Citing references properly and appropriately in scientific research papers is crucial to acknowledge your sources and give credit wherever required. Science progresses only by building upon the work of others.
Citation styles in Council of Science Editors style guideSets India
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Citing references properly and appropriately in scientific research papers is crucial to acknowledge your sources and give credit wherever required. Science progresses only by building upon the work of others.
How to write references by end note 22naghamkadhum
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Knowing the types of references generally, downloading the EndNote program and describing the features of this program to organize, save and share the references. Then connecting the program to the word to cite references into the texts.
Citation styles in Council of Science Editors style guideSets India
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Citing references properly and appropriately in scientific research papers is crucial to acknowledge your sources and give credit wherever required. Science progresses only by building upon the work of others.
How to write references by end note 22naghamkadhum
Â
Knowing the types of references generally, downloading the EndNote program and describing the features of this program to organize, save and share the references. Then connecting the program to the word to cite references into the texts.
Broadly, a citation is a reference to a published or unpublished source (not always the original source). More precisely, a citation is an abbreviated alphanumeric expression embedded in the body of an intellectual work that denotes an entry in the bibliographic references section of the work for the purpose of acknowledging the relevance of the works of others to the topic of discussion at the spot where the citation appears.
Generally the combination of both the in-body citation and the bibliographic entry constitutes what is commonly thought of as a citation (whereas bibliographic entries by themselves are not).
References to single, machine-readable assertions in electronic scientific articles are known as nano-publications, a form of micro-attribution. Citation has several important purposes: to uphold intellectual honesty (or avoiding plagiarism), to attribute prior or unoriginal work and ideas to the correct sources, to allow the reader to determine independently whether the referenced material supports the author's argument in the claimed way, and to help the reader gauge the strength and validity of the material the author has used.
Our Journal recommends and adheres to Vancouver style for Reference listingauthors boards
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For the complete guide to the Vancouver Style, please consult this online book: Citing Medicine, 2nd ed. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/bv.fcgi?rid=citmed.TOC&depth=2
you can also refer to the following
(i) In text citations: (citing of references in the manuscript text)
⢠Superscript without any square or round brackets should be used to cite the reference in the text after full stop or periods or before any colons or semi colons.
Example :
ď§ ......preferred option. 3
ď§ .....preferred option3 ;
⢠For citing more than one reference at a time, cite each reference number separated by a comma, or by a dash for a sequence of consecutive numbers. There should be no spaces between commas or dashes For example: 1,5,6-8.
⢠The original number used for a reference is reused each time the reference is cited
Here I am sharing my presentation of
Research Skills : Documentation & Fundamentals of Literary Research. Subject of presentation is 'The importance of Citation'
Broadly, a citation is a reference to a published or unpublished source (not always the original source). More precisely, a citation is an abbreviated alphanumeric expression embedded in the body of an intellectual work that denotes an entry in the bibliographic references section of the work for the purpose of acknowledging the relevance of the works of others to the topic of discussion at the spot where the citation appears.
Generally the combination of both the in-body citation and the bibliographic entry constitutes what is commonly thought of as a citation (whereas bibliographic entries by themselves are not).
References to single, machine-readable assertions in electronic scientific articles are known as nano-publications, a form of micro-attribution. Citation has several important purposes: to uphold intellectual honesty (or avoiding plagiarism), to attribute prior or unoriginal work and ideas to the correct sources, to allow the reader to determine independently whether the referenced material supports the author's argument in the claimed way, and to help the reader gauge the strength and validity of the material the author has used.
Our Journal recommends and adheres to Vancouver style for Reference listingauthors boards
Â
For the complete guide to the Vancouver Style, please consult this online book: Citing Medicine, 2nd ed. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/bv.fcgi?rid=citmed.TOC&depth=2
you can also refer to the following
(i) In text citations: (citing of references in the manuscript text)
⢠Superscript without any square or round brackets should be used to cite the reference in the text after full stop or periods or before any colons or semi colons.
Example :
ď§ ......preferred option. 3
ď§ .....preferred option3 ;
⢠For citing more than one reference at a time, cite each reference number separated by a comma, or by a dash for a sequence of consecutive numbers. There should be no spaces between commas or dashes For example: 1,5,6-8.
⢠The original number used for a reference is reused each time the reference is cited
Here I am sharing my presentation of
Research Skills : Documentation & Fundamentals of Literary Research. Subject of presentation is 'The importance of Citation'
This presentation aims at providing key aspects of referencing, citing, plagiarism, referencing styles (esp. the Harvard style), and reference management software.
