This document provides guidelines for citing and referencing sources in academic work, including:
- Defining citing, referencing, quotations, and why they are important in scholarly work
- Explaining the differences between references, bibliographies, and citing printed versus online sources
- Providing examples of direct and indirect quotations and how to format block quotations, quotations within quotations, and omitted text
- Describing several common referencing styles like APA, MLA, Chicago, and Vancouver
- Detailing specific formatting guidelines for APA style papers regarding fonts, paragraphs, page numbers, spellings, bullets, and footnotes.
A bibliography is a list of all sources used in an assignment, organized alphabetically by author's last name. If no author is listed, sources are organized alphabetically by title. The bibliography includes full details of books, book chapters, journal articles, newspaper articles, encyclopedia articles, audiovisual materials, webpages, and personal communications. Personal communications are not included in the bibliography but referenced in-text. The document provides examples of how to format different source types in a bibliography using APA referencing style.
This document defines and provides examples of primary and secondary sources. Primary sources are original materials created during the time being studied, such as diaries, autobiographies, speeches, historical documents, photographs, recordings, and letters. Secondary sources are materials created after the event as interpretations or analyses of primary sources, such as biographies, textbooks, encyclopedias, newspaper or magazine articles analyzing past events, and oral histories. Primary sources provide direct insight from participants, while secondary sources provide context and interpretation from later authors.
This document provides an overview of the key elements of papers formatted in APA style, including the title page, body text, reference list, in-text citations, reference citations, paraphrasing, and quoting. It details the information that should be included on the title page, the formatting of the body text and reference list, and the proper way to structure in-text and reference citations.
The document defines a bibliography and annotated bibliography and provides examples of their formats. A bibliography is a list of sources used in a work, while an annotated bibliography includes a brief description of each source. The document outlines APA style guidelines for bibliographies, including formatting citations with hanging indents and references in alphabetical order. It also provides examples of citing different source types such as books, articles, websites and encyclopedias. For annotated bibliographies, each citation is followed by a 150-word paragraph evaluation.
Referencing in research, vancouver style reference and citation in research reports, APA style reference, referencing etc
Vancouver style reference system is commonly followed in research reports including nursing and medical research
This document provides guidelines for formatting papers in APA style, including how to cite sources in-text and create a reference list according to the 7th edition of the APA Publication Manual. It explains that in-text citations usually include the author's name and date, and the reference list provides full details of each cited source in alphabetical order. Examples are given for citing different source types like books, journal articles, websites, and more within papers and reference lists.
This document provides guidance on formatting papers and citing sources according to APA style. It explains why citations are important, when to cite, basic APA formatting guidelines for papers, how to format in-text citations, the reference list, and examples of citing different source types such as books, ebooks, and journal articles. Special attention is given to formatting titles, parenthetical citations, reference list entries, and including necessary publication information for different source formats.
A bibliography is a list of all sources used in an assignment, organized alphabetically by author's last name. If no author is listed, sources are organized alphabetically by title. The bibliography includes full details of books, book chapters, journal articles, newspaper articles, encyclopedia articles, audiovisual materials, webpages, and personal communications. Personal communications are not included in the bibliography but referenced in-text. The document provides examples of how to format different source types in a bibliography using APA referencing style.
This document defines and provides examples of primary and secondary sources. Primary sources are original materials created during the time being studied, such as diaries, autobiographies, speeches, historical documents, photographs, recordings, and letters. Secondary sources are materials created after the event as interpretations or analyses of primary sources, such as biographies, textbooks, encyclopedias, newspaper or magazine articles analyzing past events, and oral histories. Primary sources provide direct insight from participants, while secondary sources provide context and interpretation from later authors.
This document provides an overview of the key elements of papers formatted in APA style, including the title page, body text, reference list, in-text citations, reference citations, paraphrasing, and quoting. It details the information that should be included on the title page, the formatting of the body text and reference list, and the proper way to structure in-text and reference citations.
The document defines a bibliography and annotated bibliography and provides examples of their formats. A bibliography is a list of sources used in a work, while an annotated bibliography includes a brief description of each source. The document outlines APA style guidelines for bibliographies, including formatting citations with hanging indents and references in alphabetical order. It also provides examples of citing different source types such as books, articles, websites and encyclopedias. For annotated bibliographies, each citation is followed by a 150-word paragraph evaluation.
Referencing in research, vancouver style reference and citation in research reports, APA style reference, referencing etc
Vancouver style reference system is commonly followed in research reports including nursing and medical research
This document provides guidelines for formatting papers in APA style, including how to cite sources in-text and create a reference list according to the 7th edition of the APA Publication Manual. It explains that in-text citations usually include the author's name and date, and the reference list provides full details of each cited source in alphabetical order. Examples are given for citing different source types like books, journal articles, websites, and more within papers and reference lists.
This document provides guidance on formatting papers and citing sources according to APA style. It explains why citations are important, when to cite, basic APA formatting guidelines for papers, how to format in-text citations, the reference list, and examples of citing different source types such as books, ebooks, and journal articles. Special attention is given to formatting titles, parenthetical citations, reference list entries, and including necessary publication information for different source formats.
The document provides an overview of APA referencing including why references are needed, how to create citations and references, the differences between quoting and paraphrasing, and how to check references are correct using Library Search and Cite Them Right Online. It explains the key components of in-text citations and reference list entries for different source types such as books, journal articles, and webpages according to APA style. Examples are given of correctly formatted citations and references.
This document provides an introduction to citing sources in APA style, including how to cite sources in both text and a reference list. It explains the basics of citing paraphrasing and direct quotes, including how to format in-text citations. Examples are provided throughout to illustrate how to properly cite different source types according to the APA 7th edition guidelines.
