This document discusses inter-symbol interference (ISI) caused by frequency dependent loss in transmission channels. ISI results in data-dependent jitter and attenuation of high frequency signal components more than low frequencies. This causes signals to take longer to reach their transmitted voltage levels. The document then discusses how equalization techniques can counteract ISI by boosting high frequency components to restore signal shape. It provides examples of transmitter pre-emphasis, receiver equalization, and discrete-time linear equalization using multiple taps with varying coefficients to approximate the inverse channel response.
This chapter discusses the frequency response of amplifiers. It begins with fundamental concepts and high-frequency models of transistors. It then analyzes the frequency response of common emitter, common source, common base, and common gate stages. Additional topics covered include frequency response of followers, cascode stages, differential pairs, and more examples. Analysis methods like Bode plots, pole identification, and Miller's theorem are explained. Key factors that influence frequency response like bandwidth, gain rolloff, and various transistor capacitances are also analyzed.
This document provides an overview of active filter circuits. It begins by explaining why filters are important for audio applications and outlines the chapter sections. It then reviews complex numbers and how they relate to representing sinusoidal signals. Different circuit elements' impedances are derived as functions of frequency. This frequency-dependent representation allows analyzing circuits in the frequency domain. Examples of a passive RC low-pass filter and an active op-amp band-pass filter are analyzed. Their frequency responses are derived. Finally, bode plots are introduced as a way to visualize frequency responses on logarithmic scales.
This document provides an overview of analog and digital data and signals. It discusses the key differences between analog and digital data, periodic and nonperiodic signals, and how signals can be represented in the time and frequency domains. It also covers topics like bandwidth, attenuation, distortion, and noise which can impair signals during transmission.
4g LTE and LTE-A for mobile broadband-notePei-Che Chang
This document discusses the basic principles of OFDM (Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing) transmission. It covers several key topics:
1) OFDM uses multiple subcarriers to transmit data in parallel. The subcarriers are spaced closely together with minimal spacing between them.
2) OFDM modulation and demodulation can be implemented efficiently using IDFT/DFT (IFFT/FFT) processing.
3) Cyclic prefixes are added to combat inter-symbol interference from multipath channels. This preserves subcarrier orthogonality.
4) With a cyclic prefix, the channel appears flat on each subcarrier, allowing one-tap frequency domain equalization. Channel estimation is done using reference symbols.
The document summarizes an experiment that tested and characterized first-order and fourth-order low pass filters. Key findings include:
- The cutoff frequency was measured to be 1.1 kHz for the first-order filter and 10.2 kHz for the fourth-order filter, close to theoretical calculations.
- The first-order filter had a rolloff rate of 13.08 dB/decade while the fourth-order was 49.6 dB/decade as expected for higher order filters.
- Both filters were able to suppress harmonics and convert a square wave input to a sine wave output as intended applications of low pass filters.
The document discusses digital-to-analog and analog-to-analog conversion. It covers topics such as amplitude shift keying, frequency shift keying, phase shift keying, and quadrature amplitude modulation. Examples are provided to demonstrate how to calculate bit rate, baud rate, bandwidth, and carrier frequency for different modulation techniques including ASK, FSK, PSK, and QAM. Diagrams show the constellation patterns for different digital modulation schemes.
This document discusses digital communication systems and provides an overview of several key topics:
- It introduces line coding techniques and their properties.
- It describes the basic digital communication block diagram and advantages of digital transmission.
- It discusses intersymbol interference, equalization techniques like zero-forcing equalization, and eye patterns.
- It provides information on topics like noise immunity, regenerative repeaters, and pulse shaping to eliminate intersymbol interference.
continuos phase frequency shift keying(cpfsk)Moka Dinesh
This document discusses continuous-phase frequency-shift keying (CPFSK) modulation. CPFSK is a memory-based modulation scheme where the phase is constrained to be continuous, unlike conventional FSK which has abrupt phase shifts. This avoids large spectral side lobes outside the main signal band. CPFSK uses a voltage-controlled oscillator where the phase is determined by integrating the modulated signal. The phase trajectories form a piecewise linear phase trellis. Minimum-shift keying (MSK) is a special case of binary CPFSK with a modulation index of 1/2 and rectangular pulses.
This chapter discusses the frequency response of amplifiers. It begins with fundamental concepts and high-frequency models of transistors. It then analyzes the frequency response of common emitter, common source, common base, and common gate stages. Additional topics covered include frequency response of followers, cascode stages, differential pairs, and more examples. Analysis methods like Bode plots, pole identification, and Miller's theorem are explained. Key factors that influence frequency response like bandwidth, gain rolloff, and various transistor capacitances are also analyzed.
This document provides an overview of active filter circuits. It begins by explaining why filters are important for audio applications and outlines the chapter sections. It then reviews complex numbers and how they relate to representing sinusoidal signals. Different circuit elements' impedances are derived as functions of frequency. This frequency-dependent representation allows analyzing circuits in the frequency domain. Examples of a passive RC low-pass filter and an active op-amp band-pass filter are analyzed. Their frequency responses are derived. Finally, bode plots are introduced as a way to visualize frequency responses on logarithmic scales.
This document provides an overview of analog and digital data and signals. It discusses the key differences between analog and digital data, periodic and nonperiodic signals, and how signals can be represented in the time and frequency domains. It also covers topics like bandwidth, attenuation, distortion, and noise which can impair signals during transmission.
4g LTE and LTE-A for mobile broadband-notePei-Che Chang
This document discusses the basic principles of OFDM (Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing) transmission. It covers several key topics:
1) OFDM uses multiple subcarriers to transmit data in parallel. The subcarriers are spaced closely together with minimal spacing between them.
2) OFDM modulation and demodulation can be implemented efficiently using IDFT/DFT (IFFT/FFT) processing.
3) Cyclic prefixes are added to combat inter-symbol interference from multipath channels. This preserves subcarrier orthogonality.
4) With a cyclic prefix, the channel appears flat on each subcarrier, allowing one-tap frequency domain equalization. Channel estimation is done using reference symbols.
The document summarizes an experiment that tested and characterized first-order and fourth-order low pass filters. Key findings include:
- The cutoff frequency was measured to be 1.1 kHz for the first-order filter and 10.2 kHz for the fourth-order filter, close to theoretical calculations.
- The first-order filter had a rolloff rate of 13.08 dB/decade while the fourth-order was 49.6 dB/decade as expected for higher order filters.
- Both filters were able to suppress harmonics and convert a square wave input to a sine wave output as intended applications of low pass filters.
The document discusses digital-to-analog and analog-to-analog conversion. It covers topics such as amplitude shift keying, frequency shift keying, phase shift keying, and quadrature amplitude modulation. Examples are provided to demonstrate how to calculate bit rate, baud rate, bandwidth, and carrier frequency for different modulation techniques including ASK, FSK, PSK, and QAM. Diagrams show the constellation patterns for different digital modulation schemes.
This document discusses digital communication systems and provides an overview of several key topics:
- It introduces line coding techniques and their properties.
- It describes the basic digital communication block diagram and advantages of digital transmission.
- It discusses intersymbol interference, equalization techniques like zero-forcing equalization, and eye patterns.
- It provides information on topics like noise immunity, regenerative repeaters, and pulse shaping to eliminate intersymbol interference.
continuos phase frequency shift keying(cpfsk)Moka Dinesh
This document discusses continuous-phase frequency-shift keying (CPFSK) modulation. CPFSK is a memory-based modulation scheme where the phase is constrained to be continuous, unlike conventional FSK which has abrupt phase shifts. This avoids large spectral side lobes outside the main signal band. CPFSK uses a voltage-controlled oscillator where the phase is determined by integrating the modulated signal. The phase trajectories form a piecewise linear phase trellis. Minimum-shift keying (MSK) is a special case of binary CPFSK with a modulation index of 1/2 and rectangular pulses.
This document discusses various methods of modulating digital and analog data for transmission:
1. It describes digital-to-analog modulation techniques including amplitude shift keying (ASK), frequency shift keying (FSK), phase shift keying (PSK), and quadrature amplitude modulation (QAM).
2. It explains the relationships between bit rate, baud rate, and bandwidth for different modulation schemes. ASK, FSK, and PSK have baud rate equal to bit rate, while higher-order PSK and QAM can have higher bit rates through multiple bits per symbol.
3. Modems and standards like V.32, V.34, and V.90 are discussed in the context of mod
This document discusses various analog transmission techniques for modulating digital data onto analog carrier signals. It covers digital-to-analog conversion and aspects like amplitude shift keying, frequency shift keying, and phase shift keying. Examples are provided to illustrate how to calculate bit rates, baud rates, bandwidth, and carrier frequencies for different modulation schemes. The document also discusses analog modulation techniques like amplitude modulation, frequency modulation, and phase modulation. It concludes by covering telephone modems and standards like V.32 for analog data transmission over telephone lines.
This document describes an experiment to characterize active low-pass and high-pass filters. The objectives were to determine the cutoff frequencies, gain-frequency responses, and roll-offs of second-order low-pass and high-pass filters. The experiments involved plotting the gain-frequency and phase-frequency responses of the filters using a function generator, oscilloscope, and op-amps. The measured cutoff frequencies and roll-offs matched the expected values based on the circuit components. However, when higher frequencies approached the op-amp's bandwidth limit, the high-pass filter response became band-pass-like due to the active element limitation. In conclusion, active filters are suitable for low-frequency applications where the op-
This document discusses various analog and digital modulation techniques used to transmit digital and analog signals. It provides examples of calculating bit rates, baud rates, and bandwidth requirements for different modulation schemes including ASK, FSK, PSK, QAM, AM, and FM. Key modulation techniques covered are the modulation of a digital signal using digital-to-analog conversion and modulation of an analog signal using amplitude, frequency, or phase modulation.
