Lambi Village — This is how you help HaitiansChris Johnson
Despite being a small, grass-roots nonprofit, The Fuller Center for Housing has built more than 150 safe and decent permanent homes in Haiti since the 2010 earthquake — including 56 in Lambi Village. Lambi stands as a shining example of how Haitian families can be helped and empowered with a hand-up approach, as opposed to the kind of well-meaning handouts that nevertheless have created and exacerbated a culture of dependency in Haiti. If just a tiny percentage of the billions that flowed in to help Haiti in the aftermath of the quake had gone to the grass-roots Fuller Center, all 200,000 homes damaged by the earthquake could have been rebuilt.
Now that The Fuller Center has set the example with Lambi Village, we encourage you to support our work and invite other nonprofits who strive to empower Haitians to help themselves to learn more about our model of enlightened charity.
IL CORPO PARLA… e il tuo cosa dice? - 3° incontro del CorsoLorenzo Capello
3° incontro del Corso: IL CORPO PARLA… e il tuo cosa dice?
Titolo: Basi biofisiche dell’attività dei farmaci naturali: Fitoterapici e Floriterapici
Corso in 7 incontri interattivi tenuto presso il Centro Studi di Olismologia
Tendencias 2020: Las diez áreas que más van a cambiar en nuestras bibliotecasJulián Marquina
El pasado día 15 de octubre tuve el placer de participar en la mesa “Tendencias 2020: Las diez áreas que más van a cambiar en nuestras bibliotecas”, celebrada dentro de las 3as. Jornadas de Bibliotecas de Extremadura, como presentador de la misma y rodeado de grandes profesionales como Lorena Gómez, Cristina Novoa y Honorio Penadés.
This document is a matrix for comparing multiple belief systems by listing key details about each system, including the name, approximate founding date, whether it was missionary, sacred texts, divinities, leaders, rules, concepts, sects/divisions, appeal, role of priests, symbols, architecture/art, spread, present status, contributions to and reactions with other systems, and important terms. The matrix allows for systematic analysis and comparison of various aspects of different religions and belief traditions.
Lambi Village — This is how you help HaitiansChris Johnson
Despite being a small, grass-roots nonprofit, The Fuller Center for Housing has built more than 150 safe and decent permanent homes in Haiti since the 2010 earthquake — including 56 in Lambi Village. Lambi stands as a shining example of how Haitian families can be helped and empowered with a hand-up approach, as opposed to the kind of well-meaning handouts that nevertheless have created and exacerbated a culture of dependency in Haiti. If just a tiny percentage of the billions that flowed in to help Haiti in the aftermath of the quake had gone to the grass-roots Fuller Center, all 200,000 homes damaged by the earthquake could have been rebuilt.
Now that The Fuller Center has set the example with Lambi Village, we encourage you to support our work and invite other nonprofits who strive to empower Haitians to help themselves to learn more about our model of enlightened charity.
IL CORPO PARLA… e il tuo cosa dice? - 3° incontro del CorsoLorenzo Capello
3° incontro del Corso: IL CORPO PARLA… e il tuo cosa dice?
Titolo: Basi biofisiche dell’attività dei farmaci naturali: Fitoterapici e Floriterapici
Corso in 7 incontri interattivi tenuto presso il Centro Studi di Olismologia
Tendencias 2020: Las diez áreas que más van a cambiar en nuestras bibliotecasJulián Marquina
El pasado día 15 de octubre tuve el placer de participar en la mesa “Tendencias 2020: Las diez áreas que más van a cambiar en nuestras bibliotecas”, celebrada dentro de las 3as. Jornadas de Bibliotecas de Extremadura, como presentador de la misma y rodeado de grandes profesionales como Lorena Gómez, Cristina Novoa y Honorio Penadés.
This document is a matrix for comparing multiple belief systems by listing key details about each system, including the name, approximate founding date, whether it was missionary, sacred texts, divinities, leaders, rules, concepts, sects/divisions, appeal, role of priests, symbols, architecture/art, spread, present status, contributions to and reactions with other systems, and important terms. The matrix allows for systematic analysis and comparison of various aspects of different religions and belief traditions.