Here I am sharing my presentation of
Research Skills : Documentation & Fundamentals of Literary Research. Subject of presentation is 'The importance of Citation'
The document discusses different types of information sources, including primary and secondary sources. Primary sources are original materials that other research is based on, such as research papers, theses, and conference proceedings. Secondary sources are interpretations and evaluations of primary sources, including textbooks, review articles, and edited books. The document also discusses how to search for information on PubMed, including searching by author, subject, journal, and using Medical Subject Headings (MeSH) terms to narrow search results. Filters can also be used to refine PubMed searches.
This document provides information about referencing styles and guidelines. It discusses the purpose of referencing, which is to avoid plagiarism, acknowledge others' work, and validate arguments. It then describes several common referencing styles used in different academic disciplines, such as APA, MLA, Chicago, and AMA styles. The document gives detailed guidelines for formatting references according to the APA style, including how to cite different publication types like books, journal articles, websites, and more.
This document provides an introduction to bibliographies for 6th grade students. It defines a bibliography as a list of all sources used to support a topic. Bibliographies are used in reports with statistics, papers that use ideas from authors, and research papers. Sources can include textbooks, reference books, relevant books, encyclopedias, and reliable websites. Students must cite sources by including them in the bibliography to avoid plagiarism. The number of required sources depends on the teacher's instructions. Types of sources and the necessary bibliographic information for each are described, such as author, title, publisher, date for books and website URL and access date for websites. The bibliography must be alphabetized.
APA (American Psychological Association) Citation and ReferencingBakht Munir
The document provides information about APA (American Psychological Association) style for citations and references in academic writing. It discusses the general format for APA papers including font, line spacing, margins, and page numbering. It also covers the title page format including required elements. The main sections of a research thesis are outlined. Guidelines are provided for in-text citations, reference list format for different source types like books, articles, websites. Plagiarism and referencing styles are also discussed.
This document outlines the coursework and schedule for an Advanced English for Academic Communication course. It includes information on assignments that make up the coursework marks and topics to be covered each weekend of the course, including research planning, data collection and analysis, and writing a research report. The course will provide instruction on conducting research, including developing a research proposal, collecting and processing data, and writing each section of a research report.
The document provides information on three citation styles: Chicago, MLA, and APA. It describes the Chicago Manual of Style, a style guide published by the University of Chicago Press that is widely used in academic and some trade publishing. It then outlines the general guidelines and book/article citation formats for the MLA and APA styles, which are commonly used in the humanities/language arts and social/behavioral sciences respectively. The MLA section provides examples of citing books, articles, reference works, and online sources. The APA section briefly describes the style and provides examples of citing books by a single or multiple authors.
A bibliography is an orderly list of sources used in a project. It provides full reference information for all sources consulted, allowing readers to trace the sources. There are various bibliography styles like APA, MLA, and CBE used in different academic fields. These styles provide guidelines for formatting bibliographic references for various sources like books, articles, websites, and more.
This document defines what a bibliography is and provides guidelines for creating bibliographies in various styles. A bibliography is an alphabetical list of all materials used in a report or research paper. It acknowledges sources and gives them credit. There are various standardized styles for formatting bibliographies such as APA, MLA, Chicago and Turabian styles. The document outlines the general format and provides examples of how to cite different sources like books, journal articles, websites and films in a bibliography. It emphasizes acknowledging all sources used through a properly formatted bibliography.
This document provides instructions for citing sources and creating bibliographies in Microsoft Word. It explains how to insert citations, manage sources by adding and editing them, choose a bibliography style such as APA or MLA, and generate a bibliography from the citations and sources in a document. Creating a bibliography requires having at least one citation and corresponding source entry.
This document provides information about different citation styles including MLA and APA. It discusses the key elements included in citations for different types of sources like books, journal articles, government publications, dissertations, and web sources. Examples are provided for how to cite these different materials according to MLA and APA styles. Guidance is also given on citing multiple works by the same author and unpublished versus published dissertations.
The document outlines the writing process in 5 steps: prewriting where the author brainstorms and organizes ideas, drafting where the first version is written, revising where the draft is read aloud and changes are made, editing to correct punctuation, spelling, and grammar, and publishing where the final work is shared with others.
APA style is a widely used format for documenting sources, especially in the social sciences. It provides a consistent style that allows readers to easily cross-reference sources. Following APA style gives credibility as a writer and protects against plagiarism. The main components of APA style are in-text citations that refer to a reference page listing all sources cited. The reference page provides the necessary information for readers to locate and retrieve any cited sources. Additional help with APA style is available through the Purdue OWL website or by emailing the provided address.
References-Importance and writing StyleVarun Girme
This document provides information about referencing and writing styles. It discusses the importance of referencing, abbreviations and terms used, and different referencing systems like Harvard, Vancouver, APA, and Chicago styles. Specific details are given about the Harvard style, including how to cite sources in-text, format quotations, use page numbers, and structure the reference list. Examples are also provided for referencing various sources like books, journal articles, and electronic materials.
This document provides an overview of referencing and avoiding plagiarism. It defines referencing as acknowledging the intellectual work of others and discusses the differences between reference lists and bibliographies. It also defines plagiarism, provides examples, and discusses consequences. Additionally, it covers topics such as criteria for choosing references, principles of referencing, what to reference, and reference styles like Harvard style. Finally, it discusses using reference management software like Mendeley and Zotero to simplify the referencing process.
This document provides a summary of MLA style guidelines for formatting papers and citing sources, including:
- MLA style regulates document formatting, in-text citations, and reference lists. It specifies guidelines for font, spacing, margins, headings, and titles.
- Sources must be cited in the text and listed in a references page whenever using others' ideas and words, whether quoting, paraphrasing, or summarizing.
- Citation formats are provided for different source types like books, articles, reviews, and websites. Book citations include author, title, publisher, year. Article citations include author, title, journal, date, page range.