The document describes an experiment to analyze the frequency response of active low-pass and high-pass filters. Specifically, it examines second-order Butterworth filters using op-amps. The objectives are to determine cutoff frequencies, voltage gains, and roll-offs. The results show that the low-pass filter rolls off at -40 dB/decade above the cutoff as expected. Similarly, the high-pass filter rolls off at -40 dB/decade below the cutoff. However, at very high frequencies the high-pass filter response appears band-pass due to the op-amp's limited bandwidth. Overall, the experiment demonstrates that active filters provide advantages
The document discusses digital-to-analog and analog-to-analog conversion. It covers topics such as amplitude shift keying, frequency shift keying, phase shift keying, and quadrature amplitude modulation. Examples are provided to demonstrate how to calculate bit rates, baud rates, carrier frequencies, and bandwidths for different modulation techniques including ASK, FSK, PSK, and QAM. Diagrams illustrate the constellations for various modulation schemes. Formulas are given for determining the bandwidth requirements of AM, FM, and PM.
This document discusses the design of an energy efficient sub-threshold multiplication and accumulation (MAC) unit for low power digital signal processing applications. It describes the following:
1. The technologies used including 90nm pass transistor technology and Cadence and Synopsys design tools.
2. The objectives of the project which are to design an energy efficient circuit in 90nm technology emphasizing sub-threshold operation and gaining expertise in design tools.
3. An overview of sub-threshold operation of MOS transistors and models for sub-threshold current and power consumption showing significant reductions in dynamic, static, and short circuit power at sub-threshold voltages.
4. Challenges of sub-threshold design including
1) Sampling allows analog signals to be converted to pulses for transmission by taking periodic samples. This allows multiple signals to be transmitted simultaneously using time-division multiplexing.
2) Pulse modulation techniques include pulse amplitude modulation (PAM), pulse duration modulation (PDM), and pulse position modulation (PPM) where the amplitude, width, or position of pulses is varied to represent the signal.
3) Pulse code modulation (PCM) involves sampling, quantizing, encoding, and modulating a carrier to transmit digital data representing the analog signal. It achieves complete reconstruction if the Nyquist rate is met but introduces quantization error.
Gaussian Minimum Shift Keying (GMSK) is a form of continuous-phase frequency shift keying that uses a Gaussian filter to generate a constant envelope signal. It provides better spectral efficiency than MSK through bandwidth reduction while maintaining low intersymbol interference. GMSK is used widely in wireless technologies like GSM and CDPD due to its power efficiency and good bit error rate performance compared to other modulation schemes. While more spectrally efficient than MSK, GMSK also has slightly higher error rates and requires more complex receivers.
Lock-in amplifiers use phase-sensitive detection to isolate signals at a specific reference frequency, even when obscured by noise much larger than the signal. They multiply the input signal with an internal reference signal that is phase-locked to an external reference, extracting the component that matches the reference frequency as a DC output. This allows accurate measurement of nanovolt-level signals. Digital lock-ins implement phase-sensitive detection through digital multiplication of digitized input and reference signals, avoiding issues like harmonic detection that can occur in analog implementations.
Modulation is the process of varying one or more characteristics of a high-frequency carrier signal based on an information signal that contains the message to be transmitted. Some key points:
1. Modulation is necessary to transmit digital data over analog mediums like phone lines or wireless signals. It converts the digital data into an analog format suitable for transmission.
2. Common analog modulation techniques vary the amplitude, frequency, or phase of the carrier signal, while digital modulation techniques include amplitude-shift keying, frequency-shift keying, and phase-shift keying.
3. More advanced techniques like quadrature amplitude modulation vary both the amplitude and phase of the carrier simultaneously to transmit more data using a given bandwidth
The second edition of this well-received text continues to provide a coherent and comprehensive coverage of Pulse and Digital Circuits, suitable as a textbook for use by undergraduate students pursuing courses in Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Electronics and Communication Engineering, Electronics and Instrumentation Engineering, and Telecommunication Engineering. It presents clear explanations of the operation and analysis of semiconductor pulse circuits. Practical pulse circuit design methods are investigated in detail.
The book provides numerous fully worked-out, laboratory-tested examples to give students a solid grounding in the related design concepts. It includes a number of classroom-tested problems to encourage students to apply theory in a logical fashion. Review questions, fill in the blanks, and multiple choice questions offer the students the opportunity to test their understanding of the text material.
This text will be also appropriate for self-study by AMIE and IETE students.
1. Three-terminal capacitors have lower equivalent series inductance (ESL) and equivalent series resistance (ESR) than two-terminal capacitors, allowing for wider capacitive range and better noise suppression.
2. A single three-terminal capacitor provides better noise reduction than multiple two-terminal capacitors or combinations of different capacitor types due to avoiding issues like anti-resonance.
3. Three-terminal capacitors save space on printed circuit boards compared to multiple discrete capacitors since fewer components are required.
Data communication refers to sharing virtual messages. Signals can be analog, with continuous values over time, or digital, with discrete values like 0 and 1. Any periodic function can be represented by summing sines and cosines of different frequencies, known as Fourier analysis. Transmission facilities diminish higher frequency components, introducing distortion. The maximum data rate depends on the bandwidth, number of signal levels, and channel noise level.
This document discusses pulse amplitude modulation (PAM). PAM is a digital modulation technique where the amplitude of pulses is varied to represent data symbols. In PAM, each pulse amplitude corresponds to a data symbol value. The document discusses binary and M-ary PAM schemes. It also covers topics like intersymbol interference, eye diagrams, Nyquist pulse shaping criteria, and raised cosine pulse shaping to minimize intersymbol interference at the receiver. PAM is used to convert discrete amplitude symbols into analog pulses for transmission over a channel, and the receiver demodulates the signal to recover the data symbols.
This document discusses different classes of amplifiers:
- Class A amplifiers have plate current flowing for the entire input cycle. They are the least efficient but introduce no crossover distortion.
- Class B amplifiers only have plate current during half the input cycle. They require push-pull topology and are more efficient but introduce crossover distortion.
- Class AB amplifiers have plate current for more than half but less than the full cycle. They have better efficiency than class A with less crossover distortion.
Class AB is most commonly used for guitar amplifiers as it balances efficiency and low distortion. The class does not depend on biasing method or output stage topology.
The document discusses various analog transmission techniques in communication systems. It covers topics like amplitude modulation, frequency modulation, phase modulation, and digital modulation techniques including amplitude shift keying, frequency shift keying, phase shift keying, and quadrature amplitude modulation. It also discusses sideband transmission and spread spectrum techniques such as direct sequence spread spectrum, frequency hopping spread spectrum, and time hopping spread spectrum. The chapter provides mathematical expressions to describe different modulation schemes and their bandwidth requirements. Diagrams and figures are included to illustrate key concepts.
This document discusses various analog modulation techniques used for transmitting digital data over analog channels. It describes amplitude shift keying (ASK), frequency shift keying (FSK), and phase shift keying (PSK) in detail. It explains the concepts of bit rate, baud rate, modulation index, and provides examples of their calculation. It also introduces higher order modulation schemes like quadrature amplitude modulation (QAM) and provides constellation diagrams to illustrate various modulation techniques.
This document provides an overview of digital-to-analog modulation techniques used in data communications including: Amplitude Shift Keying (ASK), Frequency Shift Keying (FSK), Phase Shift Keying (PSK), and Quadrature Amplitude Modulation (QAM). It defines these techniques, discusses their advantages and limitations, and provides examples of calculating bit rates and bandwidth requirements. Key points covered include how digital data is modulated onto an analog carrier signal, the relationship between bit rate and baud rate, and how more advanced modulations like QAM combine aspects of ASK and PSK.
The document provides best practices for searching for and hiring new faculty at a university. It summarizes the composition of the ADVANCE faculty committee and their role in developing guidelines. It outlines recommendations for writing job advertisements, composing search committees, evaluating applicants, interviewing candidates, and considerations for dual career couples. The goal is to promote diversity and inclusion throughout the hiring process to attract the strongest and most diverse pool of candidates.
The document discusses the benefits of exercise for mental health. Regular physical activity can help reduce anxiety and depression and improve mood and cognitive functioning. Exercise causes chemical changes in the brain that may help boost feelings of calmness, happiness and focus.
This document discusses various methods of modulating digital and analog data for transmission:
1. It describes digital-to-analog modulation techniques including amplitude shift keying (ASK), frequency shift keying (FSK), phase shift keying (PSK), and quadrature amplitude modulation (QAM).
2. It explains the relationships between bit rate, baud rate, and bandwidth for different modulation schemes. ASK, FSK, and PSK have baud rate equal to bit rate, while higher-order PSK and QAM can have higher bit rates through multiple bits per symbol.
3. Modems and standards like V.32, V.34, and V.90 are discussed in the context of mod
This document discusses various analog transmission techniques for modulating digital data onto analog carrier signals. It covers digital-to-analog conversion and aspects like amplitude shift keying, frequency shift keying, and phase shift keying. Examples are provided to illustrate how to calculate bit rates, baud rates, bandwidth, and carrier frequencies for different modulation schemes. The document also discusses analog modulation techniques like amplitude modulation, frequency modulation, and phase modulation. It concludes by covering telephone modems and standards like V.32 for analog data transmission over telephone lines.