This presentation is about citing articles in journals in the research papers in different reference styles like APA Style, Chicago Style, Harvard Style, MLA Style etc.
APA Citation
1
What is APA style?
Standardized system for giving credit to others for their contribution to your work
Is parenthetical (cited in the text)
Guidelines for headings and a reference list
2
Parenthetical, which means the citations appear in the text of your paper. Also a reference list weâll get to later.
What is APA style?
Authorâs Last Name
Year of Publication
Page Number (if a direct quote)
3
Intro: In these citation, they call for three things.
Why Should I Use APA?
Shows honesty about borrowing othersâ intellectual property
Provides evidence of your research
Allows readers to locate your sources
Prevents plagiarism
Honesty=much different from hip-hop and electronic music where borrowing without giving credit is a norm. Academic norm is to explicitly give credit.
4
What kind of source do I have?
Book
Page from a Website
Academic (Peer-Reviewed) Journal
In-text Citations: Direct Quote
Example from article (Original Sentence)
âThis case study showed that the dominant upper back pain decreased after the RSP decreased through application of RST by using kinesiology tape in a female sedentary worker.â
1. Authorsâ names 2. Year of Publication 3. Page number
(2013)
Hwang-Bo, Lee, & Kim
discovered
âdominant upper back pain decreased after the RSP decreased through application of RST by using kinesiology tape in a female sedentary workerâ
(p. 611).
Inserted authorsâ names, year, and page number at beginning and end
Noticed I also cut off the first part of the sentence because it didnât really fit with how I wanted to construct my sentence and I want to emphasize their findings.
First time we spell out all name for sources with 1-5 authors. After that, 3,4,5 authors get shortcut the second time. 6 or more authors are always abbreviated.
8
Citation at end of sentence
âdominant upper
back pain decreased after the RSP decreased
through application of RST by using kinesiology
tape in a female sedentary workerâ
Researchers discovered that
(Hwang-Bo,
Lee, & Kim, 2013, p. 611).
Subsequent References
1-2 authors-----Always spell out all names
Smith (2001) saidâŚ.
Smith and Jones (1980) examinedâŚ
Applicantsâ expectations are outlandish (Smith, 2001).
Applicantsâ expectations are outlandish (Smith and Jones, 1980).
*Note that these are paraphrases.
Subsequent References: 3-5 Authors
First Reference:
Wiley, Smith, & Jones (2015) stated most left-handers are artistic.
Most left-handers are artistic (Wiley, Smith, & Jones, 2015).
Spell out all names first mention, then use âet al.â
11
Subsequent References: 3-5 Authors
Subsequent Reference: Wiley et al. (2015) state scary movies affect left-handers more than right-handers.
Scary movies affect left-handers more than right-handers (Wiley et al., 2015).
6 or more Authors
Start with first author, then use âet al.â
Johnson et al. (2015) defend the claim thatâŚ..
No Author Named
Use short ...
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2. Introduction
Citing references properly and appropriately in scientific research
papers is crucial to acknowledge your sources and give credit
wherever required. Science progresses only by building upon the
work of others.
Every formal research paper includes a list of bibliographic citations
describing the books, articles, and other sources consulted.
You should acknowledge a source any time (and every time) you use
a fact or an idea that you obtained from that source.
3. Why citation is important
Why citation is important
1) Ideas are the currency of academia
First, citing sources is crucial because the currency of academia is
ideas.
2) Failing to cite violates the rights of the person who originated
the idea
Second, keeping track of sources is important because, if you use
someone else's idea without giving credit, you violate that person's
ownership of the idea.
3) Academics need to be able to trace the geneology of ideas
Third, keeping track of sources is essential because academics value
being able to trace the way ideas develop.
4. Various citation formats
A citation can appear in various formats:
1) Within the text (in-text citation)
2) At the bottom of the page (footnotes)
3) At the end of the paper (endnotes)
The citation style varies with the style guide. In this presentation,
we will be discussing the different citation styles used in the
Council of Science Editors (CSE) style guide.
5. Citation styles used in the Council of
Science Editors (CSE) Style Guide
In-text references
CSE offers three systems of documentation for in-text
references:
1) Citation-name system
2) Citation-sequence system
3) Name-year system
6. In-text references
1) Citation-name system:
Sources are numbered alphabetically by each author's last name
in the reference list at the end of your paper.
In the sentences of your paper, cite these sources using the
number from the reference list.
This means that the in-text citation 1 refers to the first source in
your alphabetical list.