- Guidelines cover citing multiple works by the same
Broadly, a citation is a reference to a published or unpublished source (not always the original source). More precisely, a citation is an abbreviated alphanumeric expression embedded in the body of an intellectual work that denotes an entry in the bibliographic references section of the work for the purpose of acknowledging the relevance of the works of others to the topic of discussion at the spot where the citation appears.
Generally the combination of both the in-body citation and the bibliographic entry constitutes what is commonly thought of as a citation (whereas bibliographic entries by themselves are not).
References to single, machine-readable assertions in electronic scientific articles are known as nano-publications, a form of micro-attribution. Citation has several important purposes: to uphold intellectual honesty (or avoiding plagiarism), to attribute prior or unoriginal work and ideas to the correct sources, to allow the reader to determine independently whether the referenced material supports the author's argument in the claimed way, and to help the reader gauge the strength and validity of the material the author has used.
This document provides guidance on conducting a literature review for a research paper or proposal. It discusses the key components and purposes of a literature review, including conceptualizing the problem, justifying the study variables and hypotheses, and differentiating the proposed approach. The document also covers locating relevant literature through electronic databases and print resources, analyzing and organizing the literature, and writing the literature review in a structured format with an introduction, body, summary, and bibliography. The overall goal of the literature review is to situate the research problem within existing scientific work and knowledge.
The document provides an overview of APA style formatting and citation guidelines. It discusses the key aspects of APA style including in-text citations, references, titles, headings, tables, figures, and general paper formatting. The guidelines cover topics such as using active voice, quoting and paraphrasing sources, citing works by multiple authors, and citing sources with no page numbers. Examples are provided throughout to illustrate how to format different parts of a paper and cite various source types according to APA style.
APA POWERPOINT REPORT WRITING GUIDELINES.pptxBONNIEPARRISH1
The document provides an overview of APA style formatting and citation guidelines. It discusses the key aspects of APA style including in-text citations, references, titles, headings, tables, figures, and general paper formatting. The guidelines cover topics such as using active voice, quoting and paraphrasing sources, citing works by multiple authors, and citing sources with no page numbers. Examples are provided throughout to illustrate how to format different parts of a paper and cite various source types according to APA style.
The document provides an overview of APA referencing including why references are needed, how to create citations and references, the differences between quoting and paraphrasing, and how to check references are correct using Library Search and Cite Them Right Online. It explains the key components of in-text citations and reference list entries for different source types such as books, journal articles, and webpages according to APA style. Examples are given of correctly formatted citations and references.
This document provides an introduction to citing sources in APA style, including how to cite sources in both text and a reference list. It explains the basics of citing paraphrasing and direct quotes, including how to format in-text citations. Examples are provided throughout to illustrate how to properly cite different source types according to the APA 7th edition guidelines.
Here I am sharing my presentation of
Research Skills : Documentation & Fundamentals of Literary Research. Subject of presentation is 'The importance of Citation'
The document discusses different types of information sources, including primary and secondary sources. Primary sources are original materials that other research is based on, such as research papers, theses, and conference proceedings. Secondary sources are interpretations and evaluations of primary sources, including textbooks, review articles, and edited books. The document also discusses how to search for information on PubMed, including searching by author, subject, journal, and using Medical Subject Headings (MeSH) terms to narrow search results. Filters can also be used to refine PubMed searches.
This document provides information about referencing styles and guidelines. It discusses the purpose of referencing, which is to avoid plagiarism, acknowledge others' work, and validate arguments. It then describes several common referencing styles used in different academic disciplines, such as APA, MLA, Chicago, and AMA styles. The document gives detailed guidelines for formatting references according to the APA style, including how to cite different publication types like books, journal articles, websites, and more.
This document provides an introduction to bibliographies for 6th grade students. It defines a bibliography as a list of all sources used to support a topic. Bibliographies are used in reports with statistics, papers that use ideas from authors, and research papers. Sources can include textbooks, reference books, relevant books, encyclopedias, and reliable websites. Students must cite sources by including them in the bibliography to avoid plagiarism. The number of required sources depends on the teacher's instructions. Types of sources and the necessary bibliographic information for each are described, such as author, title, publisher, date for books and website URL and access date for websites. The bibliography must be alphabetized.
APA (American Psychological Association) Citation and ReferencingBakht Munir
The document provides information about APA (American Psychological Association) style for citations and references in academic writing. It discusses the general format for APA papers including font, line spacing, margins, and page numbering. It also covers the title page format including required elements. The main sections of a research thesis are outlined. Guidelines are provided for in-text citations, reference list format for different source types like books, articles, websites. Plagiarism and referencing styles are also discussed.
This document outlines the coursework and schedule for an Advanced English for Academic Communication course. It includes information on assignments that make up the coursework marks and topics to be covered each weekend of the course, including research planning, data collection and analysis, and writing a research report. The course will provide instruction on conducting research, including developing a research proposal, collecting and processing data, and writing each section of a research report.
The document provides information on three citation styles: Chicago, MLA, and APA. It describes the Chicago Manual of Style, a style guide published by the University of Chicago Press that is widely used in academic and some trade publishing. It then outlines the general guidelines and book/article citation formats for the MLA and APA styles, which are commonly used in the humanities/language arts and social/behavioral sciences respectively. The MLA section provides examples of citing books, articles, reference works, and online sources. The APA section briefly describes the style and provides examples of citing books by a single or multiple authors.
A bibliography is an orderly list of sources used in a project. It provides full reference information for all sources consulted, allowing readers to trace the sources. There are various bibliography styles like APA, MLA, and CBE used in different academic fields. These styles provide guidelines for formatting bibliographic references for various sources like books, articles, websites, and more.