This document describes an experiment to characterize active low-pass and high-pass filters. The objectives were to determine the cutoff frequencies, gain-frequency responses, and roll-offs of second-order low-pass and high-pass filters. The experiments involved plotting the gain-frequency and phase-frequency responses of the filters using a function generator, oscilloscope, and op-amps. The measured cutoff frequencies and roll-offs matched the expected values based on the circuit components. However, when higher frequencies approached the op-amp's bandwidth limit, the high-pass filter response became band-pass-like due to the active element limitation. In conclusion, active filters are suitable for low-frequency applications where the op-
This document discusses various analog and digital modulation techniques used to transmit digital and analog signals. It provides examples of calculating bit rates, baud rates, and bandwidth requirements for different modulation schemes including ASK, FSK, PSK, QAM, AM, and FM. Key modulation techniques covered are the modulation of a digital signal using digital-to-analog conversion and modulation of an analog signal using amplitude, frequency, or phase modulation.
The document describes an experiment to analyze the frequency response of active low-pass and high-pass filters. Specifically, it examines second-order Butterworth filters using op-amps. The objectives are to determine cutoff frequencies, voltage gains, and roll-offs. The results show that the low-pass filter rolls off at -40 dB/decade above the cutoff as expected. Similarly, the high-pass filter rolls off at -40 dB/decade below the cutoff. However, at very high frequencies the high-pass filter response appears band-pass due to the op-amp's limited bandwidth. Overall, the experiment demonstrates that active filters provide advantages
The document discusses digital-to-analog and analog-to-analog conversion. It covers topics such as amplitude shift keying, frequency shift keying, phase shift keying, and quadrature amplitude modulation. Examples are provided to demonstrate how to calculate bit rates, baud rates, carrier frequencies, and bandwidths for different modulation techniques including ASK, FSK, PSK, and QAM. Diagrams illustrate the constellations for various modulation schemes. Formulas are given for determining the bandwidth requirements of AM, FM, and PM.
This document discusses the design of an energy efficient sub-threshold multiplication and accumulation (MAC) unit for low power digital signal processing applications. It describes the following:
1. The technologies used including 90nm pass transistor technology and Cadence and Synopsys design tools.
2. The objectives of the project which are to design an energy efficient circuit in 90nm technology emphasizing sub-threshold operation and gaining expertise in design tools.
3. An overview of sub-threshold operation of MOS transistors and models for sub-threshold current and power consumption showing significant reductions in dynamic, static, and short circuit power at sub-threshold voltages.
4. Challenges of sub-threshold design including
1) Sampling allows analog signals to be converted to pulses for transmission by taking periodic samples. This allows multiple signals to be transmitted simultaneously using time-division multiplexing.
2) Pulse modulation techniques include pulse amplitude modulation (PAM), pulse duration modulation (PDM), and pulse position modulation (PPM) where the amplitude, width, or position of pulses is varied to represent the signal.
3) Pulse code modulation (PCM) involves sampling, quantizing, encoding, and modulating a carrier to transmit digital data representing the analog signal. It achieves complete reconstruction if the Nyquist rate is met but introduces quantization error.
Gaussian Minimum Shift Keying (GMSK) is a form of continuous-phase frequency shift keying that uses a Gaussian filter to generate a constant envelope signal. It provides better spectral efficiency than MSK through bandwidth reduction while maintaining low intersymbol interference. GMSK is used widely in wireless technologies like GSM and CDPD due to its power efficiency and good bit error rate performance compared to other modulation schemes. While more spectrally efficient than MSK, GMSK also has slightly higher error rates and requires more complex receivers.
Lock-in amplifiers use phase-sensitive detection to isolate signals at a specific reference frequency, even when obscured by noise much larger than the signal. They multiply the input signal with an internal reference signal that is phase-locked to an external reference, extracting the component that matches the reference frequency as a DC output. This allows accurate measurement of nanovolt-level signals. Digital lock-ins implement phase-sensitive detection through digital multiplication of digitized input and reference signals, avoiding issues like harmonic detection that can occur in analog implementations.
Modulation is the process of varying one or more characteristics of a high-frequency carrier signal based on an information signal that contains the message to be transmitted. Some key points:
1. Modulation is necessary to transmit digital data over analog mediums like phone lines or wireless signals. It converts the digital data into an analog format suitable for transmission.
2. Common analog modulation techniques vary the amplitude, frequency, or phase of the carrier signal, while digital modulation techniques include amplitude-shift keying, frequency-shift keying, and phase-shift keying.
3. More advanced techniques like quadrature amplitude modulation vary both the amplitude and phase of the carrier simultaneously to transmit more data using a given bandwidth
The second edition of this well-received text continues to provide a coherent and comprehensive coverage of Pulse and Digital Circuits, suitable as a textbook for use by undergraduate students pursuing courses in Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Electronics and Communication Engineering, Electronics and Instrumentation Engineering, and Telecommunication Engineering. It presents clear explanations of the operation and analysis of semiconductor pulse circuits. Practical pulse circuit design methods are investigated in detail.
The book provides numerous fully worked-out, laboratory-tested examples to give students a solid grounding in the related design concepts. It includes a number of classroom-tested problems to encourage students to apply theory in a logical fashion. Review questions, fill in the blanks, and multiple choice questions offer the students the opportunity to test their understanding of the text material.
This text will be also appropriate for self-study by AMIE and IETE students.
1. Three-terminal capacitors have lower equivalent series inductance (ESL) and equivalent series resistance (ESR) than two-terminal capacitors, allowing for wider capacitive range and better noise suppression.
2. A single three-terminal capacitor provides better noise reduction than multiple two-terminal capacitors or combinations of different capacitor types due to avoiding issues like anti-resonance.
3. Three-terminal capacitors save space on printed circuit boards compared to multiple discrete capacitors since fewer components are required.
Data communication refers to sharing virtual messages. Signals can be analog, with continuous values over time, or digital, with discrete values like 0 and 1. Any periodic function can be represented by summing sines and cosines of different frequencies, known as Fourier analysis. Transmission facilities diminish higher frequency components, introducing distortion. The maximum data rate depends on the bandwidth, number of signal levels, and channel noise level.
This document discusses pulse amplitude modulation (PAM). PAM is a digital modulation technique where the amplitude of pulses is varied to represent data symbols. In PAM, each pulse amplitude corresponds to a data symbol value. The document discusses binary and M-ary PAM schemes. It also covers topics like intersymbol interference, eye diagrams, Nyquist pulse shaping criteria, and raised cosine pulse shaping to minimize intersymbol interference at the receiver. PAM is used to convert discrete amplitude symbols into analog pulses for transmission over a channel, and the receiver demodulates the signal to recover the data symbols.
This document discusses different classes of amplifiers:
- Class A amplifiers have plate current flowing for the entire input cycle. They are the least efficient but introduce no crossover distortion.
- Class B amplifiers only have plate current during half the input cycle. They require push-pull topology and are more efficient but introduce crossover distortion.
- Class AB amplifiers have plate current for more than half but less than the full cycle. They have better efficiency than class A with less crossover distortion.
Class AB is most commonly used for guitar amplifiers as it balances efficiency and low distortion. The class does not depend on biasing method or output stage topology.
The document discusses various analog transmission techniques in communication systems. It covers topics like amplitude modulation, frequency modulation, phase modulation, and digital modulation techniques including amplitude shift keying, frequency shift keying, phase shift keying, and quadrature amplitude modulation. It also discusses sideband transmission and spread spectrum techniques such as direct sequence spread spectrum, frequency hopping spread spectrum, and time hopping spread spectrum. The chapter provides mathematical expressions to describe different modulation schemes and their bandwidth requirements. Diagrams and figures are included to illustrate key concepts.
This document discusses various analog modulation techniques used for transmitting digital data over analog channels. It describes amplitude shift keying (ASK), frequency shift keying (FSK), and phase shift keying (PSK) in detail. It explains the concepts of bit rate, baud rate, modulation index, and provides examples of their calculation. It also introduces higher order modulation schemes like quadrature amplitude modulation (QAM) and provides constellation diagrams to illustrate various modulation techniques.
This document provides an overview of digital-to-analog modulation techniques used in data communications including: Amplitude Shift Keying (ASK), Frequency Shift Keying (FSK), Phase Shift Keying (PSK), and Quadrature Amplitude Modulation (QAM). It defines these techniques, discusses their advantages and limitations, and provides examples of calculating bit rates and bandwidth requirements. Key points covered include how digital data is modulated onto an analog carrier signal, the relationship between bit rate and baud rate, and how more advanced modulations like QAM combine aspects of ASK and PSK.
The document provides best practices for searching for and hiring new faculty at a university. It summarizes the composition of the ADVANCE faculty committee and their role in developing guidelines. It outlines recommendations for writing job advertisements, composing search committees, evaluating applicants, interviewing candidates, and considerations for dual career couples. The goal is to promote diversity and inclusion throughout the hiring process to attract the strongest and most diverse pool of candidates.
The document discusses the benefits of exercise for mental health. Regular physical activity can help reduce anxiety and depression and improve mood and cognitive functioning. Exercise causes chemical changes in the brain that may help boost feelings of calmness, happiness and focus.
The document summarizes research on optical orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) and its potential implementation. It discusses:
1) OFDM allows efficient use of bandwidth by dividing the spectrum into overlapping subcarriers. This is achieved through orthogonal modulation using techniques like discrete Fourier transform.
2) Optical OFDM could utilize the huge bandwidth of optical pulses for high-speed communication through wavelength division multiplexing and time division multiplexing.
