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2. 3 Key Components of an Effective Literature
Review:
Selection of Related
Literature
Citation of Related Literature
Synthesizing Information from
Relevant
Literature
1
2
3

3. 4 Key Components of an Effective Literature
Review:
Selection of
RELATED
LITERATURE

4. CRITERIA OF SELECTION
1. Relevance
 Evaluate the extent to which the literature
addresses the key themes, concepts, or issues
central to your research.
 Select sources that offer insights and
perspectives that align with your research
objectives.

5. CRITERIA OF SELECTION
2. Currency
 Consider the publication date of the sources and
prioritize recent literature to ensure that you are
incorporating the latest findings and developments in
your field.
 However, also recognize the value of seminal works and
foundational texts that may still be relevant despite their
age.

6. CRITERIA OF SELECTION
3. Authority
 Assess the credibility and expertise of the authors,
publishers, or institutions associated with the literature.
 Look for peer-reviewed sources, reputable journals, or
books from recognized experts in the field to ensure the
reliability of the information.

7. CRITERIA OF SELECTION
4. Scope / Coverage
 Determine the breadth and depth of coverage provided
by the literature.
 Balance between including sources that offer a broad
overview of the topic and those that delve deeply into
specific aspects or subtopics relevant to your research.

8. 3 Key Components of an Effective Literature
Review:
Citation of
RELATED
LITERATURE

9. • It is a way of strengthening or concretizing one’s idea by
citing the similar or relevant ideas or findings of other
researchers and authorities. Documentation was done
through footnoting or parenthetical reference citation.
Modern writers is now using parenthetical reference style.
The style is called “American Psychological Association
style” or APA style.

10. IMPORTANCE OF
CITATION
 Citations play a crucial role in academic research by acknowledging
the contributions of previous scholars and providing credibility to your
own work.
 Proper citation practices demonstrate academic integrity, as they
give credit to the original authors and sources of ideas, data, and
concepts incorporated into your research.
 Citations also allow readers to locate and verify the sources
referenced in your work, facilitating further exploration and
understanding of the topic.

11. TWO WAYS OF CITING
SOURCES
The common information used in this manner of citation are
the following:
a. Author’s name
b. Date of publication of the source
c. Page number where you found the information

12. TWO WAYS OF CITING
SOURCES
The common information used in this manner of citation are the
following:
a. Author’s name e. Place of publication
b. Date of publication of the source f. Volume
c. Page the information was found g. Edition
d. Publisher h. Other valuable
information

13. GUIDELINES FOR IN-TEXT
CITATION

14. GUIDELINES FOR IN-TEXT
CITATION

15. GUIDELINES FOR IN-TEXT
CITATION

16. 3 COMMON CITATION STYLES
1. American Psychological Association (APA)
2. Modern Language Association (MLA)
3. Chicago Manual of Style (CMS)

17. Works by single author
 According to Flippo (1984) proper job performance is achieved only if
employees are trained because they will improve their skills.
 Flippo (1984) stated the relationship or training and performance, thus:
 “After personnel have been obtained, they must be to some degree
developed. Development has to do with the increase of skill through
training, that is necessary for proper job performance (Flippo, 1984).”

18. Works by multiple authors
• When a work has two authors, always cite
both names every time the reference
occurs in the text. In parenthetical material
join the names with an ampersand (&).

19. • In the narrative text, join the names with the word "and."
as Leiter and Maslach (1998) demonstrated
• When a work has three, four, or five authors, cite all
authors the first time the reference occurs.
Kahneman, Knetsch, and Thaler (1991) found
Works by multiple authors

20. What is Referencing?
Referencing is about
acknowledging the ownership of
resources used in your academic
writing, and provides information
necessary to identify and retrieve the
work cited in the text.

21. What is APA?
APA referencing style is an author-date
referencing system published by the American
Psychological Association.
Two components in APA referencing style:
 in-text citations; and
 their corresponding reference list
entries..

22. What is APA?
APA referencing style is an author-date
referencing system published by the American
Psychological Association.
Two components in APA referencing style:
 in-text citations; and
 their corresponding reference list
entries..
NOTE: These two components must be strictly done with anything
that you have read, used and referred to in your study.

23. Reference Management Software

25. Generally, Ethics is considered to deal
with beliefs about what is right or wrong,
proper or improper, good or bad. According to
a dictionary definition (Webster‘s 1968), to be
ethical is to conform to accepted professional
practice.

26. 1. Objectivity and Integrity
2. Respect of the rights of research participants to privacy, dignity,
and protection from personal harm.
3. Presentation of research findings

27. 4. Misuse of research role
5. Acknowledgment of collaboration and assistance
6. Distortion of findings by sponsor