This document defines what a bibliography is and provides guidelines for creating bibliographies in various styles. A bibliography is an alphabetical list of all materials used in a report or research paper. It acknowledges sources and gives them credit. There are various standardized styles for formatting bibliographies such as APA, MLA, Chicago and Turabian styles. The document outlines the general format and provides examples of how to cite different sources like books, journal articles, websites and films in a bibliography. It emphasizes acknowledging all sources used through a properly formatted bibliography.
This document provides instructions for citing sources and creating bibliographies in Microsoft Word. It explains how to insert citations, manage sources by adding and editing them, choose a bibliography style such as APA or MLA, and generate a bibliography from the citations and sources in a document. Creating a bibliography requires having at least one citation and corresponding source entry.
This document provides information about different citation styles including MLA and APA. It discusses the key elements included in citations for different types of sources like books, journal articles, government publications, dissertations, and web sources. Examples are provided for how to cite these different materials according to MLA and APA styles. Guidance is also given on citing multiple works by the same author and unpublished versus published dissertations.
The document outlines the writing process in 5 steps: prewriting where the author brainstorms and organizes ideas, drafting where the first version is written, revising where the draft is read aloud and changes are made, editing to correct punctuation, spelling, and grammar, and publishing where the final work is shared with others.
APA style is a widely used format for documenting sources, especially in the social sciences. It provides a consistent style that allows readers to easily cross-reference sources. Following APA style gives credibility as a writer and protects against plagiarism. The main components of APA style are in-text citations that refer to a reference page listing all sources cited. The reference page provides the necessary information for readers to locate and retrieve any cited sources. Additional help with APA style is available through the Purdue OWL website or by emailing the provided address.
References-Importance and writing StyleVarun Girme
This document provides information about referencing and writing styles. It discusses the importance of referencing, abbreviations and terms used, and different referencing systems like Harvard, Vancouver, APA, and Chicago styles. Specific details are given about the Harvard style, including how to cite sources in-text, format quotations, use page numbers, and structure the reference list. Examples are also provided for referencing various sources like books, journal articles, and electronic materials.
This document provides an overview of referencing and avoiding plagiarism. It defines referencing as acknowledging the intellectual work of others and discusses the differences between reference lists and bibliographies. It also defines plagiarism, provides examples, and discusses consequences. Additionally, it covers topics such as criteria for choosing references, principles of referencing, what to reference, and reference styles like Harvard style. Finally, it discusses using reference management software like Mendeley and Zotero to simplify the referencing process.
This document provides a summary of MLA style guidelines for formatting papers and citing sources, including:
- MLA style regulates document formatting, in-text citations, and reference lists. It specifies guidelines for font, spacing, margins, headings, and titles.
- Sources must be cited in the text and listed in a references page whenever using others' ideas and words, whether quoting, paraphrasing, or summarizing.
- Citation formats are provided for different source types like books, articles, reviews, and websites. Book citations include author, title, publisher, year. Article citations include author, title, journal, date, page range.
- Guidelines cover citing multiple works by the same
Broadly, a citation is a reference to a published or unpublished source (not always the original source). More precisely, a citation is an abbreviated alphanumeric expression embedded in the body of an intellectual work that denotes an entry in the bibliographic references section of the work for the purpose of acknowledging the relevance of the works of others to the topic of discussion at the spot where the citation appears.
Generally the combination of both the in-body citation and the bibliographic entry constitutes what is commonly thought of as a citation (whereas bibliographic entries by themselves are not).
References to single, machine-readable assertions in electronic scientific articles are known as nano-publications, a form of micro-attribution. Citation has several important purposes: to uphold intellectual honesty (or avoiding plagiarism), to attribute prior or unoriginal work and ideas to the correct sources, to allow the reader to determine independently whether the referenced material supports the author's argument in the claimed way, and to help the reader gauge the strength and validity of the material the author has used.
This document provides guidance on conducting a literature review for a research paper or proposal. It discusses the key components and purposes of a literature review, including conceptualizing the problem, justifying the study variables and hypotheses, and differentiating the proposed approach. The document also covers locating relevant literature through electronic databases and print resources, analyzing and organizing the literature, and writing the literature review in a structured format with an introduction, body, summary, and bibliography. The overall goal of the literature review is to situate the research problem within existing scientific work and knowledge.
The document provides an overview of APA style formatting and citation guidelines. It discusses the key aspects of APA style including in-text citations, references, titles, headings, tables, figures, and general paper formatting. The guidelines cover topics such as using active voice, quoting and paraphrasing sources, citing works by multiple authors, and citing sources with no page numbers. Examples are provided throughout to illustrate how to format different parts of a paper and cite various source types according to APA style.
APA POWERPOINT REPORT WRITING GUIDELINES.pptxBONNIEPARRISH1
The document provides an overview of APA style formatting and citation guidelines. It discusses the key aspects of APA style including in-text citations, references, titles, headings, tables, figures, and general paper formatting. The guidelines cover topics such as using active voice, quoting and paraphrasing sources, citing works by multiple authors, and citing sources with no page numbers. Examples are provided throughout to illustrate how to format different parts of a paper and cite various source types according to APA style.
The document provides an overview of the American Psychological Association (APA) style format, which is commonly used for manuscripts in the social sciences. It discusses the key aspects of APA style including in-text citations, references, general paper formatting, title pages for student and professional papers, types of APA papers such as quantitative, qualitative, and literature reviews, and how to write summaries, paraphrases, and quotations with citations. The document serves as a guide for students on how to properly format and cite sources in APA style.
This document provides an overview of the American Psychological Association (APA) style guide for formatting papers and citations. It discusses the general paper format, including title page layout, section headings, font, margins and page numbers. It also reviews in-text citation formats, reference list entries, and guidelines for quoting and paraphrasing sources. The key aspects of APA style covered include title case, active voice, signal phrases, and citing multiple authors.