3) Ultrafast pulse shaping techniques like acousto-optic modulators and liquid crystal arrays allow programmable control of optical pulse spectra and could implement optical OFDM modulation and equalization.
This document discusses filter banks in digital communication. It covers topics such as digital transmultiplexing, discrete multitone modulation, precoding for channel equalization, and equalization with fractionally spaced sampling. It provides mathematical formulations and examples related to optimizing filter banks for digital modulation techniques over noisy channels.
This document provides an introduction to the lifting scheme for wavelet construction. Some key points:
- Lifting provides an alternative to classical wavelet transforms for constructing wavelets in an in-place and computationally efficient manner through split, predict, and update steps.
- Simple examples of lifting include the Haar wavelet, which splits data into even and odd indices, predicts the detail as the difference between pairs, and updates to preserve the average.
- The linear interpolation wavelet is also presented, using a higher order predictor and update to reproduce linear functions exactly.
- Lifting allows for fast, in-place computation by overwriting data during the transform without using auxiliary memory. It also facilitates
The document discusses a proposed 5-year master's program in computer engineering or electrical engineering at Fairfield University. It notes the program would allow students to earn both a bachelor's and master's degree in 5 years. It also outlines the financial advantages of obtaining a master's degree, with average salaries being higher for those with more education. Connecticut is cited as a good place for technology careers.
The document discusses the benefits of exercise for mental health. Regular physical activity can help reduce anxiety and depression and improve mood and cognitive functioning. Exercise causes chemical changes in the brain that may help protect against mental illness and improve symptoms.
This document provides an overview of computer networks, including different topologies for high-speed switching fabrics, common transmission mediums like twisted pair, fiber optics, radio, and Ethernet coax. It also reviews concepts like logarithms, channel capacity, the Hartley-Shannon law, and the seven layers of the OSI model from the physical layer to the application layer. Key networking technologies and protocols are defined at each layer of the OSI model.
The document discusses the representation and encoding of instructions in a computer's instruction set. It covers the following key points:
- Instructions are encoded in binary machine code and represented using fixed-width instruction formats. The MIPS instruction set uses 32-bit instruction words.
- The MIPS instruction set has two main formats: R-format for register-based operations, and I-format for instructions with an immediate operand or memory address.
- Instruction fields encode information like the operation code, register operands, immediate constants, and function codes. Register numbers are encoded to identify specific registers.
- Hexadecimal representation is used to compactly represent the binary instruction encodings. Instruction decoding interprets the bit patterns according
2014 01-29 commercializing your idea iact jan 2014douglaslyon
John Seiffer will provide burning insights to the commercialization process and why that line about a better mousetrap is completely wrong. He¹ll describe why some ideas make it out of the lab and some don't. He'll cover the different parts of a business model and how to use that information in your work.
Bio:
John Seiffer currently serves as Entrepreneur in Residence for CT Next. He has been an entrepreneur since 1979, and a consultant helping growing companies since 1994. He¹s also an angel investor. In 1998 he was president of the International Coach Federation and in 2012 became President of the Angel Investor Forum. His blog is at www.CEOBootCamp.com.
This presentation discusses valuing start-up and early stage companies. It provides an overview of Carter Morse & Company, including its history, services, focus, clients, industries served, and transaction size. It then discusses traditional valuation approaches and Carter Morse's valuation methodologies, including market, income, and asset approaches. It also addresses private equity valuations and how valuation varies by company stage from seed to later stage/mezzanine, with higher risk and uncertainty early on resulting in a wider value range.
The document summarizes the MarylandOnline COAT Online Adjunct Faculty Training Project, which aimed to design and pilot an online training course for adjunct faculty. The project had three phases: research and needs assessment (2008-2009), course design and pilot testing (2009-2010), and implementation (2010-2011). The course was well-received and saw higher-than-expected enrollment from both adjunct and full-time faculty across Maryland and other states. Unexpected outcomes included other institutions adopting parts of the course for their own faculty training. The next steps involve using research findings to improve the course and conduct further evaluations.
The Connecticut Distance Learning Consortium received grants to develop a virtual coaching program called AdultSuccessCoach.org to help adult learners and displaced workers at community colleges and universities. The program provides online academic and career coaching through a shared website and coaching resources. Coaches help students create success plans and connect them to campus resources. The goals are to increase student persistence through coaching and identify best practices for delivering coaching online. Challenges included engaging students and defining the coaching role. Training addressed coaching strategies and role-playing student scenarios. Different schools implemented coaching in various ways such as an orientation course. Lessons showed replicating existing programs was most effective.
LoneStarChevy.Org - Lone Star Chevy; 2009 AAA Aggressive Driving Research UpdateLone Star Chevrolet
The AAA Foundation for Traffic Safety was established in 1947 as a 501(c)(3) nonprofit research organization affiliated with AAA/CAA with a North American focus. Its mission is to identify traffic safety problems, foster research seeking solutions, and disseminate information and education resources, funded through donations. Surveys show Americans are concerned about aggressive driving and its impacts. The Foundation's analysis found that as many as 56% of fatal crashes involve unsafe driving behaviors associated with aggressive driving such as speeding.
The document discusses non-provisioned courses (NPCs) at universities for students and faculty/staff. It describes different types of NPCs including those for student clubs, government, orientation, advising, exams, labs, and instruction. It also covers NPCs for faculty/staff such as committees, compliance training, and discussions. Some pain points mentioned are timely response, budget, authorization, and records. The document proposes solutions like using the student information system, customizing a web GUI, establishing procedures, and payment schedules.
2010 How Can K20 Collaborations Improve E-learningWCET
The document discusses several K-20 collaboratives that are working to improve e-learning opportunities. It describes the California STEM Learning Network (CSLNet), which aims to increase student interest and competencies in STEM through a network of regional hubs connecting K-12 schools, universities, and partners. It also outlines the goals and structure of IDEAL-New Mexico, a statewide e-learning service center providing online learning from pre-K through college and continuing education. Finally, it discusses the Minnesota Learning Commons, a collaboration of public education systems aiming to expand online course offerings and help all learners access quality programs through strategic partnerships and shared resources.
This document describes a study conducted using a remote proctoring system called Securexam to monitor online exams. Key findings include:
1) 86 students used Securexam to take exams remotely, finding it convenient and easy to use while still preventing cheating.
2) Securexam effectively authenticated identity, monitored students, secured the computer, recorded exam sessions, and reported any violations to instructors.
3) Students reported Securexam was a comprehensive and user-friendly solution that was more affordable and flexible than traditional proctored exams.
Tagged landscapes are curious marks found on trees that seem to be a form of art or message left by unknown individuals. The document encourages exploring local landscapes to see if any trees have been similarly tagged and trying to understand what the tags may have been intended to convey or why that particular area was chosen.
This document discusses lecture capture and its implementation at Montana State University. It covers the reasons for adopting lecture capture, including making lectures available to students who miss class. It also discusses selecting a lecture capture tool based on simplicity and affordability. The document outlines piloting lecture capture with a small number of classes and emphasizing short video segments over full lectures. It stresses the importance of faculty development, including training faculty on using the tools and exploring new pedagogical approaches. Lessons learned include starting small, emphasizing appropriate uses of lecture capture, and getting positive feedback from faculty and students.
5. An analog filer has system fnction Ha(s)--a (a) (10 pts,) Comvert .pdfinfo324235
5. An analog filer has system fnction Ha(s)--a (a) (10 pts,) Comvert this analog filter into a
digital iker by means of the bilineasr filter by means of the bilinear trasformation method with T,
= 0.1. (b) (5 pts.) Is this filter FIR or IIR? (c) (5 pts.) Find the poles of this digital filher
Solution
Hundreds if not thousands of different kinds of filters have been developed to meet the needs of
various applications. Despite this variety, many filters can be described by a few common
characteristics. The first of these is the frequency range of their pass band. A filter\'s pass band is
the range of frequencies over which it will pass an incoming signal. Signal frequencies lying
outside the pass band are attenuated. Many filters fall into one of the following response
categories, based on the overall shape of their pass band.
Low-pass filters pass low-frequency signals while blocking high-frequency signals. The pass
band ranges from DC (0 Hz) to a corner frequency FC.
High-pass filters pass high-frequency signals while blocking DC and low-frequency signals. The
pass band ranges from a corner frequency (FC) to infinity.
Band-pass filters pass only signals between two given frequencies, blocking lower and higher
signals. The pass band lies between two frequencies, FL and FH. Signals between DC and FL are
blocked, as are signals from FH to infinity. The pass band of these filters is often characterized
as having a bandwidth that is symmetric around a center frequency.
Band-stop filters block signals occurring between two given frequencies, FL and FH. The pass
band is split into a low side (DC to FL) and a high side (FH to infinity). For this reason, it\'s
often simpler to specify a band-stop filter by the width and center frequency of its stop band.
Band-stop filters are also called notch filters, especially when the stop band is narrow.
Figure 1 shows how each of these filters operates on a swept-frequency input signal.
Figure 1. Filters are usually characterized by their frequency-domain performance. The effects
of a few common filter types on a swept-frequency input signal are shown here.
In the examples, the signal increases continuously in frequency, from a low frequency to a high
frequency. When the signal frequency is within the filter\'s pass band, the filter passes the signal.
As the signal moves out of the pass band, the filter begins to attenuate the signal.
Note that the transition from the pass band to the stop band is a gradual process, where the
filter\'s response decreases continuously. Although you can make this transition arbitrarily sharp
(at the cost of filter complexity), it can never be instantaneous, at least not in filters physically
realizable with today\'s technology.
