1. The document provides an overview of classical art from ancient Greece and Rome, covering major periods, styles, and works. 2. It describes the transition from Geometric to Archaic styles in Greek art, highlighting works like the Dipylon Vase and Kore figure. 3. Classical Greek art is discussed in depth, including the Parthenon and sculptures by Phidias, seen as the peak of Greek artistic achievement.

1. Classical Art: Greece and Rome 0

2. Introduction to Classical Art Greek Art Etruscan Art Roman Art

3. Periods in Greek Art Geometric Archaic Classical Hellenistic No other culture has had as far-reaching or lasting an influence on art and civilization as that of ancient Rome.

4. Dipylon Vase with funerary scene (Greek, 8th century BCE). Terra-cotta. H: 42 5⁄8 ” .

5. Geometric Period From c. 900–700 BCE The Geometric Period - named because of the prevalence of geometric designs and patterns in the works of art. Conceptual (stylized) representation of human figures. Amphora – a two-handled pot used to hold water, wine, or oil – also, used as a grave marker

6. Archaic Period From c. 660–440 BCE Gradual change from Geometric style to the archaic style. There was a growing emphasis on the human figure.

7. Attributed to the Amasis Painter, Attic Lekthos . Women Working Wool on a Loom (Greek, c. 540 BCE). Terra-cotta. H: 6 3⁄4 ” . Said to have been found in Attica.

8. “ A Closer Look” Women Working Wool on a Loom Women Weavers of Ancient Greece The Black-figure vase is attributed to an Amasis painter This is an extremely important image because it shows an early image of the loom being used in weaving.

9. Vase Painting Eastern patterns and forms gradually disappeared Larger human forms became the preferred subject for art. Figures were more natural with an attempt to show more natural gestures being made. Black-figure painting - combination of black figures with incised detail on the red background common to pottery of this period. Slip - liquid sifted clay with mineral oxides added for color used to paint figures on pottery Krater – a wide bowl used for mixing wine with water.

10. KLEITIAS. François Vase. Attic volute krater (Greek, c. 570 BCE). Ceramic. H: 26 ” .

11. Architecture Some of the greatest accomplishments of the Greeks are their architecture. During the Archaic period an architectural format was developed. The architectural forms from the Archaic period are derived from the Mycenaean megaron . Cella - the center room which housed the statue of the god or goddess of the temple and was often surrounded by a single or double row o columns.

12. Greek Column Orders Three Styles or orders: Doric Originated on the Greece mainland. Earliest / Simplest Most common Ionic Introduced by architects from Asia Minor Used for smaller temples Corinthian Not widely used in Greece But was favorite of Roman architects

13. Doric Ionic Corinthian

14. Sculpture In the Archaic Period, sculpture emerged as a principal art form. Sculptural artworks appeared on buildings. Life-size figural sculpture emerged, perhaps inspired by the Egyptians. Nonstructural parts of a building were often adorned with sculpture. Most sculpture was painted with subtle color. Architectural sculpture was embellished with red, blue, yellow, green, black, and sometimes gold pigments.

15. Kouros and Kore Figures kouros and kore (masculine and feminine) - Earliest figures of the Greek Archaic Period Function is unknown, but because they may have been found among the ruins of temples they are thought to be devotional or funerary statues. The men were depicted in the nude. They were stylized, and followed artistic conventions. For example, they might have had a slight smile which is now referred to as the “Archaic Smile”.

16. Kouros figure (Greek, Archaic, c. 600 BCE). Marble. H: 6 ’ 4 ” .

17. Peplos Kore (Greek, Archaic, c. 530 BCE). Marble. H: 48 ” .

18. KRITIOS. Kritios Boy (c. 45 0 BCE). M arble , Life-size.

19. Early Classical Art The change from Archaic art coincides with the Greek victory over the Persians. This period becomes the Greek “Golden Age”. There was a revival in the arts The style of the Early Classical are is marked by power and austerity. The Early Classical style is therefore sometimes referred to as the Severe Style.