This document presents a matrix for comparing the political, economic, religious, social, intellectual, artistic, technological, migratory, and environmental aspects of civilizations. It will be used to analyze and contrast key elements of different societies, including their systems of government, trade practices, belief systems, social hierarchies, education levels, architectural styles, relationships with other groups, innovations, population movements, and interactions with the natural world.
This syllabus outlines the expectations and requirements for Mrs. Pareja's AP World History class. Students will study world history from earliest migrations to the 21st century, with an emphasis on patterns, generalizations, and developing historical thinking skills. Successful students will improve their study habits, participate actively, and prepare for the AP exams in May. Mrs. Pareja expects students to be respectful and work cooperatively to create a positive learning environment.
The document discusses the periodization of history from 1914 to the present. It argues that World War I marked both continuity and change. There was continuity in terms of population growth, scientific and industrial revolutions, and globalization. However, there was also significant change, including the mobilization of entire populations for war, unprecedented destruction, and the creation of over 200 new nation states from the collapse of old empires like Austria-Hungary and Ottoman Turkey. The document also examines some of the specific causes of World War I like nationalism, militarism, and a system of rigid alliances and war plans that pulled the major powers into war based on defense obligations when the assassination in Sarajevo set off a chain reaction.
This document provides an overview of major events and developments in Europe, Africa, and the Americas between 1450 and 1750. It discusses the age of exploration led by Portugal and Spain in the 15th-16th centuries, including Prince Henry the Navigator, Vasco da Gama's voyage to India, and Columbus' voyage to the Americas in 1492. It then covers the establishment of colonies in the Americas by Spain, Portugal, England, France, and the Netherlands. The document also summarizes the introduction and impacts of slavery, the rise of the sugar and silver economies, and the development of the mercantilist economic system between 1450-1750.
The document summarizes the religions of ancient Rome, including the original Roman religion, foreign mystery religions, Judaism, early Christianity, and the roles of key figures like Jesus and St. Paul. The original Roman religion was based on Greek deities but became less popular as mystery religions and new belief systems emerged. Mystery religions like Mithraism, the Cult of Isis, and Cybele offered salvation and community to the masses. While Judaism and early Christianity faced persecution for refusing to worship emperors as gods, mystery religions were tolerated if they added to Roman society.
The Inca civilization spanned from 1438 BCE to 1533 CE in Peru and surrounding areas. Some key points:
- The capital was Cuzco and the population was around 300,000 people in the 1400s.
- The divine ruler, called the Sapa Inca, ruled jointly with his wife and was believed to be the son of the sun god Inti. The ruler owned all property.
- The Inca had a bureaucracy and nobility system as well as a professional army led by the Sapa Inca to help the ruler conquer new lands and live on in eternity.
- Notable rulers included Pachacuti, Yupanqui, and Viraco
This document provides an overview of major developments in Europe between 1450-1750, including the Protestant Reformation, Scientific Revolution, Enlightenment, rise of absolute monarchy and new economic systems. It discusses changes in religion, politics, society, culture, science and philosophy that transformed Europe during this period. Key events and thinkers such as Martin Luther, Galileo, Descartes, Locke, Adam Smith and others are summarized along with the impact of their ideas.
This document summarizes two of the earliest civilizations in Central and South America - the Olmec in Mexico and the Norte Chico in Peru. The Olmec civilization flourished between 1400 BCE to 400 BCE, developing advanced mathematics, calendars, writing systems, and constructing pyramids, aqueducts and drainage systems while practicing intensive maize and cacao agriculture. The Norte Chico civilization arose earlier between 3000 BCE to 1800 BCE and centered around religious and trade centers, practicing cotton agriculture and trading it for fish with coastal groups, without developing pottery or writing systems like the Olmec. Both civilizations laid the foundations for later Mesoamerican and Andean cultures.
Chinese revolution 20th c- pareja 2012Janet Pareja
The Chinese Revolution began with the May 4th Movement in 1919 and established nationalism in China. Sun Yat-sen led the nationalist Kuomintang party and allied with the Chinese Communist Party to unite China against warlords. Chiang Kai-shek took control of the KMT and unified China through military force but then ordered a massacre of Communist Party members. The Long March from 1934-1935 saw the Communist Party flee to the countryside to escape the KMT, establishing Mao Zedong as their leader. World War 2 saw a brief alliance against Japan but then the Chinese Civil War resumed until 1949 when Mao declared the People's Republic of China, establishing communist rule. Mao instituted social, political and economic
This document is a matrix that compares various belief systems across categories such as date started, whether they were missionary, sacred texts, divinities, leaders, rules, concepts, sects, appeal, priests, symbols, architecture, spread, interactions with other beliefs, and important terms. The matrix provides a high-level overview for analyzing and comparing the core characteristics and histories of different religious traditions.