The Bode and Phase Plots
Bode plots describe the behavior of a filter by relating the magnitude of the filter\'s response
(gain) to its frequency. An example of this type of plot is shown in Figure 2.
Figure 2. Filter responses are plotted on Bode plots, wh.
The document summarizes the operation of a class-D amplifier. It describes how class-D amplifiers use transistors as switches that are either fully on or fully off to achieve high efficiency. A comparator compares an audio signal to a high frequency triangle wave to generate a pulse width modulated square wave. A passive filter converts this into an analog output. Class-D amplifiers can be operated in a bridged configuration to increase output power without increasing voltage. Negative feedback is also used to improve performance.
The document proposes and analyzes a new circuit topology called a self-oscillating LNA-mixer. The circuit achieves high-performance by reusing the same bias current between the LNA, mixer, and local oscillator functions. It provides amplification, down-conversion, and local oscillator signal generation while sharing a single bias current, resulting in low power consumption. The document describes the evolution of the circuit topology, provides analysis of its gain, noise, linearity and phase noise characteristics, and presents simulation results demonstrating its performance targeting a Galileo satellite navigation application.
1. The document discusses various methods of FM demodulation including balanced slope detector, Foster-Seeley discriminator, phase locked loop demodulator, and ratio detector.
2. It provides details on the basic principles and circuit operations of each method. The balanced slope detector uses three tuned circuits which makes it difficult to tune. The Foster-Seeley discriminator and ratio detector have better linearity due to their use of phase relationships.
3. The phase locked loop demodulator tracks the instantaneous frequency of the input signal using a voltage controlled oscillator and error signal in a feedback loop. It has good performance even at low signal-to-noise ratios.
This document presents the design of a high performance folded cascade OTA and sample and hold circuit. The OTA is designed to achieve 10-bit resolution while operating at a 28 MHz sampling frequency. Simulation results show the OTA achieves a high open loop gain of 72 dB and bandwidth of 112 MHz, with a phase margin of 73 degrees. A low resistance transmission gate switch is designed to reduce charge injection and clock feedthrough effects during sampling. The circuit is implemented in a 130 nm CMOS technology.
Simulation of Boost Converter Using MATLAB SIMULINK.Raviraj solanki
This document summarizes the simulation of a boost converter using MATLAB Simulink. It includes:
1) An introduction to boost converters and the principle of operation.
2) A circuit diagram of the boost converter and description of its modes of operation.
3) An analysis of the boost converter in continuous and discontinuous conduction modes.
4) Applications of boost converters such as in regulated power supplies and battery powered devices.
RF testing has remained hype for most of us. But seriously it is not so. It can be very interesting and one can develop a lot of interest in this if given an opportunity.
In this paper, authors have started with the some basic concepts of radio engineering which we studied in engineering and built upon these concepts to use in practical applications.
We have also described the basic principles of Signal Analyzer and Signal Generator which are the most common test tools used for any radio testing.
This document discusses analog communications and AM transmission. It provides an overview of the key components of an analog communication system including the source, transmitter, channel, receiver and recipient. It then discusses amplitude modulation techniques, including modulation index and the frequency spectrum of AM signals. It also covers AM receivers and transmitters, explaining common circuit stages like mixers, oscillators and modulators.
Types of Multistage Transistor Amplifierssherifhanafy4
A multistage transistor amplifier uses multiple single amplifier stages connected in cascade through a coupling device. The coupling device transfers the AC output of one stage to the input of the next while isolating the DC. Common coupling methods include RC coupling using a capacitor, transformer coupling, and direct coupling without isolation. Transformer coupling provides impedance matching between stages for increased voltage and power gain compared to RC coupling, making it suitable for power amplification applications.
This document covers the basics of electronics including semiconductor theory, diodes, transistors, and digital circuits. It discusses how doping semiconductors like silicon creates N-type and P-type materials. A diode is formed from a PN junction, which allows current to flow easily in one direction. Transistors use two back-to-back diodes to control current flow. Digital circuits represent information using binary numbers of 0s and 1s implemented with logic gates and basic digital components.
A 80Ms/sec 10bit PIPELINED ADC Using 1.5Bit Stages And Built-in Digital Error...VLSICS Design
Use of pipelined ADCs is becoming increasingly popular both as stand alone parts and as embedded functional units in SOC design. They have acceptable resolution and high speed of operation and can be placed in relatively small area. The design is implemented in 0.18uM CMOS process. The design includes a folded cascode op-amp with a unity gain frequency of 200MHz at 88 deg. Phase margin and a dc gain of 75dB. The circuit employs a built in sample and hold circuit and a three phase non-overlapping clock.
A 80Ms/sec 10bit PIPELINED ADC Using 1.5Bit Stages And Built-in Digital Error...VLSICS Design
Use of pipelined ADCs is becoming increasingly popular both as stand alone parts and as embedded functional units in SOC design. They have acceptable resolution and high speed of operation and can be placed in relatively small area. The design is implemented in 0.18uM CMOS process. The design includes a folded cascode op-amp with a unity gain frequency of 200MHz at 88 deg. Phase margin and a dc gain of 75dB. The circuit employs a built in sample and hold circuit and a three phase non-overlapping clock.
This document discusses different types of filters used to reduce noise in biomedical signals like EEG and ECG data. It describes low-pass filters which allow low frequencies to pass and block high frequencies, high-pass filters which do the opposite, and bandpass filters which combine a low-pass and high-pass filter to only allow a specific frequency range to pass. First order passive filters using a resistor and capacitor are demonstrated, as well as active filters using an op-amp. Digital filtering using LabVIEW is also introduced. Specific circuits are built and tested to filter simulated biomedical signals and analyze the filters' effects.
This document provides an overview of logic families. It discusses different logic families including TTL, IIL, ECL, NMOS, and CMOS. It covers characteristics of logic gates such as fan-in, fan-out, noise margin, propagation delay, and input and output characteristics. It also discusses diodes, BJTs, and MOSFETs as switching elements. The document compares various logic families in terms of packing density, power consumption, and gate delay. Additionally, it covers topics such as open collector output, interfacing between logic families, and tri-state logic.
1) The document discusses small-scale fading in mobile radio propagation. Small-scale fading is caused by multipath propagation and describes rapid fluctuations in a radio signal over a short time period or travel distance.
2) It introduces the impulse response model used to model multipath channels. The received signal is a combination of multipath components that arrive at different times with different amplitudes and phases.
3) It discusses parameters used to characterize mobile multipath channels including mean excess delay, RMS delay spread, maximum excess delay, coherence bandwidth, Doppler spread, and coherence time. These parameters describe the time dispersion and time-varying nature of the channel.
EEE 117L Network Analysis Laboratory Lab 1
1
EEE 117L Network Analysis Laboratory
Lab 1 – Voltage/Current Division and Filters
Lab Overview
The objective of Lab 1 is to familiarize students with a variety of basic applications of
passive R, C devices, and also how to measure the performance of these circuits using
both Spice simulations and the Digilent Analog Discovery 2 on the circuits constructed.
Prelab
Before coming to lab, students need to complete the following items for each of the
circuits studied in this lab :
• Any hand calculations needed to determine the values of components used in the
circuits such as resistors and capacitors, or specifications such as pole frequencies.
• A Spice simulation of each circuit to get familiar with how it works, and determine
what to expect when the circuit is built and its performance is measured.
Making connections on a Breadboard
Breadboards are used to easily construct circuits without the need to solder parts on a
printed circuit board. As seen in Figure 0 they have columns of pins that are connected
together internally, so that all the wires inserted in a column are shorted together. Note
that the columns on top and bottom are not connected together. There are also rows of
pins at the top and bottom that are connected together. These rows are intended for use
as the power supplies, and are typically labeled + and – and color coded red and blue for
the positive and negative power supplies. These rows are not connected in the middle.
Figure 0.
EEE 117L Network Analysis Laboratory Lab 1
2
Circuits to be studied
When choosing resistor and capacitor values use standard values available to you,
and keep all resistor values between 100 W and 100 kW.
1. Voltage and Current Dividers
One of the most commonly used circuits is a voltage divider
like the one shown in Figure 1.a. For example, if a signal is
too large to be input to a voltmeter or oscilloscope it can be
attenuated (reduced in size) using voltage division. The DC
voltage that an AC signal like a sine wave varies around can
also be reduced using this circuit.
For example, if all of the resistors in this circuit are the same
value, and the VS input source provides a DC voltage of 4V,
then the voltages in this circuit will be VA = 4V, VB = 3V,
VC = 2V, and VD = 1V. That is, voltage division will cause the voltage at node B to be
¾ of VS , the voltage at node C to be ½ of VS , and the voltage at node D to be ¼ of VS.
If a sine wave with an amplitude of 1V is then added so that VS = 4 + sin(wt) Volts, then
voltage division will cause the new values of VA , VB , VC and VD to be :
VA = 1.00*VS = 1.00*(4 + sin(wt)) = 4 + 1.00*sin(wt) Volts
VB = 0.75*VS = 0.75*(4 + sin(wt)) = 3 + 0.75*sin(wt) Volts
VC = 0.50*VS = 0.50*(4 + sin(wt)) = 2 + 0.50*sin(wt) Volts
VD = 0.25*VS = 0.25*(4 + sin(wt)) = 1 + 0.25*sin(wt) Volts
In this example both the amplitude of the ...
The document outlines an agenda for an RF fundamentals seminar, covering topics such as the electromagnetic spectrum, units of measurement, voltage, current, resistance, impedance, power, Fourier representation, Maxwell's equations, and electromagnetic wave propagation. It provides definitions and explanations of key RF concepts like frequency, spectrum views from different perspectives, units, logarithmic scales, impedance as a complex quantity, high frequency component models, and an overview of Maxwell's equations. Diagrams and examples are used throughout to illustrate RF principles.