20. Classical Vase Painting Vase painting in this period sees an interest in anatomy with movement and a shift in weight. The introduction of red-figure vase painting. Decorative bands are now eliminated. The creation of three-dimensional space in the arts. Classical Greek mural painting that has not survived.

21. NIOBID PAINTER. Argonaut Krater, Attic red-figure krater (Greek, c. 460 BCE). Ceramic. H: 24 1⁄4 ” .

22. Euphronios. Herakles wrestling with Antaeus, red-figure krater (Greek, c. 460 BCE). Ceramic. H: 24 1⁄4”

23. Classical Sculpture Implied movement was the greatest advancement in the arts of the Early Classical period. Also, artists were more keenly aware of nature. The most copied subject was of The Discuss Thrower . The original does not exist, the Roman’s copied it. Myron was one of the favored sculptors of the period

24. MYRON. Discobolus (Discus Thrower) (c. 450 BCE). Roman marble copy after bronze original. Life-size.

25. Classical Art Classical Art is the peek of Greek arts. During this brief period of peace, Greek attention was on perfecting all of its artistic traditions. Pericles was the main force in rebuilding Athen’s monuments and advancing art, drama, and music.

26. Classical Architecture After the Persians destroyed the Acropolis , the Greeks mounted a massive building campaign under Pericles to rebuild it. (But they didn’t want to use the same stone as it had been defiled.) The first major work that was rebuilt was a temple, The Parthenon , to the goddess Athena – protector of Athens. Designed by architects Ictinos and Callicrates Best example of the Doric order. Most refined, perfected work in Architectural history Entasis - the swell of each column in the middle. The reasons for this are unknown. Some think it was for function. Others think it was to correct for perceptual distortions.

27. ICTINOS & CALLICRATES. Parthenon , Acropolis, Athens, Greece

28. ICTINOS & CALLICRATES. Parthenon , Acropolis, Athens, Greece with Golden Rectangle

29. Golden Rectangle Golden Curve 0, 1, 1, 2, 3, 5, 8, 13, 21, 34, 54, 88 . . .

30. The east facade of the Parthenon, superimposed with a root five rectangle. When we do not consider the gable (which is absent in this photograph), the facade of the Parthenon is a root five rectangle.

31. Root Five Rectangle length is 2.236 (the square root of five) times its width

32. Classical Sculpture Pericles commissioned the sculptor, Phidias to oversee all of the sculptures in the Parthenon. His style, the Phidian style, is characterized by a lightness of touch, attention to realistic detail, contrast of textures, and fluidity and spontaneity of line and movement. The artistic subjects were of battles and the gods. The detailing of the folds of cloth on sculptures such as the The Three Goddesses had not been seen in art up until this point.

33. PHEDIAS. The Three Goddesses, from east pediment of the Parthenon (c. 438–431 BCE). Marble. Height of center figure: 4 ’ 7 ” .

34. PHEDIAS. Lapith and Centaur , from Parthenon (c. 438–431 BCE). Marbl e

35. Classical Sculpture The greatest freestanding sculpture of the Classical period was created by a rival of Phidias, Polykleitos. Polykleitos: Worked in bronze Liked to sculpt athletes Sculptures were based on reason and intellect. Developed a canon of proportions. Developed the weight-shift principle

36. POLYKLEITOS. Doryphoros (Spear Bearer) (c. 450–440 BCE). Marble. Roman copy after Greek original. H: 6 ’ 6 ” .

37. Late Classical: Sculpture More humanistic and naturalistic An emphasis on emotion Bodies became more sensual and graceful with a pronounced shift in weight Praxiteles was a major proponent His works were more lively and fluid than in previous periods with variations in texture. S Curve - a posing of figurative sculpture that creates a sway similar to the letter “S”.