The document provides an overview of APA style formatting and citation guidelines. It discusses the key aspects of APA style including in-text citations, references, headings, tables, figures, and general paper formatting. The guidelines cover topics such as using author-date citations, order of sections, title page formatting for student and professional papers, reference list creation, and citing different source types such as personal communications.
This document provides an introduction to referencing using APA style. It defines referencing and plagiarism, and explains why referencing is important. It outlines the key components of in-text citations and reference lists in APA style. Examples are provided for different types of citations, including journal articles, books, quotations, and paraphrasing. Guidelines are given for constructing a reference list alphabetically by author. An exercise provides practice writing full references according to APA style.
AMERICAN PSYCHOLOGICAL ASSOCIATION REFERENCING STYLE & CITATIONMarkLeniel
The document provides information about the American Psychological Association (APA) style of citation and formatting. It discusses that APA was established in 1929 to standardize documentation sources. The APA style uses author-date citations and an alphabetical reference list. Key aspects of APA papers are a title page, abstract, main body in appropriate sections, and reference list. In-text citations include author and date, and references provide additional source details.
Running head TITLE OF ESSAY1TITLE OF ESSAY 2Title .docxtoddr4
Running head: TITLE OF ESSAY
1
TITLE OF ESSAY
2
Title of Essay
Author’s Name
University of the Cumberlands
Abstract
Abstracts are research tools that can help you readers determine if the scope of your article/essay will help them in their own research. In APA, abstracts are typically 150-250 words in length and provide an evaluative summary of the essay to follow. The personal opinion of the author is strictly prohibited in abstracts. Unlike a body paragraph, the first line of an abstract is not tabbed-in. For many student essays, especially in lower-numbers courses, an abstract will not be required; still, it is good to practice this skill.
Title of Essay
In APA style, the introduction of the essay should begin here, followed by the body paragraphs. APA is typically a more formal style than most students are accustomed to using in a writing course. For the purposes of this course, the level of formality should be based on the assignment. For example: APA asks that students always write in third person (avoiding words such as I, me, we, our(s), you, your(s), etc). Certain rhetorical modes, however, don’t cater well to third person (narrative and reflection writing are two such examples). In these situations, first person (I, me, we, our(s)) may be, and should be employed; second person (you, your(s)) should be avoided in all academic writing unless an essay is specifically designed to relay instructions (there are few assignments that will employ second person).
Like any essay, students should make sure their essays are formatted with one inch margins, with their text exclusively in Times New Roman 12-point font, and students should double space their lines. This document can be downloaded and used as a template wherein students may simply replace names, titles, dates, and so on with their own information.
The final page of this document will demonstrate a References page. If a student uses information from any source, that source must be identified within the text and listed on a References page. These citations should be listed in alphabetical order and, opposite to the way a normal paragraph works, the first line should be flush left and each following line should be tabbed in. Though there is really no substitute for a good APA Style Manual, students can refer to a citation generator such as www.citationmachine.net to ensure proper formatting. Any further questions should be directed to the instructor of the course.
References
Badley, G. (2009). A place from where to speak: The university and academic freedom. British
Journal of Educational Studies, 57(2), 146-163. doi:10.1111/j.1467-
8527.2009.00429.x
Baumanns, M., Biedenkopf, K., Cole, J. R., Kerrey, B., & Lee, B. (2009). The future of
universities and the fate of free inquiry and academic freedom: Question and answer
session. Social Research, 76(3), 867-886. Retrieved from EBSCOhost.
Berthoff, A. E. (2009). Learning the uses of chaos. In S. M.
1
AMERICAN PSYCHOLOGICAL ASSOCIATION
APA
GUIDE TO WRITING RESEARCH
PAPERS
How to Write a Research Paper
MONROE COLLEGE LIBRARY
Revised Sixth Edition
2
Glossary
Citation is the proper format of your sources information that belong on your Reference
page.
et al: In Latin means “and others” it’s used especially in referring to academic books or
articles that have more than one author.
Hanging Indent: All lines after the first line of each citation on your reference page should
be indented one-half inch from the left margin.
An in-text citation provides the information (quote/paraphrase) from a source in the body
of your paper.
Paraphrase: Where you rewrite part or all of someone else’s idea/information in your own
words.
Quote: If you copy word for word (verbatim) information from a source you must put the
information in “ ” (quotation marks).
A Reference(s) page is the last page of your paper where all the sources you have cited in
your paper are listed.
A source is the book/article/etc. you have used to help create your paper.
URL: Uniform (or Universal) Resource Locator is the address of the web page.
A Webpage is a single page that contains information on a topic.
A Website has a number of webpages that are connected by links.
A research paper requires time spent investigating and evaluating sources with the intent to offer
interpretations of the texts and a unique perspective on the topic at hand. It is the final product of the
following:
Research
Source evaluation
Critical thinking
Organization
Composition
Avoiding plagiarism
RESEARCH
Primary Sources are:
Diaries and autobiographies
Letters, historical documents, speeches and oral histories
Eye-witness accounts from newspapers
Raw data from questionnaires or interviews
Observations or experiments
Secondary Sources are:
Criticism
Biographies
Historical Analysis
Articles and case studies
3
SOURCE EVALUATION
Is the source useful?
Is it current?
Is it from a well-respected source?
Is the research up to date?
Take notes:
Summarize briefly restate in your own words the main ideas of the passage or article.
Paraphrase restate in your own word, in detail, the key ideas of the source.
Quoting use the source’s unique words surrounded by quote marks, “ ”, and record the source
and page.
Note down the information you will need for the MLA/APA citation.
Assemble a working bibliography: start a list of your sources that includes the title, author,
publication information and date for each source.