Designed a Switched Capacitor Low Pass Filter with a sampling frequency of 60 Hz.
Simulated the filter to have a ripple within 0.2 dB under 3.6 MHz and a stopband attenuation of atleast -51 dB after 7.2 MHz.
Applied dynamic range optimization, Dynamic Range Scaling and Chip Area scaling to get maximum output swing while occupying minimum area on chip.
Tested the filter with non-idealities of the amplifier, such as finite gain, bandwidth, offset voltage, charge injection, etc.
This document provides explanations of various electronics concepts. It distinguishes between Zener breakdown and avalanche breakdown, stating that Zener breakdown occurs in heavily doped PN junctions with a narrow depletion layer and strong electric field, while avalanche breakdown occurs in lightly doped junctions with collision-induced generation of electron-hole pairs. It also defines pinch-off and cut-off voltages in FETs, and common base, common emitter, and common collector configurations in transistors.
Similar to Class2 13 14_g_hz_differential_signaling (20)
Ivanti’s Patch Tuesday breakdown goes beyond patching your applications and brings you the intelligence and guidance needed to prioritize where to focus your attention first. Catch early analysis on our Ivanti blog, then join industry expert Chris Goettl for the Patch Tuesday Webinar Event. There we’ll do a deep dive into each of the bulletins and give guidance on the risks associated with the newly-identified vulnerabilities.
Monitoring and Managing Anomaly Detection on OpenShift.pdfTosin Akinosho
Monitoring and Managing Anomaly Detection on OpenShift
Overview
Dive into the world of anomaly detection on edge devices with our comprehensive hands-on tutorial. This SlideShare presentation will guide you through the entire process, from data collection and model training to edge deployment and real-time monitoring. Perfect for those looking to implement robust anomaly detection systems on resource-constrained IoT/edge devices.
Key Topics Covered
1. Introduction to Anomaly Detection
- Understand the fundamentals of anomaly detection and its importance in identifying unusual behavior or failures in systems.
2. Understanding Edge (IoT)
- Learn about edge computing and IoT, and how they enable real-time data processing and decision-making at the source.
3. What is ArgoCD?
- Discover ArgoCD, a declarative, GitOps continuous delivery tool for Kubernetes, and its role in deploying applications on edge devices.
4. Deployment Using ArgoCD for Edge Devices
- Step-by-step guide on deploying anomaly detection models on edge devices using ArgoCD.
5. Introduction to Apache Kafka and S3
- Explore Apache Kafka for real-time data streaming and Amazon S3 for scalable storage solutions.
6. Viewing Kafka Messages in the Data Lake
- Learn how to view and analyze Kafka messages stored in a data lake for better insights.
7. What is Prometheus?
- Get to know Prometheus, an open-source monitoring and alerting toolkit, and its application in monitoring edge devices.
8. Monitoring Application Metrics with Prometheus
- Detailed instructions on setting up Prometheus to monitor the performance and health of your anomaly detection system.
9. What is Camel K?
- Introduction to Camel K, a lightweight integration framework built on Apache Camel, designed for Kubernetes.
10. Configuring Camel K Integrations for Data Pipelines
- Learn how to configure Camel K for seamless data pipeline integrations in your anomaly detection workflow.
11. What is a Jupyter Notebook?
- Overview of Jupyter Notebooks, an open-source web application for creating and sharing documents with live code, equations, visualizations, and narrative text.
12. Jupyter Notebooks with Code Examples
- Hands-on examples and code snippets in Jupyter Notebooks to help you implement and test anomaly detection models.
Connector Corner: Seamlessly power UiPath Apps, GenAI with prebuilt connectorsDianaGray10
Join us to learn how UiPath Apps can directly and easily interact with prebuilt connectors via Integration Service--including Salesforce, ServiceNow, Open GenAI, and more.
The best part is you can achieve this without building a custom workflow! Say goodbye to the hassle of using separate automations to call APIs. By seamlessly integrating within App Studio, you can now easily streamline your workflow, while gaining direct access to our Connector Catalog of popular applications.
We’ll discuss and demo the benefits of UiPath Apps and connectors including:
Creating a compelling user experience for any software, without the limitations of APIs.
Accelerating the app creation process, saving time and effort
Enjoying high-performance CRUD (create, read, update, delete) operations, for
seamless data management.
Speakers:
Russell Alfeche, Technology Leader, RPA at qBotic and UiPath MVP
Charlie Greenberg, host
Conversational agents, or chatbots, are increasingly used to access all sorts of services using natural language. While open-domain chatbots - like ChatGPT - can converse on any topic, task-oriented chatbots - the focus of this paper - are designed for specific tasks, like booking a flight, obtaining customer support, or setting an appointment. Like any other software, task-oriented chatbots need to be properly tested, usually by defining and executing test scenarios (i.e., sequences of user-chatbot interactions). However, there is currently a lack of methods to quantify the completeness and strength of such test scenarios, which can lead to low-quality tests, and hence to buggy chatbots.
To fill this gap, we propose adapting mutation testing (MuT) for task-oriented chatbots. To this end, we introduce a set of mutation operators that emulate faults in chatbot designs, an architecture that enables MuT on chatbots built using heterogeneous technologies, and a practical realisation as an Eclipse plugin. Moreover, we evaluate the applicability, effectiveness and efficiency of our approach on open-source chatbots, with promising results.
Dandelion Hashtable: beyond billion requests per second on a commodity serverAntonios Katsarakis
This slide deck presents DLHT, a concurrent in-memory hashtable. Despite efforts to optimize hashtables, that go as far as sacrificing core functionality, state-of-the-art designs still incur multiple memory accesses per request and block request processing in three cases. First, most hashtables block while waiting for data to be retrieved from memory. Second, open-addressing designs, which represent the current state-of-the-art, either cannot free index slots on deletes or must block all requests to do so. Third, index resizes block every request until all objects are copied to the new index. Defying folklore wisdom, DLHT forgoes open-addressing and adopts a fully-featured and memory-aware closed-addressing design based on bounded cache-line-chaining. This design offers lock-free index operations and deletes that free slots instantly, (2) completes most requests with a single memory access, (3) utilizes software prefetching to hide memory latencies, and (4) employs a novel non-blocking and parallel resizing. In a commodity server and a memory-resident workload, DLHT surpasses 1.6B requests per second and provides 3.5x (12x) the throughput of the state-of-the-art closed-addressing (open-addressing) resizable hashtable on Gets (Deletes).
Discover top-tier mobile app development services, offering innovative solutions for iOS and Android. Enhance your business with custom, user-friendly mobile applications.
For the full video of this presentation, please visit: https://www.edge-ai-vision.com/2024/06/how-axelera-ai-uses-digital-compute-in-memory-to-deliver-fast-and-energy-efficient-computer-vision-a-presentation-from-axelera-ai/
Bram Verhoef, Head of Machine Learning at Axelera AI, presents the “How Axelera AI Uses Digital Compute-in-memory to Deliver Fast and Energy-efficient Computer Vision” tutorial at the May 2024 Embedded Vision Summit.
As artificial intelligence inference transitions from cloud environments to edge locations, computer vision applications achieve heightened responsiveness, reliability and privacy. This migration, however, introduces the challenge of operating within the stringent confines of resource constraints typical at the edge, including small form factors, low energy budgets and diminished memory and computational capacities. Axelera AI addresses these challenges through an innovative approach of performing digital computations within memory itself. This technique facilitates the realization of high-performance, energy-efficient and cost-effective computer vision capabilities at the thin and thick edge, extending the frontier of what is achievable with current technologies.
In this presentation, Verhoef unveils his company’s pioneering chip technology and demonstrates its capacity to deliver exceptional frames-per-second performance across a range of standard computer vision networks typical of applications in security, surveillance and the industrial sector. This shows that advanced computer vision can be accessible and efficient, even at the very edge of our technological ecosystem.
Generating privacy-protected synthetic data using Secludy and MilvusZilliz
During this demo, the founders of Secludy will demonstrate how their system utilizes Milvus to store and manipulate embeddings for generating privacy-protected synthetic data. Their approach not only maintains the confidentiality of the original data but also enhances the utility and scalability of LLMs under privacy constraints. Attendees, including machine learning engineers, data scientists, and data managers, will witness first-hand how Secludy's integration with Milvus empowers organizations to harness the power of LLMs securely and efficiently.
Essentials of Automations: Exploring Attributes & Automation ParametersSafe Software
Building automations in FME Flow can save time, money, and help businesses scale by eliminating data silos and providing data to stakeholders in real-time. One essential component to orchestrating complex automations is the use of attributes & automation parameters (both formerly known as “keys”). In fact, it’s unlikely you’ll ever build an Automation without using these components, but what exactly are they?
Attributes & automation parameters enable the automation author to pass data values from one automation component to the next. During this webinar, our FME Flow Specialists will cover leveraging the three types of these output attributes & parameters in FME Flow: Event, Custom, and Automation. As a bonus, they’ll also be making use of the Split-Merge Block functionality.
You’ll leave this webinar with a better understanding of how to maximize the potential of automations by making use of attributes & automation parameters, with the ultimate goal of setting your enterprise integration workflows up on autopilot.