38. PRAXITELES. Hermes and Dionysos (c. 330–320 BCE). Marble. H: 7 ’ 1 ” .

39. Hellenistic Art Hellenistic period - during the reign of Alexander the Great, Alexander conquered Persia, Egypt and the near east and brought Greece culture to these areas. Characteristics: Excessive almost theatrical emotion The use of illusionistic effects to heighten realism And the space around the sculpture is treated as an extension of the viewer’s space. Artist’s drawn to drawn to dramatic subjects. Portrayed human excess

40. The Dying Gaul (Hellenistic, c. 240–200 BCE). Roman marble copy after a bronze original. Life-size.

41. Hellenistic Sculpture continued… In contrast, there was another trend in Hellenistic art: It reflected the simplicity and idealism of the Classical Period.

42. Aphrodite of Melos (Venus de Milo) (Hellenistic, 2nd century BCE). Marble. Larger than life-size.

43. GREEK ART Styles and Terms: Classical Art - the artistic legacy of Greece and Rome with has influences almost all of Western Art. Naturalism - truth to reality in art based on an observation of nature. Idealism - the representation of forms according to an accepted standard of beauty. Hellenism - a style of work prevalent in the Roman Empire Humanism - The concept that human beings are the center of the universe and the “measure of all things.” Rationalism - A philosophy in which knowledge is assumed to come from reason alone, without input from the senses or emotions.

44. The Etruscans The Etruscan civilization on the Italian peninsula was the most significant before that of ancient Rome. Their history dates from around 700 BCE to the 4th century BCE They are believed to have come from Asia Minor. This link may explain some of the similarities between Etruscan art and culture, and that of Eastern countries. By 88 BCE, the Romans had vanquished the last of the Etruscans

45. Etruscan Architecture The only architecture that survives from the Etruscans are its tombs Tomb construction was similar to that of a domestic dwelling. Walls were covered with hundreds of everyday items carved in low relief.

46. Etruscan Sculpture Bronze and clay (terra-cotta) sculptures have survived from the Etruscan tombs. Cinerary urns often portrayed Etruscan dwellings. Figural sculpture often topped the sarcophagi in the tombs. The figures are highly stylized.

47. Sarcophagus, from Cerveteri (Etruscan, c. 520 BCE). Terra-cotta. L: 6 ’ 7 ” .

48. She-Wolf , (Etruscan, c. 5 0 0 BCE). bronze .

49. ROMAN ART : Artistic Periods Republican Early Empire Late Empire

50. Rome Established in 500 BCE. Eventually Rome would control Greece, western Europe, northern Africa, and part of the Near East. Roman art combined native talents, needs, and styles with other sources, especially Greek. It was fashionable to own copies of Greek art. Roman’s invented concrete!

51. The Republican Period The Republican Period - c. 500 BCE – 44 BCE The patricians - ruled the country and were like an aristocratic class. The plebeian class - common folk with little say in running the government. On March 15th (the Ides of March) in 44BCE Julius Caesar was assassinated by members of the senate. With his death came the absolute end of the Roman republic and the beginnings of the Roman Empire under Augustus.

52. Roman Sculpture Much of Roman art is derived from that of Greece. However, their realistic portrait sculptures were wholly Roman. Wax death masks were made and often converted to bronze or terra-cotta sculptures. This led Roman sculpture to become more realistic, detailed.

53. Bust of Julius Caesar (Republican period, 1st century BCE). M arble

54. Head of a Roman (Republican period, 1st century BCE). Marble. H: 14 3⁄8 ” .

55. Roman Architecture Rome’s greatest contributions were in architecture and engineering Architecture in the Republican period is linked to that of Greece and the Etruscans. They adopted the temple podium, the wide cella plan with columns and a portico. Roman Innovations: Column shafts are one piece (instead for stacked drums) Freestanding columns on temples. No relief sculpture on the friezes. Architecture not sculpture but instead emphasized the relationship between form and function.