CRITICAL THINKING
Evaluate and interpret the ideas explored in sources and convey ideas of your own.
Synthesize sources: make sense of your sources by integrating information from two or more
sources to show how the ideas are similar or different.
Fine-tune your thesis or topic.
ORGANIZATIO.
The document provides an overview of APA style formatting and citation guidelines. It discusses the key aspects of APA style including in-text citations, references, general paper formatting, title pages, abstracts, and the main body. Key sections include quantitative and qualitative research articles, literature reviews, reference list formatting, and using both parenthetical and narrative citations and quoting sources.
APA Citation Style Guide To Bibliographic CitationScott Faria
This document provides guidelines for citing sources in APA style, including both in-text citations and references. It begins with an overview of when and what to cite to avoid plagiarism. It then discusses the basic formats for in-text citations, listing authors and years, and for reference list citations, with examples of citing books, articles, and other common sources. The document aims to help students properly cite sources used in research papers and other academic work.
This document provides an overview of the American Psychological Association (APA) style guidelines for academic writing. It discusses the two main types of APA papers - literature reviews and experimental reports. It also outlines common paper components like introductions, methods, and references. The document answers questions about how assigned papers may differ from typical APA manuscripts. It emphasizes asking the professor to clarify expectations. Overall, the document is a useful introduction and reference for students learning to write papers in APA style.
This document provides guidelines for referencing sources using the Vancouver referencing style. It discusses referencing books, journal articles, and conference presentations. The key points covered are:
- References should be listed numerically and in the same order they appear in the text.
- In-text citations use numbers in round brackets to correlate with the reference list.
- The reference list must include sufficient detail for readers to locate each reference.
- Examples are provided of how to format references for different source types, including required elements like author, title, publisher, date.
- Consistency is important when applying the Vancouver style within and across documents.
This document provides information about citing sources in APA style. It explains the general APA format for research papers, in-text citations, references, and it includes examples of how to cite different source types. The document is from the Purdue OWL, an online writing resource maintained by Purdue University writers and editors.
Apa Format Sample
Apa Format
APA FSB Style Standards
Apa Format
Importance Of Apa Format
Apa Format
Lab Report APA Format
Apa Format Analysis
Sample APA Paper
APA Style Format
Format For Apa Format
Guidelines To Write An Overall Paper
Sample Apa Research Paper
2 other
brmat,
fevelop-
tof sites
|gyou?
\r her
p. (^ V is
[e, what
lirWeb
b a look
Iprofile,
archer.
5 notes)
fpw this
Nation-
CHAPTER 6
Using Sources Effectively
The abilities to find and document sources and to develop an argument about or
interpretation of them have many applications in school and on the job. The genres of
researched writing used in academic disciplines include the argumentative research
paper (often called a term paper), the proposal, the annotated bibliography, the book
review, the literature review, the personal research report (often called an "I-Search"
paper, the name given to it by Ken Macrorie, an early advocate of this genre). You may be
asked to a build a Web site based on library research. You may be asked to simply report
on your research, or to use it as a starting point for experimentation or observation in the
laboratory or on field observations. Usually oral presentations and the visuals that sup-
port them are rooted in extensive research. Research reports in the sciences (lab reports)
and social sciences, although their formats differ from papers in the humanities, usually
begin with a review of the previous research that led to the hypothesis currently under
investigation. All these genres of researched writing involve similar strategies for find-
ing and evaluating sources, taking notes, and using quotations, summaries, and para-
phrases skillfully. However, when and how sources are used and how they are cited vary
for different kinds of writing and from field to field. Thus, these general information
literacy and research writing skills must be adapted to meet discipline-specific expecta-
tions for format, style, and means of presentation in specific academic fields.
SKILLS FOR ACADEMIC INQUIRY: QUOTATION,
PARAPHRASE, SUMMARY, AND SYNTHESIS
There are four basic means for using sources when writing researched papers and reports:
quotation, paraphrase, summary, and synthesis. These techniques help writers progress
from taking notes to drafting. It is always necessary to cite sources as you use them and to
consistently distinguish between your own words and ideas and those of your sources.
1. Quotations are exact repetitions of a writer's work. Quotations are less often used
in disciplines that use APA (American Psychological Association) style than those
who use MLA (Modern Language Association) style because arguments in most
101
102 Chapter 6 • Using Sources Effectively
disciplines that use APA depend more on summary and synthesis of previous
research than on close analysis of texts.
2. Paraphrases are restatements of the writer's ideas in your own words, following
the source closely in the order in which an argument is developed or evidence is
laid out. Paraphrases must be clearly identified as such, by direct attribution to the
author, because they can be mistaken for your own thinking.
3. Summaries give an overall representation of a writer's argument or part of one,
and also must ...
This presentation will provide you the basic information on the APA Formatting and Style Guide. The following are the basic information that includes in this presentation:
1) Point of View, Voice, & Language
2) Type of APA Papers
3) General APA Format
4) References & Citations
5) Headings, Tables & Figures
The document provides an overview of APA style and resources for learning and applying APA style. It discusses why APA style is commonly used, describes the key components of the APA Publication Manual, lists APA style books available in the library, and provides guidance on citing sources in-text and formatting the reference list according to APA style. Key resources mentioned include the APA Publication Manual, the APA style website, and library holdings of APA style guides and manuals.
I also have another version of APA citation guide here: http://www.slideshare.net/littlenotestoshare/apa-style-citation-guide-samples go take a look and see which one suits you the most :)
This document provides a guide to referencing in APA (6th edition) style. It includes sections on how to reference different document types such as books, journal articles, government publications and web resources. Examples are provided for both in-text citations and reference list entries. Key aspects of APA style covered include using author-date citations, formatting quotes and reference lists. The guide assists users in properly attributing sources in research papers and assignments.