The industrial revolution led to massive social and economic changes across Europe and North America. New machines and technologies transformed agriculture and manufacturing, leading many farmers to migrate to cities in search of work. This urbanization increased the population of cities dramatically and created new social classes. While some prospered, many workers faced difficult conditions including long hours, low pay, child labor, and unsafe environments. Reformers pushed for changes to protect workers and regulate the excesses of industry.
The document outlines several key causes of World War 1, including the rise of authoritarian regimes in Germany, Italy, and Japan who were dissatisfied with the outcome of World War 1. It also discusses the Versailles Treaty, which imposed harsh terms on Germany, further fueling German resentment. Additionally, the League of Nations proved too weak to enforce its decisions and prevent aggression by countries like Japan and Italy in the 1930s. All of these factors created tensions that led to the outbreak of World War 2.
Renaissance art, literature, as proof of European survival of the Plague. Chinese recovery after Mongols- proof: Zheng He, Trade Empire, Ming.
Europeans take to the waves!
The document provides an overview of classical Persia and the Achaemenid Empire. It describes the harsh geography and social hierarchy of Persia, with mining and irrigation supported by slave labor. It highlights the innovations of Cyrus the Great in establishing a centralized hereditary monarchy and tolerant policies. The empire prospered under Darius I through bureaucracy, infrastructure like the Royal Road system, and cultural diffusion across its vast territories. However, the empire eventually declined due to overexpansion and was conquered by Alexander the Great.
This document outlines categories for comparing the political, economic, social, intellectual, artistic, technological, environmental, and migratory aspects of different civilizations, including their political structures, economic practices like trade, prevailing religious beliefs, social hierarchies, education systems, architectural styles, relationships with other societies, innovations, population movements, interactions with the environment, and important terminology. It provides a framework for analyzing and contrasting key elements of civilizations during a given time period.
1. Russia developed a strong sense of identity separate from Europe due to 250 years of Mongol rule which isolated it, as well as its Orthodox Christian religion.
2. Under Ivan the Great and Ivan the Terrible, Russia expanded rapidly through conquest and centralized political power under an autocratic czar.
3. Peter the Great modernized Russia through selective adoption of Western cultural and institutional models like a standing army but maintained an autocratic monarchy and serfdom.
Chap 3 socratic circle questions early civsJanet Pareja
The document provides questions for a Socratic circle discussion on Mesopotamian and Egyptian civilizations. Students are asked to answer 3 questions: 1) What was important to people in Mesopotamia and Egypt based on the documents; 2) What similarities and differences can be inferred between the civilizations and why; 3) What aspects of social life and religious thinking are not addressed in the documents and what other perspectives could provide more understanding. Students are to answer concisely and directly in pen or by typing, turning it in on the assigned due date.
About our beloved Palestine. Pictures showing how Palestine is a great country to live in but we and our children were deprived from our homeland and forced out by the Zionist Jews who occupied our land by force in 1947 till now.
Lars Jiborn was born and raised in a well to do family on August 2, 1969 in Jonkoping, Sweden. He is the youngest of the 4 children and is brought up with great care and affection. His father was an honest doctor, and his mother was a kind nurse. His parents used to work in their practice, and they made a lovely couple.
The document discusses many topics related to globalization and modern world history from the 20th century onward, including:
1) The rise of nationalism and independence movements in former colonies.
2) The establishment of different forms of republican governments around the world and questions around who truly holds power.
3) Processes of decolonization, political and social change, and the varying degrees to which change was violent or non-violent.
4) Key global events, organizations, and trends that increased global interconnectedness such as world wars, the UN, global economic crises, and spread of global consumer culture.
The document provides an overview of major ideological and nationalist movements in the 20th century, including the Russian and Chinese Revolutions, fascism in Europe, and World War II. It discusses the rise of communism in Russia under Lenin and Stalin and the establishment of the Soviet Union. It also covers the rise of fascist regimes in Italy under Mussolini and Germany under Hitler, including their expansionist policies and WWII. The summary briefly touches on WWII in both Europe and the Pacific, as well as the development and use of the atomic bomb against Japan.
