Ancient civ in americas ,2013
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Mississippian (Cahokia), Olmec, Norte Chico - earliest major civs in North, Central, and South America
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Ancient civ in americas ,2013
- 1. Selected Pre-Columbian American Civilizations Glory, Ruin, and Loss Janet Pareja, Signature School, Evansville, Indiana
- 4. Mississippians: Mound BuildersMississippians: Mound Builders
- 6. 1. Cahokia: 600 – 1400 CE1. Cahokia: 600 – 1400 CE Mississippian CultureMississippian Culture •Height: 1200 CE •No written records survive •Strategic location for trade & manufacture – Decorative copper – Iron tools (hoes) – Pottery •Largest settlement north of Mesoamerica 6,000-40,000 population
- 7. Traits of Mississippian Culture • CitiesCities: Chiefdoms: Chiefdoms – Centralized Rule or just Trade Centers – Earthwork MoundsMounds – buildings atop • Economy – MaizeMaize-based agriculture – Widespread trade networkstrade networks • Rocky Mts., Great Lakes, Gulf of Mexico, Atlantic Ocean • Social inequalitySocial inequality
- 8. Man-made Mounds Early Religious / Political Centers? Fortresses?
- 10. ““Chunkey”Chunkey” • Huge 47 acre arenas? • Roll a disc-shaped stone; try to place the spear as close to the stopped stone as possible. • Gambling?
- 11. 2. Central & South America2. Central & South America • OlmecOlmec – Mesoamerica • 1400 BCE- 400 BCE • ““Rubber People”Rubber People” • Norte ChicoNorte Chico– Andes Mountains • 3000 – 1800 BCE
- 12. AgricultureAgriculture • Slash & Burn • Beans, chilis, avocados, gourds, tomatoes •Maize!!Maize!! • No evidence of irrigation. • No large animalsNo large animals to domesticateto domesticate • Dogs, Turkey, Guinea Pigs…
- 13. Regional TradeRegional Trade • Artifacts of jade, obsidian, andjade, obsidian, and magnetitemagnetite came from distant locations – for animal skins? LUXURIES!LUXURIES! • Suggests access to extensive trading networktrading network: 150 – 250 miles range.
- 14. • No evidence of complete writing system… but they started… • CalendarCalendar later societies copied & perfected
- 15. ShamanismShamanism – Shaman was able to assume powers of certain animals •Nahuales – spirit guides – Combining spirituality & intellect of man, w/ ferocity & strength of jaguar •Birth of mankind/gods fromBirth of mankind/gods from undergroundunderground •10+ distinct gods, including corn god •Corn God •Tree of Life
- 17. Olmec ArtOlmec Art17 Monolithic17 Monolithic Basalt HeadsBasalt Heads Decorative Objects: •Jade, Obsidian, Magnetite •NONO METALLURGYMETALLURGY •Masks, knives, figures, jewelry
- 18. “Olmec Ball Game”Olmec Ball Game” Balls have been found dating to 1600 BCE
- 19. Olmec MathOlmec Math • Long Count Calendar (starts on Sept. 3, 32 BCE) • Concept of Zero • Base 20
- 20. DisappearedDisappeared “MysteriouslyMysteriously” Systematically destroyed their own ceremonial centers at San Lorenzo & La Venta? •Deserted the sites. •Broken and buried statues.
- 21. 3.3. Norte Chico/ Caral-SupeNorte Chico/ Caral-Supe • 3000 – 1800 BCE – Same time as Egypt and Sumer were developing – 2000 years before Olmec- why? • Central Coast of PeruCentral Coast of Peru • Ruth Shady, 1997, Peruvian Archaeologist
- 23. Norte ChicoNorte Chico • Cities- Small • Some economic specialization Agriculture: CottonAgriculture: Cotton • Squash, beans, guava grown by inland people in irrigated river valleys Trade:Trade: • Sardines & Anchovies from coastal people for Fishing Nets made of cotton • No pottery, no writing… QuipuQuipu • Few sculptures, carvings…Flutes!
- 26. 4. Maya4. Maya
- 28. Change… or Continuity?Change… or Continuity? • Writing • Calendar from Olmec • Monolithic Architecture • Bloodletting • The Ball Game • Kingly lines tied to Jaguar lore Professional Mayan Scribe Class
- 31. Priestly ClassPriestly Class • Rituals, ceremonies • Math, Astronomy • Calendar – Ritual Year – Solar Year – Alignment = Possible Catastrophe
- 32. MonolithicMonolithic ArchitectureArchitecture • Temples • Palaces • Observatories • City Centers Chichen ItzaChichen Itza
- 33. Lady XocLady XocShield JaguarShield Jaguar
- 38. Classical Maya Technology, Art, Intellectual • Tools, Weapons • Architecture • Agriculture • Writing • Concept of zeroConcept of zero • Calendar • Murals • No metallurgy, wheelNo metallurgy, wheel
- 39. Maya ArtMaya Art
- 40. Murals!!Murals!!
- 41. Agricultural Economy, Regional Trade • CORN (maize)CORN (maize) • Beans • Squash • Chili Peppers • Fruit • Sweet Potatoes • COTTONCOTTON
- 42. Sea & LandSea & Land Trade:Trade: •Jade •Salt •Cacao •Obsidian •Cotton •Feathers •Basalt •Ceramics •Tools •Animal Skins •Honey
- 43. South AmericaSouth America Chavin – 700 BCE Tihuanaco – 1000 BCE; 500 CE Moche / Mochica – 100 – 800 CE Paracas & Nasca – 100-800 CE Huari - 500-700 CE
- 44. 5. Chavin5. Chavin 1200 BCE : Began 900 – 200 BCE: Height900 – 200 BCE: Height Mosna & Huachesna Rivers Chavin de Huantar Andean Highlands North of Lima
- 45. 7. Tihuanaco7. Tihuanaco • 300-1000 CE flourish • Large courts, palaces • Huge blocks of stone • Altiplano of Bolivia along shores of Lake Titicaca. • Urban; Stratified Social Hierarchy • Militarism • Forced to join Inca Federation
- 46. HUARI Tihuanaco
Editor's Notes
- Name: The Mounds were later named after the Cahokia tribe, an historic Illiniwek people living in the area when the first French explorers arrived in the 17th century. As this was centuries after Cahokia was abandoned by its original inhabitants, the Cahokia tribe was not necessarily descendants of the original Mississippian-era people. Most likely multiple ethnic groups settled Cahokia.
- Variations of game throughout N. America: Cherokees, Choctaws, Chicasaws
- Name was what Aztec called them – due to ball game, and ability to make rubber.
- Coatzacoalcos River Basin
- Rolling the cylinder printed symbols indicating allegiance to a king, a striking difference from the Old World, where the oldest known writing was used for keeping records by the first accountants.
- Don’t know what they called themselves.
- Olmec Weir Jaguars and Weir Jaguar Babies
- Jade mask and figurines
- Lintel 24 at Yaxchilan, depicting Lady Xoc drawing a barbed rope through her tongue. In front of her, her husband and the ruler of Yaxchilan, Shield Jaguar, is shown holding a torch.
- Lady Xoc again – having a revelation from the feathered serpent god
- King, Relatives, Priests, Scribes, Artisans, Merchants & Peasants, Slaves
- Naturalistic pottery, including a lot of erotic pottery.
- Chan Chan architecture.