LAND USE LAND COVER AND NDVI OF MIRZAPUR DISTRICT, UPRAHUL
This Dissertation explores the particular circumstances of Mirzapur, a region located in the
core of India. Mirzapur, with its varied terrains and abundant biodiversity, offers an optimal
environment for investigating the changes in vegetation cover dynamics. Our study utilizes
advanced technologies such as GIS (Geographic Information Systems) and Remote sensing to
analyze the transformations that have taken place over the course of a decade.
The complex relationship between human activities and the environment has been the focus
of extensive research and worry. As the global community grapples with swift urbanization,
population expansion, and economic progress, the effects on natural ecosystems are becoming
more evident. A crucial element of this impact is the alteration of vegetation cover, which plays a
significant role in maintaining the ecological equilibrium of our planet.Land serves as the foundation for all human activities and provides the necessary materials for
these activities. As the most crucial natural resource, its utilization by humans results in different
'Land uses,' which are determined by both human activities and the physical characteristics of the
land.
The utilization of land is impacted by human needs and environmental factors. In countries
like India, rapid population growth and the emphasis on extensive resource exploitation can lead
to significant land degradation, adversely affecting the region's land cover.
Therefore, human intervention has significantly influenced land use patterns over many
centuries, evolving its structure over time and space. In the present era, these changes have
accelerated due to factors such as agriculture and urbanization. Information regarding land use and
cover is essential for various planning and management tasks related to the Earth's surface,
providing crucial environmental data for scientific, resource management, policy purposes, and
diverse human activities.
Accurate understanding of land use and cover is imperative for the development planning
of any area. Consequently, a wide range of professionals, including earth system scientists, land
and water managers, and urban planners, are interested in obtaining data on land use and cover
changes, conversion trends, and other related patterns. The spatial dimensions of land use and
cover support policymakers and scientists in making well-informed decisions, as alterations in
these patterns indicate shifts in economic and social conditions. Monitoring such changes with the
help of Advanced technologies like Remote Sensing and Geographic Information Systems is
crucial for coordinated efforts across different administrative levels. Advanced technologies like
Remote Sensing and Geographic Information Systems
9
Changes in vegetation cover refer to variations in the distribution, composition, and overall
structure of plant communities across different temporal and spatial scales. These changes can
occur natural.
How to Fix the Import Error in the Odoo 17Celine George
An import error occurs when a program fails to import a module or library, disrupting its execution. In languages like Python, this issue arises when the specified module cannot be found or accessed, hindering the program's functionality. Resolving import errors is crucial for maintaining smooth software operation and uninterrupted development processes.
A review of the growth of the Israel Genealogy Research Association Database Collection for the last 12 months. Our collection is now passed the 3 million mark and still growing. See which archives have contributed the most. See the different types of records we have, and which years have had records added. You can also see what we have for the future.
This slide is special for master students (MIBS & MIFB) in UUM. Also useful for readers who are interested in the topic of contemporary Islamic banking.
How to Build a Module in Odoo 17 Using the Scaffold MethodCeline George
Odoo provides an option for creating a module by using a single line command. By using this command the user can make a whole structure of a module. It is very easy for a beginner to make a module. There is no need to make each file manually. This slide will show how to create a module using the scaffold method.
This presentation includes basic of PCOS their pathology and treatment and also Ayurveda correlation of PCOS and Ayurvedic line of treatment mentioned in classics.
ISO/IEC 27001, ISO/IEC 42001, and GDPR: Best Practices for Implementation and...PECB
Denis is a dynamic and results-driven Chief Information Officer (CIO) with a distinguished career spanning information systems analysis and technical project management. With a proven track record of spearheading the design and delivery of cutting-edge Information Management solutions, he has consistently elevated business operations, streamlined reporting functions, and maximized process efficiency.
Certified as an ISO/IEC 27001: Information Security Management Systems (ISMS) Lead Implementer, Data Protection Officer, and Cyber Risks Analyst, Denis brings a heightened focus on data security, privacy, and cyber resilience to every endeavor.
His expertise extends across a diverse spectrum of reporting, database, and web development applications, underpinned by an exceptional grasp of data storage and virtualization technologies. His proficiency in application testing, database administration, and data cleansing ensures seamless execution of complex projects.
What sets Denis apart is his comprehensive understanding of Business and Systems Analysis technologies, honed through involvement in all phases of the Software Development Lifecycle (SDLC). From meticulous requirements gathering to precise analysis, innovative design, rigorous development, thorough testing, and successful implementation, he has consistently delivered exceptional results.
Throughout his career, he has taken on multifaceted roles, from leading technical project management teams to owning solutions that drive operational excellence. His conscientious and proactive approach is unwavering, whether he is working independently or collaboratively within a team. His ability to connect with colleagues on a personal level underscores his commitment to fostering a harmonious and productive workplace environment.
Date: May 29, 2024
Tags: Information Security, ISO/IEC 27001, ISO/IEC 42001, Artificial Intelligence, GDPR
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Find out more about ISO training and certification services
Training: ISO/IEC 27001 Information Security Management System - EN | PECB
ISO/IEC 42001 Artificial Intelligence Management System - EN | PECB
General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) - Training Courses - EN | PECB
Webinars: https://pecb.com/webinars
Article: https://pecb.com/article
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
For more information about PECB:
Website: https://pecb.com/
LinkedIn: https://www.linkedin.com/company/pecb/
Facebook: https://www.facebook.com/PECBInternational/
Slideshare: http://www.slideshare.net/PECBCERTIFICATION
Exploiting Artificial Intelligence for Empowering Researchers and Faculty, In...Dr. Vinod Kumar Kanvaria
Exploiting Artificial Intelligence for Empowering Researchers and Faculty,
International FDP on Fundamentals of Research in Social Sciences
at Integral University, Lucknow, 06.06.2024
By Dr. Vinod Kumar Kanvaria
it describes the bony anatomy including the femoral head , acetabulum, labrum . also discusses the capsule , ligaments . muscle that act on the hip joint and the range of motion are outlined. factors affecting hip joint stability and weight transmission through the joint are summarized.