7. In-text references
2) Citation-sequence system:
Sources are numbered in the reference list at the end of the paper
by the order in which you refer to them in your paper. In the
sentences of your paper, cite these sources using the number from
the reference list. This means that the in-text citation 1 refers to the
first source mentioned in your text.
The aforementioned two systems further include the following:
a) Citing multiple sources in one sentence
b) Citing one source in multiple sentence
c) Citing sources in tables and figures
8. In-text references
2) Citation-sequence system:
a) Citing multiple sources in one sentence
If the numbers are not in a continuous sequence, use commas
(with no spaces) between numbers. If you have more than two
numbers in a continuous sequence, use the first and last number of
the sequence joined by a hyphen.
For the non-dimorphic polistines such as Polistes, Ropalidia and
others, the long-standing view is that differences in the quantity of
nourishment received during the larval stage act as a "nutritional
switch" to bias development toward one caste or the other 7,8,11-
14.
9. In-text references
2) Citation-sequence system:
b) Citing one source in multiple sentences
Once you have assigned a source a number, use that same number
every time you cite it.
Moreover, the use of ROMP is advantageous because it can yield
polymers of well-defined length 6. To synthesize the target
polymers 8a and 8b we employed the ruthenium initiator
(H2IMes)(3-Br-py)2(Cl)2RudCHPh. Its rate of initiation relative to
propagation affords polymers of well-defined average lengths 6,8.
10. In-text references
2) Citation-sequence system:
c) Citing sources in tables and figures
Avoid using superscripted numerals in figures where they might be
misconstrued as exponents. Instead, use superscripted letters like
a,b for tables and figures. List them sequentially after all the text
citations.
Moreover, citations precede the final punctuation of the sentence
that contains the reference.
11. In-text references
3) Name-year system:
Sources are listed alphabetically in the reference list at the end of
your paper. In the sentences of your paper, cite these sources by
giving the author's last name and year of publication in
parentheses.
Name-year in-text reference in CSE style takes the form of the
author's last name and the year of publication in parentheses.
These can further include the following:
⢠A source written by one author
The rapid discovery of the unique mechanisms underlying crown gall
disease demonstrated how quickly an area could advince given
significant investment and competition (Zambryski 1988).
12. In-text references
⢠A source written by two authors
⢠A source written by three or more authors
Initial infection of tubers by H. solani occurs in the field either from
the seed tuber (Jellis and Taylor 1977) or soil (Merida and Loria
1994).
For example, terrestrial carbon can play a central role in supporting
lake food webs (Pace et al. 2004), while the problem of aquatic
ecosystem eutrophication is driven by urban and agricultural land
use that contributes nutrients to downstream aquatic systems
(Carpenter et al. 1998).
13. In-text references
Furthermore, the following points need to be noted:
⢠Cite sources as close as practicable to the information they
support. This might mean citing a source at the end of a
sentence or in the middle of a sentence.
⢠If you name your author in the sentence near the citation, you
do not need to repeat that name in the citation itself.
14. End references and the reference list
The goal of your reference list is to help your reader identify each
numbered source quickly and clearly. CSE has standardized the
information to be provided for ease and predictability of reading.
What to call your reference list
"Reference list" is a generic term used by CSE for the list of sources
at the end of your document.
Your list should be given a more formal title: References or Cited
References.
If you used some documents as sources but did not cite them in
your paper, list them alphabetically by author under the heading
Additional References.
15. End references and the reference list
Format your end references
⢠Authors' first names are rendered as capitals after their
surnames.
⢠The reference list is organized alphabetically by author's last
name. When there is more than one work by an author, those
works are organized chronologically.
Otegui MS, Kiessling LL, Batzli J.
Allen C, Bent A, Charkowski AO. 2009.
Bennett AB, Gratton C. 2012.
Bennett AB, Gratton C. 2013.
Gratton C, Vander Zanden MJ. 2009
16. End references and the reference list
⢠Only the first word of a book or article title should be capitalized.
⢠Titles are not italicized. However, species names are italicized.
⢠To save space, journal titles are abbreviated according to the ISO
4 standard, shortening significant words and omitting
insignificant words.
The fat-soluble vitamins: handbook of lipid research 2.
In vitro and in vivo reconstitution of the cadherin-catenin-actin
complex from Caenorhabditis elegans.
Livestock Prod Sci.
Biochem Mol Biol Educ.
J Dairy Sci.
17. End references and the reference list
⢠Year of publication and volume number are required for all
references to articles. Issue number is strongly recommended. To
save space, use no spaces to separate an article's date, volume,
and page.
Annu Rev Phytopathol. 50:425-49.
Mol Plant Microbe Interact. 24(7):773-86.