World War 1 was caused by rising tensions in Europe due to competition over colonies. The war involved two main fronts - the Eastern Front against Russia and the Western Front through France. It was a bloody war of attrition characterized by trench warfare and new military technologies. The US entered the war on the side of the Allies in 1917. The resulting Treaty of Versailles imposed harsh terms on Germany, including war guilt and large reparations payments. This contributed to the rise of the stab-in-the-back myth in Germany and set the stage for future conflicts.
This document discusses the concept of "total war" and world wars in the 20th century. It makes three key points:
1. Total war involves the complete mobilization of a nation's resources for war, including total participation from civilians and converting industries to support the war effort. This results in more casualties and makes civilians legitimate targets.
2. Advances in technology in the 20th century, like machine guns, tanks, airplanes, and later nuclear weapons, increased destruction and the potential for total war.
3. Total war involves mass propaganda and hatred of the enemy, with no distinction between combatants and civilians. Whole populations become involved with no time off, resulting in immense human costs and loss
The Czar was forced to abdicate in spring 1917 due to social unrest stemming from World War I and his inept leadership. This led to the establishment of a provisional government and the February Revolution. However, the provisional government faced opposition from workers' assemblies like the Petrograd Soviet. In October 1917, Lenin and the Bolshevik party seized power in the October Revolution, establishing the Soviet government and signing the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk to withdraw from WWI. This sparked a civil war between the Reds and Whites that the Bolsheviks eventually won, establishing the USSR under Lenin and later Stalin.
1. The document discusses the modernization challenges faced by traditional empires like the Ottoman Empire, Qing Dynasty, Tokugawa Shogunate, and Russian Empire when encountering Western imperialist powers in the 19th century.
2. These traditional empires struggled due to conservative leadership, weak militaries, lack of industrialization, and unwillingness to adopt Western political and economic reforms. They suffered major military defeats that exposed how far behind they had fallen.
3. People rebelled against rulers who could not solve crises, insisted on unwinnable wars, and disregarded citizens' lives. Modernization attempts were often only defensive and at the rulers' discretion, refusing to cede power.
Imperialism china, japan 1750 1914 - 2014 updatedJanet Pareja
1) Nationalism and imperialism grew in China and Japan between 1815-1915 as they responded to Western influence. China was humiliated by the Opium Wars and unequal treaties while Japan modernized under the Meiji Restoration.
2) Two uprisings in China, the Taiping and Boxer Rebellions, sought to drive out foreigners and overthrow the declining Qing dynasty but failed. The last emperor abdicated in 1911 and Sun Yat-sen established the Republic of China.
3) Japan transformed into an imperial power through military victories over China and Russia, allowing its annexation of Korea and control of Manchuria. By 1914 both nations had ended isolation but China remained not
The document provides background information on the American and French Revolutions that occurred in the late 18th century. It discusses key dates and impacts, including the establishment of new forms of government based on Enlightenment ideals of liberty, equality, and popular sovereignty. The summary focuses on key events in France, including financial troubles that led King Louis XVI to call the Estates General in 1789, the storming of the Bastille, the formation of the National Assembly, the Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen, and the establishment of a constitutional monarchy that gradually gave way to more radical phases of the revolution under the Jacobins and the Reign of Terror led by Robespierre.
The Mughal Empire ruled most of northern India for about 300 years beginning in the early 16th century. The empire was founded by Babur, who was descended from both Genghis Khan and Timur. It reached its peak under Akbar, who centralized administration, promoted religious tolerance, and overhauled the tax and land systems. The empire declined in the late 17th and early 18th centuries due to religious unrest, overexpansion, and the growing influence of European trading companies in India.
The document summarizes China under the Ming and Qing dynasties from 1450 to 1750. It describes how the Ming dynasty rebuilt and strengthened China after the Mongol rule ended. The Ming explored trade opportunities through Zheng He's voyages but later chose security over further expansion. The Qing dynasty conquered China in 1644 and ruled as Manchu outsiders until 1912. The Qing expanded China's territory but faced pressure from European powers seeking trade. China maintained a policy of cultural insularity and restricted European influence.
