4. Meanwhile, along the Ganges River…
Establishment of States
• JJaannaappaaddaass – earliest states
– Urban capitals
– Leadership – family lineage
– Republics, monarchies…
– 16 Maha-janapadas – large N. states- 500-400 BCE
– 4 dominant by 300 BCE
– 1 emerged as an Imperial Power: MMaagghhaaddaa
43. GGoollddeenn AAggee ooff LLiitteerraattuurree
• Epic Poems -
Moral & Social Lessons
– MMaahhaabbhhaarraattaa,, iinnccll..
BBaagghhaavvaadd -- GGiittaa
– RRaammaayyaannaa
• Secular:
• Kalidasa - 5th c. CE
– 2 epic poems
– Short lyrical poem, MMeegghhaadduuttaa – The Cloud
Messenger
44. • Great drama,
SShhaakkuunnttaallaa – “One
who is brought up by
Birds”
– SSttoorryy ooff tthhee RRiinngg
– 1st Sanskrit drama translated into
western languages
45. CCllaassssiiccaall AArrtt && AArrcchhiitteeccttuurree
• RRoocckk--ccuutt AArrtt
– Temples
– Statues
From Sun Temple in Konark
52. MMooddeerrnn CChhaalllleennggeess ffoorr VVeeddiicc
HHiinndduuiissmm
• TTrraaddiittiioonnaallllyy PPrriieesstt CCeenntteerreedd
– Aryan nomadic herding culture
– Ritual sacrifices offered by brahmins
for abundant harvests & herds
– Priests rewarded: Tax exemption, Hefty fees,
Gifts
• NNeeww eeccoonnoommyy == TTrraaddee &&
MMaannuuffaaccttuurriinngg……
– OOvveerr--rriittuuaalliizzaattiioonn && pprriieesstt--
cceenntteerreedd quality of religion became less
relevant or resented
53. TTiimmee ooff RRaappiidd CChhaannggee::
66tthh aanndd eeaarrllyy 55tthh CCeennttuurriieess BBCCEE
• Atheistic materialism
–CChhaarrvvaakkaa sseecctt
OR
ASCETIC: Intense spirituality as reaction
against Brahmin-centered
practice:
– Jainism, Buddhism
– new directions & innovations
in Hinduism
54. 11.. VVaarrddhhaammaannaa MMaahhaavviirraa
• MMaahhaavviirraa == ““tthhee ggrreeaatt hheerroo””
• B. 540 BCE – N. India – prominent
Kshatriya family
• Left home at age 30 to seek salvation
– Escape the cycle of incarnation
• 12 yrs.- ascetic life wandering Ganges
Valley; gained enlightenment.
• Abandoned worldly goods, taught aasscceettiicc
doctrine to others. Disciples spread his
message.
HHooww ttoo tteellll
MMaahhaavviirraa ffrroomm
BBuuddddhhaa???
55. JJaaiinniissmm
• EEvveerryytthhiinngg hhaass aa ssoouull
– While trapped in bodies
ssuuffffeerriinngg
• ““PPuurriiffiiccaattiioonn”” from selfish behavior
– Shed bad Karma from other lives
– Release from “prison” of body to attain a state
of bliss.
56. -- nnoonnvviioolleennccee ttoo aallll lliivviinngg
tthhiinnggss
– Swept ground,
– wore masks,
– filtered water,
– vegetarian..
• Ascetic doctrine of ddeettaacchhmmeenntt from the
world: Abandon worldly goods, even clothes
• MMiissssiioonnaarriieess:: Monastic order to spread ideas
• JJiinnaa ((““tthhee ccoonnqquueerroorr””))
57. AAppppeeaall ooff JJaaiinniissmm
• NNoo ccaassttee oorr JJaattii
Popular w/ lower castes incl.
merchants, scholars, literary
figures...
– High moral standards / sensitivity
• SSiiggnniiffiiccaannccee?? PPooppuullaarriizzeedd iiddeeaa
ooff AAhhiimmssaa
– Buddhists & Hindus later
– Prominent reformers of 20th century: MLK,
Gandhi
59. SSiiddddhhaarrtthhaa
GGaauuttaammaa – KKsshhaattrriiyyaa:: Father governed small tribal state at foot of
Himalayas
– Married young
– PPaammppeerreedd,, life of luxury- father never wanted him to
know misery
– Shocked when learned that misery exists:
• Saw old man, sick man, corpse on way to cremation, ascetic
monk…
– AAggee 3300 -- Gave up position, wife &
inheritance to wander & sseeeekk
ssaallvvaattiioonn tthhrroouugghh aasscceettiicciissmm..
62. ““BBuuddddhhaa””
• BBoo ttrreeee in Bodh Gaya
• ““TThhee EEnnlliigghhtteenneedd OOnnee””
– Why is there suffering?
– How can suffering be
eliminated?
63. ““TThhee MMiiddddllee WWaayy””
Not Asceticism, nor Self Indulgence
•AAHHIIMMSSAA
•Four Noble Truths
•Noble Eightfold Path
•Nirvana
Gautama was the 7th Buddha: He believed
There had been many Buddhas & will be
more – about each 5,000 years.
