria, Archaea are prokaryotic organisms and do
not have a membrane bound nucleus.
• They also lack internal cell organelles and many are about
the same size as and similar in shape to bacteria.
• Archaea reproduce by binary fission, have one
circular chromosome, and use flagella to move around in
their environment as do bacteria.
• Archaea Domain
• This domain contains single-celled organisms known
as archaea.
• Archaea have genes that are similar to
both bacteria and eukaryotes.
• Like bacteria, Archaea are prokaryotic organisms and do
not have a membrane bound nucleus.
• They also lack internal cell organelles and many are about
the same size as and similar in shape to bacteria.
• Archaea reproduce by binary fission, have one
circular chromosome, and use flagella to move around in
their environment as do bacteria.

34. • Archaea differ from bacteria in cell wall composition
and differ from both bacteria and eukaryotes
in membrane composition and rRNA type.
• These differences are substantial enough to warrant
that archaea have a separate domain.
• Archaea are extreme organisms that live under some of
the most extreme environmental conditions.
• This includes within hydrothermal vents, acidic
springs, and under Arctic ice.
• Archaea are divided into three main
phyla: Crenarchaeota, Euryarchaeota,
and Korarchaeota.
• Archaea differ from bacteria in cell wall composition
and differ from both bacteria and eukaryotes
in membrane composition and rRNA type.
• These differences are substantial enough to warrant
that archaea have a separate domain.
• Archaea are extreme organisms that live under some of
the most extreme environmental conditions.
• This includes within hydrothermal vents, acidic
springs, and under Arctic ice.
• Archaea are divided into three main
phyla: Crenarchaeota, Euryarchaeota,
and Korarchaeota.

35. • Crenarchaeota include many organisms that
are hyperthermophiles and
thermoacidophiles.
• These archaea thrive in environments with
great temperature extremes
(hyperthermophiles) and in extremely hot and
acidic environments (thermoacidophiles).
• Crenarchaeota include many organisms that
are hyperthermophiles and
thermoacidophiles.
• These archaea thrive in environments with
great temperature extremes
(hyperthermophiles) and in extremely hot and
acidic environments (thermoacidophiles).

36. • Archaea known as methanogens are of
the Euryarchaeota phylum.
• They produce methane as a byproduct of
metabolism and require an oxygen-free
environment.
• A Little is known about Korarchaeota archaea as
a few species have been found living in places
such as hot springs, hydrothermal vents, and
obsidian pools (Solidified lava pools)
• Archaea known as methanogens are of
the Euryarchaeota phylum.
• They produce methane as a byproduct of
metabolism and require an oxygen-free
environment.
• A Little is known about Korarchaeota archaea as
a few species have been found living in places
such as hot springs, hydrothermal vents, and
obsidian pools (Solidified lava pools)

37. • Bacteria Domain
• Bacteria are classified under the Bacteria
Domain.
• These organisms are generally feared
because some are pathogenic and capable of
causing disease.
• However, bacteria are essential to life as
some are part of the human microbiota.
• Bacteria Domain
• Bacteria are classified under the Bacteria
Domain.
• These organisms are generally feared
because some are pathogenic and capable of
causing disease.
• However, bacteria are essential to life as
some are part of the human microbiota.

38. • These bacteria perform vital functions, such as
enabling us to properly digest and absorb
nutrients from the foods we eat.
• Bacteria that live on the skin prevent pathogenic
microbes from colonizing the area and also aid
in the activation of the immune system.
• Bacteria are also important for the recycling of
nutrients in the global ecosystem as they are
primary decomposers
• These bacteria perform vital functions, such as
enabling us to properly digest and absorb
nutrients from the foods we eat.
• Bacteria that live on the skin prevent pathogenic
microbes from colonizing the area and also aid
in the activation of the immune system.
• Bacteria are also important for the recycling of
nutrients in the global ecosystem as they are
primary decomposers

39. • Bacteria have a unique cell wall composition and
rRNA type.
• They are grouped into five main categories:
• Proteobacteria: This phylum contains the largest
group of bacteria and
includes E.coli, Salmonella, Heliobacter pylori,
and Vibrio. bacteria.
• Cyanobacteria: These bacteria are capable
of photosynthesis.
• They are also known as blue-green algae because
of their colour.
• Bacteria have a unique cell wall composition and
rRNA type.
• They are grouped into five main categories:
• Proteobacteria: This phylum contains the largest
group of bacteria and
includes E.coli, Salmonella, Heliobacter pylori,
and Vibrio. bacteria.
• Cyanobacteria: These bacteria are capable
of photosynthesis.
• They are also known as blue-green algae because
of their colour.

40. • Firmicutes: These gram-positive bacteria
include Clostridium, Bacillus, and mycoplasmas
(bacteria without cell walls).
• Chlamydiae: These parasitic bacteria reproduce inside
their host's cells.
• Organisms include Chlamydia trachomatis (causes
chlamydia STD) and Chlamydophila
pneumoniae (causes pneumonia).
• Spirochetes: These corkscrew-shaped bacteria exhibit a
unique twisting motion.
• Examples include Borrelia burgdorferi (cause Lyme
disease) and Treponema pallidum (cause syphilis)
• Firmicutes: These gram-positive bacteria
include Clostridium, Bacillus, and mycoplasmas
(bacteria without cell walls).
• Chlamydiae: These parasitic bacteria reproduce inside
their host's cells.
• Organisms include Chlamydia trachomatis (causes
chlamydia STD) and Chlamydophila
pneumoniae (causes pneumonia).
• Spirochetes: These corkscrew-shaped bacteria exhibit a
unique twisting motion.
• Examples include Borrelia burgdorferi (cause Lyme
disease) and Treponema pallidum (cause syphilis)

41. • Eukarya Domain
• The Eukarya domain includes eukaryotes, or
organisms that have a membrane bound nucleus.
• This domain is further subdivided into the
kingdoms Protista, Fungi, Plantae, and Animalia.
• Eukaryotes have rRNA that is distinct from bacteria
and archaeans.
• Plant and fungi organisms contain cell walls that are
different in composition than bacteria.
• Eukarya Domain
• The Eukarya domain includes eukaryotes, or
organisms that have a membrane bound nucleus.
• This domain is further subdivided into the
kingdoms Protista, Fungi, Plantae, and Animalia.
• Eukaryotes have rRNA that is distinct from bacteria
and archaeans.
• Plant and fungi organisms contain cell walls that are
different in composition than bacteria.

42. • Eukaryotic cells are typically resistant to
antibacterial antibiotics.
• Organisms in this domain include protists,
fungi, plants, and animals.
• Examples include algae, amoeba, fungi,
molds, yeast, ferns, mosses, flowering plants,
sponges, insects, and mammals.
• Eukaryotic cells are typically resistant to
antibacterial antibiotics.
• Organisms in this domain include protists,
fungi, plants, and animals.
• Examples include algae, amoeba, fungi,
molds, yeast, ferns, mosses, flowering plants,
sponges, insects, and mammals.