The document summarizes several Islamic empires between 1450-1750, including the Ottoman, Safavid, and Mughal empires. It focuses on key details about the Ottoman Empire, including the conquest of Constantinople in 1453, the rule and expansion under Suleiman the Magnificent from 1520-1566, and the devshirme system of taking Christian boys for military and administrative service. It also provides brief overviews of the Safavid Empire's establishment of Shi'a Islam in Iran and its conflicts with the neighboring Sunni Ottoman Empire, as well as key rulers like Shah Abbas who modernized Persia in the late 16th-early 17th century. The decline of the Safav
The document summarizes key aspects of Maya and Aztec civilizations, including their social hierarchies, economies, technologies, and empires. The Maya had a "seed society" with inequality and a scribe class, while power for the Aztecs was measured by the number of people and labor controlled. Both civilizations engaged in regional trade of goods like cocoa, cotton, jade, and feathers. They developed advanced calendars, astronomy, mathematics, and writing systems. The Aztec Empire rose to prominence through military conquest and extracting tribute, ruling through provincial governors until being defeated by Cortes and tributary states in 1521.
The document summarizes the nomadic invasions of Eurasia between the 11th and 15th centuries by Turkic and Mongol tribes. It discusses how:
1) Nomadic tribes like the Turks and Mongols transformed regions like Persia, Anatolia, India, and China through conquest and migration, establishing empires and spreading their influence.
2) The Mongols, led by Genghis Khan, created the largest contiguous land empire in history through their advanced military tactics and organization, establishing a Pax Mongolica that promoted trade and cultural exchange across Asia and Europe.
3) While the Mongol Empire eventually fractured, it had lasting impacts like promoting world trade, spreading
The document summarizes the nomadic invasions of Eurasia between the 11th and 15th centuries by Turkic and Mongol tribes. It discusses:
1) How nomadic tribes like the Turks and Mongols transformed regions like Persia, Anatolia, India, and China through conquest and migration. The Turks unified under figures like Tughril Beg and Mahmud of Ghazni while the Mongols were led by Genghis Khan.
2) The Mongols created the largest contiguous land empire in history through their advanced military tactics and organization. Under Kublai Khan, the Mongol Empire included the Yuan Dynasty in China.
3) Though the nomads disrupted societies
This document provides an overview of political, social, and economic developments in post-Classical Western Europe from 1000-1450 CE. Key points include:
1. Politics were decentralized, with the Holy Roman Empire in decline and independent states like France and England emerging. England was unified under the Norman conquest in 1066.
2. A new merchant class, or bourgeoisie, developed in growing cities and towns, challenging the traditional feudal hierarchy. Guilds and increased trade connected regions across Europe.
3. The Catholic Church remained powerful but faced challenges to its authority from secular rulers over issues like appointments and taxation. Events like the Magna Carta curbed royal power in England.
The document provides an overview of early medieval Europe following the fall of Rome from 500-1000 CE. It discusses several key developments:
1. The early Middle Ages was a period of instability as Germanic tribes expanded and powers like the Caliphate and Byzantines threatened Europe. Monasteries helped spread Christianity and revive learning.
2. Vikings emerged as a formidable military power, using advanced longships to raid across Europe and beyond. They settled in places like Iceland and Greenland.
3. The Franks rose to power in Gaul/France under Clovis and the Carolingian dynasty. Charlemagne expanded the Frankish kingdom and was crowned Holy Roman Emperor in 800 CE.
Post classical focus questions january 5 2015Janet Pareja
This document provides guiding questions and reading assignments for a unit on the post-classical period from 500-1450 CE. It asks how order was achieved after classical civilizations fell, and what changed and stayed the same in terms of religions, gender roles, and technologies. Students are assigned to read about the rise of Islam and the worlds of European Christendom, as well as the Mongol Empire and the 15th century world. They are given key terms and people to learn, along with focus questions about political developments, cultural exchanges, and innovations during this time period.
This document provides an overview of the spread of Islam in several regions following the decline of the Abbasid Caliphate in the 13th century. It discusses:
1) The Umayyad conquest of Spain and the establishment of Al-Andalus, a prosperous Muslim civilization that lasted until the 15th century reconquista.
2) The Delhi Sultanate's rule over northern India from the 13th-16th centuries, which introduced Indo-Muslim fusion of culture and established Urdu.