64. FFoouurr NNoobbllee TTrruutthhss
1. All life is ssuuffffeerriinngg /
discontentment.
2. People create this
suffering by ddeessiirriinngg
worldly pleasures.
3. If people set their
feelings free and
abandon material hopes
then suffering will end.
4. Follow the Eightfold Path
to eelliimmiinnaattee ssuuffffeerriinngg.
65. NNoobbllee EEiigghhttffoolldd PPaatthh
• Right Views – positive attitude about everyone
• Right Thoughts – Sympathy & understanding
• Right Speech – no lying, hurtful comments
• Right Action – no killing, hurting, or taking what is not given
• Right Occupation – no cheating or injuring others
• Right Effort – seriously follow Buddha’s teachings
• Right Mindfulness – aware of & responsible for
consequences of one’s actions
• Right Concentration – tranquility found in meditation &
following Buddha’s teachings
66. ““TTuurrnniinngg ooff tthhee WWhheeeell ooff tthhee LLaaww””
• FFiirrsstt PPuubblliicc aannnnoouunncceemmeenntt
ooff hhiiss ddooccttrriinnee ((sseerrmmoonn))
–DDeeeerr PPaarrkk nneeaarr BBeennaarreess
• Community of monks
– Owned nothing
– Wore saffron robe & carried begging
bowl
• Died after 4400 yyeeaarrss traveling, teaching,
begging, at age 80 in 483 BCE.
Final message:: Decay is inherent in
all component things! Work out
your salvation with diligence!”
79. PPaallii CCaannoonn –– SSaaccrreedd BBooookk ooff
MMaahhaayyaannaa BBuuddddhhiissmm
• Buddha’s speeches for the masses
• ORAL Dialogues, Parables, Anecdotes,
Metaphors…
• Written by his followers AFTER he died.
•
88. MMaahhaayyaannaa BBuuddddhhiissmm
33rrdd ttoo 11sstt CCeennttuurryy CCEE::
PPooppuullaarriizzaattiioonn ooff
BBuuddddhhiissmm == EEaassiieerr ttoo
ffoollllooww
1. Some began to
worship BBuuddddhhaa
aass DDiivviinnee
WHY? Easier to understand who he
was and to understand the importance
of his message.
89. 22.. BBooddddhhiissaattvvaa::
““EEnnlliigghhtteenneedd BBeeiinngg””
• Below Buddha status
• RReeaacchheedd ssppiirriittuuaall ppeerrffeeccttiioonn
&& mmeerriitteedd NNiirrvvaannaa,, bbuutt cchhoossee
ttoo delay to help others:
Compassionate.
• Could perform good deeds for
their less spiritual brothers.
• Served as inspiration, role
models, spiritual examples of
excellence on earth
96. TTiibbeettaann BBuuddddhhiissmm
• DDaallaaii LLaammaa::
• TTeennzziinn GGyyaattssoo, 14th
Dalai Lama, b. 1935
• Living Buddha, the
incarnation of the
Buddha of
Compassion.
As Historians we have to use even religious writing to try to decipher the historical record.
No Sima Qian, no Herodotus or Thucydides to write a secular history. Religion, myth, and history came together in a great oral tradition that was transcribed hundreds of years after the events, or first stories were conceived…
From Spodek – not in our text
Ashish Sharma plays Chandragupta Maurya in a 2011 show (for tv?)
Kalinga - Last major independent kingdom on East coast of Indian subcontinent
All the way to Afghanistan
Founded 1459…
annual one-day festival celebrated by Hindu and some Sikh women in North India and parts of Pakistan in which married women fast from sunrise to moonrise for the safety and longevity of their husbands.[1][2] The fast is observed in the states ofUttarakhand, Uttar Pradesh, Himachal Pradesh, Jammu and Kashmir, Haryana,Indian Punjab, Rajasthan and Gujarat.[1][3][4][5] The festival falls on the fourth day after the full moon, in the Hindu lunisolar calendar month of Kartik, following theAutumnal Equinox.[citation needed] Sometimes, unmarried women observe the fast for their fiances or desired husbands.[6]
Extended family; local government
Attendant of a god convinces a cloud to take a message to his wife, by describing the beautiful sights the cloud will see on its way.
King meets forest girl, marries, forgets, remembers when fisherman finds ring she lost in the river on her way to court. Finds son counting teeth of tiger…
Same state as Mumbai is located
1. Doctors 2. Jain Priests 3. Jain nuns walk barefoot up a hill But many people are Jains and one would never know it.
Bodh Gaya near foot of Himalayas
Buddha wanted people to experience his ideas, rather than just listen to words of explanation… it is what it is.
Stupa Construction:
Square base
Dome represents the mind of the Buddha & formlessness of enlightenment
Stupa is empty to symbolize the perfection of enlightenment
Less educated & intelligent, the masses could understand him better when he kept it simple
In death, body degenerates & essence fragments
The same soul does not return. Rebirth is a NEW COMBINATION of the same life force.
e of his most challenging theories
Meditation
Reincarnation of Beloved lama given the name Talai, meaning Ocean. Began the title Dalai Lama. Believe a child born 49 days after the death of Dalai Lama is reincarnation – just need to find him. Have many methods, including posessions belonged to him, and see which the child picks up.