56. Temple of Fortuna Virilis, Rome (Republican period, late 2nd century BCE).

57. Roman Painting Excavation of Pompeii and Herculaneum from the eruption of Volcano Mt. Vesuvius. Roman domestic dwellings were decorated with frescoes and mosaics. Link to Greek painting which has not survived. Roman wall painting went 4 phases: Architectural style - the illusion of space created through Herringbone perspective , a system where orthogonals vanish to a specific point along a vertical line that divides that canvas.

58. Ulysses in the Land of the Lestrygonians, from a Roman patrician house (50–40 BCE). Fresco. H: 60 ” .

59. The Early Empire Believed that art should be created in the service of the state. They desired to glorify Rome’s power through magnificent buildings and civic monuments. In the areas that they conquered, Rome built apartment buildings, roads, bridges, water systems, sanitation, recreation facilities, gymnasiums, public baths, and theaters.

60. Architecture Roman Innovations: The Roman Arch The Dome Reinforced Concrete, which allowed for domed and vaulted structures Three of the Most Famous Structures: The Aqueducts - series of arches for irrigation and water. The Coliseum - Made of 2 back to back amphitheaters . A major feat of architectural engineering and practical design. Contained columns of all 3 styles, Doric, Ionic, and Corinthian. The Pantheon – temple to all the gods Inside of the dome is coffered - carved with recessed squares. Oculus - a large 30 ft hole in the center of the dome that let light in.

61. Pont du Gard, Nîmes, France (Early Empire, c. 14 CE). L: 900 ’ ; H: 160 ’ .

62. Colosseum, Rome (Early Empire, 80 CE). Concrete (originally faced with marble). H: 160 ’ ; D: 620 ’ and 51 3’ .

64. Colosseum, Rome (Early Empire, 80 CE). Concrete (originally faced with marble). H: 160 ’ ; D: 620 ’ and 51 3’ .

65. The Pantheon, Rome (Early Empire, 117–125 CE). Exterior view.

69. Sculpture Augustus was determined to create monuments that reflected Rome’s power, glory, and influence on the Western World. During the Empire Period, the pure realism of the Republican period portrait busts joined with Greek idealism. The result was classical idealized bodies and poses with individualized heads. They also invented the equestrian portrait . Stoicism - said it was best to be indifferent to emotion and the things of this world, maintaining that virtue was the most important goal in life.

70. Sculpture continued… Sculptures differed from Greek sculptures in: Individuals were rendered in portrait-like likeness. The reliefs commemorate a specific event with specific persons present. The figures are set in a shallow(low relief), but convincing, 3D space.

71. Augustus of Primaporta (Roman, c. 20 BCE). Marble. H: 6 ’ 8 ” .

72. Imperial Procession, from the Ara Pacis Augustae, Rome. Marble relief.

73. Column of Trajan , Forum of Trajan, Rome, dedicated 112. 128 feet high

74. Column of Trajan , Forum of Trajan, Rome, dedicated 112. 128 feet high

75. Marcus Aurelius Equestrian , Capitoline Hill, Rome (Early Empire, c. 165 CE). Bronze. Larger than life-size.

76. Marcus Aurelius Equestrian , Capitoline Hill, Rome (Early Empire, c. 165 CE). Bronze. Larger than life-size.

77. The Late Empire The declining years of the Empire. The Empire was ultimately divided into two sections, with separate rulers. Constantine moves the capital to Constantinople. Rome and the western empire left vulnerable to barbarians.

78. Architecture Basilicas were large meeting halls that were constructed in or near the public Forums . Set a precedent form Christian church architecture.

79. Basilica of Maxentius and Constantine, Rome (Late Empire, c. 310–320 CE). 300 ’ x 215 ’ .

80. Sculpture As a result of growing religious beliefs, sculpture began to reflect the new spiritualism. Constantine became the first Christian Emperor. Returned to attributes of the archiac style This can been seen in The Head of Constantine the Great

81. Head of Constantine the Great (Roman, Late Empire, early 4th century CE).

82. Discussion Questions: What are the differences and similarities between Greek and Roman sculpture? What were some of the major Roman achievements in architecture and engineering? Why is Classical art important in the discussion of the history of the western tradition of art?