AppSec PNW: Android and iOS Application Security with MobSFAjin Abraham
Mobile Security Framework - MobSF is a free and open source automated mobile application security testing environment designed to help security engineers, researchers, developers, and penetration testers to identify security vulnerabilities, malicious behaviours and privacy concerns in mobile applications using static and dynamic analysis. It supports all the popular mobile application binaries and source code formats built for Android and iOS devices. In addition to automated security assessment, it also offers an interactive testing environment to build and execute scenario based test/fuzz cases against the application.
This talk covers:
Using MobSF for static analysis of mobile applications.
Interactive dynamic security assessment of Android and iOS applications.
Solving Mobile app CTF challenges.
Reverse engineering and runtime analysis of Mobile malware.
How to shift left and integrate MobSF/mobsfscan SAST and DAST in your build pipeline.
"Choosing proper type of scaling", Olena SyrotaFwdays
Imagine an IoT processing system that is already quite mature and production-ready and for which client coverage is growing and scaling and performance aspects are life and death questions. The system has Redis, MongoDB, and stream processing based on ksqldb. In this talk, firstly, we will analyze scaling approaches and then select the proper ones for our system.
How information systems are built or acquired puts information, which is what they should be about, in a secondary place. Our language adapted accordingly, and we no longer talk about information systems but applications. Applications evolved in a way to break data into diverse fragments, tightly coupled with applications and expensive to integrate. The result is technical debt, which is re-paid by taking even bigger "loans", resulting in an ever-increasing technical debt. Software engineering and procurement practices work in sync with market forces to maintain this trend. This talk demonstrates how natural this situation is. The question is: can something be done to reverse the trend?
2. 2
ISI (Inter-Symbol Interference)
Frequency dependant loss causes data dependant
jitter which is also called inter symbol interference
(ISI).
In general the frequency dependant loss increase
with the length of the channel.
The high frequencies associated with a fast edge are
attenuated greater than those of lower frequencies.
The observable effect on a wave received at the end of a
channel looks as if the signal takes time to charge up. If we
wait long enough the wave reaches the transmitted voltage.
If we don’t wait long enough and a new data transition
occurs, the previous bit look attenuated. Hence a stream
of bits will start or finish the charge cycle at different
voltage point which will look to the observer as varying
amplitudes for various bits in the data pattern.
Introduction
12/4/2002
3. Effect of increasing channel length
Tx
channel
Rx
channel
Rx
channel
Rx
channel
Rx
Notice the effect on the lone narrow bit verses the
wider pulse that is representative of multiple bits.
The lone pulse looks more and more like a runt as the
channel length increases
Introduction
12/4/2002
3
4. 4
Simulation of a lossy channel ISI
Example is 1 meter of FR4 at 1GHz
Notice the loss creates the edge to edge
jitter and the max voltage is not reached on
the runt pulse This is ISI.
Rx
Tx
Rx
Introduction
12/4/2002
5. 5
How can we fix the runt pulse?
Solution: Boost the amplitude of the
first bit.
The means we drive to a higher voltage
at the high frequency component and a
lesser voltage at lower frequency.
Transition bit
Introduction
12/4/2002
6. 6
Equalization
The previous slide illustrates the concept of
equalization.
Normally the max current is supplied on the
transition bit and reduces on subsequent bits.
Thus if we reference to the transition bit to
a transmitter this equalization is commonly
called “de”-emphasis. If we talk about the a
the non-transition bit in reference to a
receiver or passive network we might call this
“pre”-emphasis. Although the two may be
considered the same, the former is used
more commonly.
Introduction
12/4/2002
7. Equalization Philosophy – First step
Given the channel has a complex loss verses
frequency transfer function, Hch(ω)
The FFT of an input signal multiplied by the
transfer function in the frequency domain is
the response of the channel to that input in
the frequency domain. tx(t)Tx(ω)
If we take the IFFT of the previous cascade
response we get the time domain signal of
the output of the channel. We talked about
this last semester. rx(t)=IFFT(Tx(ω)*Hch(ω))
Introduction
12/4/2002
7
8. Equalization Philosophy – The punch line
Given the response of the output:
Tx(ω)*Hch (ω)
Look what happens if we multiply this product
by 1/ Hch (ω). The result is Tx(ω).
The realization of 1/ Hch (ω) is called
equalization and my be achieved number of
ways.
If applied to the transmitter, it is called
transmitter equalization. This approximated by
the boost we referred to earlier.
If it is applied at the output of the channel, it is
called receiver equalization.
If done properly, the results are the same but
cost and operation factors may favor one over
the other.
Introduction
12/4/2002
8
9. Bitwise equalization conceptualization
1/Hch(f) Ideal equalization
dB
Bitwise equalization
• Approximation based on
bit transitions
0dB
Hch(f)
• More bits may better
approximate 1/h(f)
Frequency
Introduction
12/4/2002
9
10. Introducing the terminology “TAP”
This is called 2
tap equalization
Vswin
g
Vshelf
Commonly the
2 Tap de-emphasis
spec in dB and is
-20*log(Vshelf/Vswing)
It becomes clear what a tap is when we look
at lone bit (data pattern ~ …0001000000…)
Tap1
Also called cursor.
We will explore the whole
concept of cursors later
Introduction
Tap 2
Vtap1
12/4/2002
10
11. 11
The lone bit tap spec is different
Tap1: This tap is
called the cursor
base = 0
tap2
Taps are normalized so that sum of the cursor tap
minus the pre and post cursor taps is equal to 1 with
the base equal to zero. The reason will become clear
later.
Lets take the last example where de-emphasis is
defined as -6 dB. This would correspond to tap1=0.75
and tap2=0.25. These are called tap coefficients.
Introduction
12/4/2002
12. Use superposition to string together a
bit pattern out of lone bits with the
amplitude of the taps
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
0.75
0
0.0
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
-0.25
0
0
1
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
Σ
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
1
1
0
0
0
0
0 Bits
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0 ¾ ½ ½ -¼ 0
0
Introduction
¾ ½ ½ -¼ 0 0
0
0
0 Value
12/4/2002
12
13. 13
We now have a familiar waveform
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
1
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0 ¾ ½ ½ -¼ 0
0
0
1
1
1
0
0
¾ ½ ½ -¼ 0 0
0
0
0
0 Bits
0 Value
Renormalize to 1 peak to peak: Value-1/4
-¼ -¼ -¼ -¼ -¼ -¼ -¼ ½ ¼ ¼ -½ -¼ -¼ ½ ¼ ¼ -½ -¼ -¼ -¼ -¼ renorm
1
½
Observe that Vshelf is ½ and Vswing is 1.
For 2 tap systems we would call this 6dB de-emphasis
20*log(0.5)
20*log(Vshelf/Vswing) is not a roust and easily
expandable specification but common used in the
industry and call the transmitter de-emphasis spec,
A more roust way would be to spec tap coefficients
which we will take a bit more about later
Introduction
12/4/2002
14. 14
Assignment 8:
What are the tap coefficients for 2
tap equalization with de-emphasis
specified at 3.5 dB
Draw and label the lone one pulse tap
waveform.
If Vswing is 500 millivolts what is
Vshelf
Introduction
12/4/2002
15. Passive Continuous Linear Equalizer (CLE)
20fF
The passive CLE is a
high pass filter.
Low frequency
components are
attenuated.
The filter can be
located anywhere in
the channel, and can
be made of discrete
components,
integrated into the
silicon, or even built
into cables or
connectors.
Introduction
100Ω
5−>40kΩ
2.5−>20kΩ
20fF
12/4/2002
15
16. Rx Discrete Time Linear Equalizer (DLE)
16
The receive-side DLE
works just like the
transmitter preemphasis circuit.
The only difference is
that it samples the
incoming analog
voltage.
Uses a “sample & hold”
circuit at the input,
which provides the
input signal stream to
the FIR.
Introduction
∆
xk
C-1
∆
C0
∆
C1
C2
Σ
12/4/2002
yk
17. 17
Two Examples of Differential Tx Equalization
Discrete-time Transmitter Linear Equalizer (DTLE)*
This is a type of finite impulse response (FIR) filter
http://www.dspguru.com/info/faqs/firfaq.htm
The equalizations operates over the entire bit stream continuum.
Superposition of all preceding bits
An implementation example will follow.
One characteristic of FIR is that input waves eventually emerge at the
output
A FIR filter does not have feedback
Transition Bit Equalization with delayed tap current steering (TBE)
Resets on each transition
This is discrete time but not linear because the superposition does not
create linearly effect subsequent waveforms.
Hence this is not really a purely theoretically FIR but is often the way
may industry standards are implemented and spec’ed.
Common characteristics of bitwise equalization
Current steering based on UI delay
Normally implemented with “current mode logic” CML
Specified in PCI-Express
Introduction
* Bryan Casper April 2003
“ISI Analysis with Equalization
12/4/2002
18. DTLE Dual Current Source Model
∆
Data Stream
C
Π 0
∆
Π
∆=1 bit delay
∆
C
1
Σ
Π
C
2
Π
C
3
VCC
S
V
1-Σ
Cn’s are called tap coefficients
The delayed signal are multiplied by
respective Cn’s and summed.
For behavioral simulation the summed signal
may be filter to shape the output wave.
Introduction
12/4/2002
18
19. DTLE Scaled current source model
The Cn’s coefficient are preset into
respectively switched in current
sources.
C C C C
V
Data Stream
∆
∆
3
0 1
2
C
4
∆
0
Introduction
12/4/2002
19
20. Discrete Transmitter Equalization Characteristics
The goal is to not have any AC current drain.
Current is steered from positive to negative for each
tap switching in.
The normalization is to the maximum available
current. Hence the tap coefficients are the
apportioned switched currents.