3) The conversion of Anatolia to Islam after the 11th century due to Sufi missionaries and its role as the heart of the Ottoman Empire by 1500.
12. 4.. SSttaannddaarrddiizzaattiioonn
• Law
• National Census-
– data to calculate tax revenues &
labor service
• Copper coinage
• Weights & measures
• Road Building
• Regulated Axle length
• Uniform written script
13. 55.. IInnffrraassttrruuccttuurree aanndd
MMaannuuffaaccttuurriinngg……
• New Irrigation &
canal projects
– (picture: terracing)
• Promoted
Manufacturing
– Silk cloth, especially
Building a Strong Economy
14. 55.. ZZeerroo TToolleerraannccee ffoorr DDiisssseenntt!!
• Attacked formal culture:
– Burned many books
– Shi Huangdi considered
thinking as subversive to his
autocratic rule
– Death to disagreeing scholars
– LLeeggaalliisstt
18. EEnndd ooff tthhee QQiinn == SSttaarrtt ooff HHaann
RRiissee ooff ppeeaassaanntt lleeaaddeerr ––
LLiiuu BBaanngg
– Not a great military commander, but
good mediator
– Persistent & logical planner
– IIlllliitteerraattee
– Brilliant Shi advisors
– loyalty of troops
• Established Han Dynasty –
named for his native land.
• Took the name “Gaozu”
40. UURRBBAANNIIZZAATTIIOONN
• Forbidden City- Emperor,
family, servants, closest
advisors
• Walled
• Pleasure garden outside with
first zoo
• Administrative buildings &
Scholar Gentry adjacent, also
walled.
• Both enclosed in another wall
around city proper.
CCaappiittooll CCiittyy :: XXiiaann
41. UUrrbbaanniizzaattiioonn
• Most urbanized
civilization in world
at this time.
• Walled cities for
administration,
mining,
manufacturing,
trade.
• Traders increased
as a class. Wealth
grew, but status did
not.
44. TTeecchhnnoollooggyy::
• Agriculture:
– Irrigation & canal system improved/extended
– Highly accurate sundials & calendars
– Crop techniques improved:
• Ox drawn plows, new collar for oxen
• IInndduussttrryy::
– SSiillkk mmaakkiinngg iimmpprroovveedd
– Laquerware and porcelain pioneered
– Watermills to grind grain & power
artisan shops
• NNEEWW::
– Brush & paper invented
– Rudders and compasses
pioneered
45. UUhh--OOhh!! PPrroobblleemmss!!
11.. XXiioonnggnnuu – Steppe Nomads spoke a turkic language
Superb horsemen – bows & arrows
MMOOBBIILLIITTYY && SSPPEEEEDD
Han tried to pacify: tribute in luxuries, ag & manufactured goods,
intermarriage w/ nobility…but to no avail…
47. HHaann SSoocciiaall && EEccoonnoommiicc PPrroobblleemm$$
BB.. HHuuggee EEccoonnoommiicc CCoosstt ooff
mmiilliittaarryy eexxppeeddiittiioonnss -->>
SSoocciiaall SSttrraaiinn
To raise money, Han:
1. Raised taxes
2. Confiscated land &
personal property
from wealthy less
investment in manufacturing &
trade more economic
problems
48. DDeecclliinnee ooff HHaann DDyynnaassttyy
• Central control weakened
after about 2 centuries
–YYeellllooww TTuurrbbaann
UUpprriissiinngg
– Intrigue & violence within the
royal family
• HHuunnss-- iinnvvaaddeedd from
Central Asia again!
• The Classical period was
over…Chaos reigned as
China broke into several large
regional kingdoms…
49. LLeeggaaccyy ooff CCllaassssiiccaall PPeerriioodd iinn CChhiinnaa::
“China had
established distinctive
political structures and
cultural values of
unusual clarity,
capable of surviving
the next three
centuries of renewed
confusion.”
Editor's Notes
Wuwei means go with the flow!
Hupao dreaming of the Tiger, Hangzhou
Shang Yang
Ordered Vassals to court; in their absence, assumed power of their feudal estates.
Lords, who in times past would have competed for power, became irrelevant.
Height of Classical China
Confucianism replaced brutal Qin repression
Provinces, like Persian satrapies
Loose sleeved over coat. Tunic below belted and with sword girdle