Since the max current is normalized to 1 the sum of
all taps must equal to 1.
Another way to look at this is that there is an actual
total available current for the buffer. The taps just
steer the current from one leg to another. All taps
“on” corresponds to the sum of the taps equal which
equals to 1.
Introduction
12/4/2002
20
21. De-Emphasis Achieved by Steering Current
Full swing = Both (all) current sources are on for one leg
This correspond to a one or zero logic state.
This is called the primary leg
De-emphasis is achieved by steering current away from primary
leg to secondary leg
V
First Bit
Transition
V
V
V
+ -
+ -
Introduction
Subsequent
Bits
12/4/2002
21
22. Differential Behavioral Buffer - Review
Switched current source
D+ and D- switching is complementary
CML – Current mode logic
Goal: Maintains constant current draw in high state, low state,
and switching.
Power rails are only disturbed during switch due to asymmetry.
V
D+ Leg
(terminal)
D- Leg
(terminal)
D+ Leg
(terminal)
V
Introduction
D- Leg
(terminal)
V
12/4/2002
22
23. 23
Switch Control from Data Stream
Problem: need to turn off minus boost during plus
and visa versa
V
V
boost
V
boost
+ -
+ -
re
Data
ar
ts
he
Inverted data
s
as
cl
minus boost
st
Plus boost
Introduction
2 nd
V
12/4/2002
24. 24
TBE: Switch Control from Data Stream
Problem: need to turn off minus boost during plus and visa versa
V
V
boost
V
boost
+ -
+ -
(
)
(
Ir1 := Ip ⋅ D ∧ P + I⋅ D + Ip ⋅ ¬D ∧ ¬Pp
Data (D)
i
(
i
i
i
)
i
(
)
i
)
Inverted data (!D)
Ir2 := Ip ⋅ ¬D ⋅ Pp + I⋅ ¬D + Ip⋅ D ∧ ¬P
Plus boost (P)
Will show equation in a few slides
i
Minus boost (Pp)
Plus boost off (!P)
Minus boost off (!Pp)
Introduction
i
i
i
i
i
0 to 1
transition
12/4/2002
25. 25
TBE: Switch Control from Data Stream
Problem: need to turn off minus boost during plus and visa versa
V
V
boost
V
boost
+ -
+ -
(
)
(
Ir1 := Ip ⋅ D ∧ P + I⋅ D + Ip ⋅ ¬D ∧ ¬Pp
Data (D)
i
(
i
i
i
)
i
(
)
i
)
Inverted data (!D)
Ir2 := Ip ⋅ ¬D ⋅ Pp + I⋅ ¬D + Ip⋅ D ∧ ¬P
Plus boost (P)
Will show equation in a few slides
i
Minus boost (Pp)
Plus boost off (!P)
Minus boost off (!Pp)
Introduction
i
i
i
i
i
0 to 1
transition
12/4/2002
26. 26
TBE currents
The previous slide illustrate the logic
that controls the switches.
The remaining tasks is to determine is
the two currents.
Introduction
12/4/2002
27. Use Vmax and dB shelf spec to define currents
Voltage equations
2( I + Ip ) ⋅ Zef
Vmax
Vshelf
2⋅ ( I − Ip ) ⋅ Zef
Put into matrix and solve for current
Vmax
→
1 1 ⋅I
− dB
Zef ⋅
1 −1
10 20 ⋅ Vmax
Effective load impedance Zref is
parallel combination of 50 ohm buffer
and 50 ohm line:
Solve
I :=
Ip
1 1
1 −1
−1
Vmax
− dB
⋅
10 20 ⋅ Vmax
2Zef
− dB
Vmax
20
I :=
⋅ 1 + 10
4⋅ Zef
− dB
Vmax
20
Ip :=
⋅ 1 − 10
4⋅ Zef
Introduction
12/4/2002
27
28. Multi tap digital linear equalization (FIR)
Unity
Amplitude
Data Stream
∆
C
Π 0
Π
C
1
Σ
Behavioral Example
V
Filte
r
VCC
S
1-Σ
We will do the same example as before with
equalization taps.
One tap will be at 0.75 and the other at 0.25
We’ve seen before this corresponds to a 6 dB
de-emphasis spec
Introduction
12/4/2002
28
29. 29
HSPICE example – tap waves
We will use a pulse
source that 10*UI to
demonstrate the deemphasis
Three waveform are
created in0, in1, and
in2 with respective
delays of 0, UI, and
2*UI
Even though this case
has three taps we will
make tap C2 equal to
zero.
C0 and C1 are 0.75 and
0.25 respectively
* test_diff_fir_2_src.sp
.param ui=400ps tr=50ps wf=1 Imax=16ma
Vpulse in 0 pulse 0 1
0 tr tr '5*UI-Tr' '10*UI'
Rin in 0 50
.tran 10ps 10ns
.probe v(in) v(in2) v(in1) vin(in0) v(outf)
v(datap)
+v(datan) v(vip) v(vin) v(vdiff)
vvcc vcc 0 2
.param c0=.75 c1=.25 c2=0
Ep0 in0 0 vol='C0*v(in)'
Ep1 in1x 0 vol='C1*(1-v(in))'
Ep2 in2x 0 vol='C2*(1-v(in))'
Edp1 in1 0 DELAY in1x
0 TD='UI'
Edn2 in2 0 DELAY in2x
0 TD='2*UI
Introduction
12/4/2002
30. 30
Now to create current waves
Create sum of tap
wave with 2 volt
amplitude
The filter cuts the
voltage in half
producing a 1 volt
peak amplitude at
“outf”
The voltage at
“outf” and its
complement are
used to create the
current waves
Esum outs 0 vol='2*(v(in0)+v(in1)+v(in2))'
*simple filter profiles current
Routs outs outf 50
Routf outf 0 50
Coutf outf 0 1p
* create profile current waveforms
*
that map to the current
Gictlp datap 0 cur='imax*abs(v(outf))'
Gictln datan 0 cur='imax*abs((1-v(outf)))'
Introduction
12/4/2002
31. 31
Now to create current waves
Each source is
connected to
internal loads
and external
loads.
A node vdiff
is created as a
convenience to
view the
differential
waveform
*Convenience node
Ediff vdiff 0 vol='v(datap)-v(datan)'
* buffer termination loads
Rp datap 0 50
Rn datan 0 50
* test load mimics a transmission line
Rnload datap 0 50
Rpload datan 0 50
.end
Introduction
12/4/2002
32. We observe the wave has 6dB De-emphasis
20 * log(400/800) = 6 dB
Introduction
12/4/2002
32
33. 33
Return loss
Return loss is an important parameter for high speed
signal transmission
Lets looks at the channel transfer function.
Notice that Γs and ΓL is a factor determining the
amount of signal that is received a the end of
channel
For a 1 port device S11 and Γ are the same.
Lets review what we discuss before that Γ is called
return loss
Γs
ZS − Z0
ZS + Z0
Introduction
ΓL
ZL − Z0
ZL + Z0
12/4/2002
34. 34
Return Loss Specifications
RL
20⋅ log ( S11
)
Very often return loss expressed as dB
Also the minus sign may be omitted.
How ever notice that the absolute value
of S11 us used.
Two impedances can be represented by
the RL spec.
Introduction
12/4/2002
35. 35
Example 0f Impedance Spec From RL
Return loss defined by reference impedance
Z0 := 100Ω and load impedance ZL
This is the same as the refelection coef, ρ
Return loss in db
RL
20⋅ log ( S11
)
ZL − Z0
S11
RL
20
Return loss in terms of
10
S11( RL) :=
return loss db (RL)
RL
20
−10
0.178 s11 := S11( RL)
S11( RL) =
−0.178
ZL + Z0
Solve for ZL in terms of S11
( S11 + 1)
ZL( S11) := Z0⋅
( 1 − S11)
let RL := −15db
(
ZL s11
0
) = 143.258 Ω
(
ZL s11
Introduction
1
) = 69.804 Ω
12/4/2002
36. 36
Anatomy of RL for chips
Transmission line,
Z0, Length
L via_ball
Cpad
Rpad
Cvia_ball
Lets assign some values and examine the
resultant return loss.
Transmission line = 1 inch and 110 ohms
Cpad=1pf/0.5pf and Rpad=55 ohms
Lvia_ball= .3 nH and Cvia_ball=.3pF
Introduction
12/4/2002
38. 38
RL Sufficiency
Little return loss insures
good transmission
Moderate return loss
may not be sufficient to
insure good transmission
for some frequencies
Given 1” package trace
which is approx 150 ps
Round trip is 300 ps =
½ period of 3.3 GHz
Reflections could make
signal at pin look much
worse than at pad.
Introduction
Incident
@PIN
Reflect
from pad
@PIN
signal
@PIN
signal
@PAD
12/4/2002
39. 39
Unexpected effects of GHz Clocking
Tx
Rx
Assumption: Jitter at transmitter is
translated to the same amount of
jitter at the receiver.
We have used this assumption before in
time budgets
Not true because of line loss
Introduction
12/4/2002
40. 40
New effect at high frequencies:
Jitter amplification
Response
of
narrower
pulse
The loss of the pulse that is has a
decreased pulse width is more than the
pulse with the original pulse width
Introduction
12/4/2002
41. In summary here a few high frequency
and differential topics we touched upon
Clock recovery
Return loss
Common and differential mode signal
Equalization
Inter-symbol interference (ISI)
Current mode logic
The next task is to evaluate a channel’s quality when
all these effects are included. In other words what
does the worst signal look like and how do we find it?
This will be the subject the next class
Introduction
12/4/2002
41