How to Make a Field Mandatory in Odoo 17Celine George
In Odoo, making a field required can be done through both Python code and XML views. When you set the required attribute to True in Python code, it makes the field required across all views where it's used. Conversely, when you set the required attribute in XML views, it makes the field required only in the context of that particular view.
2. Outline
Professional citing and quotation
Reference vs. Bibliography
Citing printed vs. Internet publications
Quoting authors vs.
Interviewees/informants/participants
Referencing styles- Harvard, APA,
Vancouver, etc.
3. WHAT IS CITING?
•The act of referring to or giving formal credit to an original
source.
•In scholarly/academic work, the terms citing and
referencing are synonyms – when you cite an author you
are making reference to him or her.
•Citing an information source used in an academic work
means to employ a standardised method of
acknowledging that source and full details of the source
must be given in the reference section.
4. WHY CITE?
•To provide evidence for authors’ arguments and to add
credibility to their works by demonstrating a variety of
literature reviewed/consulted on a given subject.
•To give credit to / acknowledge authors for their ideas.
•To guide readers to locate and further explore the
sources the author(s) consulted.
•To be ethical and avoid plagiarism, piracy and other
intellectual property malpractices
6. WHAT IS A QUOTATION?
•NB: Because words and phrases taken out of context may give a
misleading impression of the whole, care must be taken in selecting
quotations.
•Direct quotations must be accurate. (Citation style used matters)
•A passage quoted incorrectly is a misquotation.
•Some publications provide guidelines on how to differentiate
between author and interviewee quotations.
Words or passages reproduced from a written work or repeated verbatim from
an oral statement word for word.
7. Direct Quotations
Direct quotations are another person's exact words--either
spoken or in print--incorporated into your own writing.
• Use a set of quotation marks to enclose each direct
quotation included in your writing.
• Use a capital letter with the first word of a direct
quotation of a whole sentence. Do not use a capital letter
with the first word of a direct quotation of part of a
sentence.
• If the quotation is interrupted and then continues in your
sentence, do not capitalize the second part of the
quotation.
8. Examples of Direct Quotations
Mr. and Mrs. Allen, owners of a 300-acre farm,
said, "We refuse to use that pesticide because it
might pollute the nearby wells.”
Mr. and Mrs. Allen stated that they "refuse to use
that pesticide" because of possible water
pollution.
"He likes to talk about football," she said,
"especially when the Super Bowl is coming up."
9. Indirect Quotations
Indirect quotations are not exact words but
rather rephrasing or summaries of another
person's words.
Do not use quotation marks for indirect
quotations.
Example:
According to their statement to the local papers, the
Allens refuse to use pesticide because of potential
water pollution.
10. BRIEF QUOTATION MARKS
In –text
•Use double quotation marks to enclose brief
quotations(fewer than 40 words) into text
Example
She stated, “The placebo effect…
manner”( Miele, 1993, p.276).
11. Block quotations
A quotation that extends more than four typed lines
(any quotations of 40 or more words), should be set
apart from the main text by indention one inch from the
left margin (the equivalent of two half-inch paragraph
indentations) and/or printed in a smaller type size
without quotation marks
Maintain double-spacing throughout. The parenthetical
citation should come after the closing punctuation
mark.
12. EXAMPLE
Start the quotation on a new line, indented 1/2
inch from the left margin, i.e., in the same place
you would begin a new paragraph.
Jones's (1998) study found the following:
Students often had difficulty using APA style,
especially when it was their first time citing
sources. This difficulty could be attributed to the
fact that many students failed to purchase a style
manual or to ask their teacher for help. (p. 199)
13. Quotation within a Quotation
Use single quotation marks for a quotation
enclosed inside another quotation.
Example:
The agricultural reporter for the newspaper
explained, "When I talked to the Allens last week,
they said, 'We refuse to use that pesticide.' "
14. Omitted words in a quotation
If words are omitted from a quotation, an ellipsis
mark to indicate the omitted words is used. If you
need to insert something within a quotation, use
a pair of brackets to enclose the addition.
Full quotation:
The welfare agency representative said, "We are
unable to help every family that we'd like to help
because we don't have the funds to do so."
15. Omitted Material with Ellipsis
The welfare agency representative said,
"We are unable to help every family . . .
because we don't have the funds to do so."
Added material with brackets
The welfare agency representative
explained that they are "unable to help
every family that [they would] like to help."
16. REFERENCES VS
BIBLIOGRAPHY
References is a list of works that are cited
by the author(s) in the document.
Such a list of works is normally put at the
end of a chapter or the article.
•Unlike a bibliography, references should
relate only to works cited within the article,
chapter, etc.
17. A BIBLIOGRAPHY
A bibliography is a list of works consulted while
writing an article, chapter, book, etc. and NOT
cited in the text. It usually appears at the end of
the work. In scholarly writing, one can have only
references in his/her work.
Note:
a) the different types of bibliographies-See ex.
from Africana
b) some institutions recommend that unpublished
works can only be put in footnotes and not in ref.
or bib.
18. BIBLIOGRAPHY OR
REFERENCES?
Publication manual of the American Psychological
Association. (2009). 6th ed. Washington, DC:
American Psychological Association.
Soderlund, L., & Brizee, A. (2010, May 5). General
format. Retrieved from
http://owl.english.purdue.edu/owl/resource/560/01/
19. CITING PRINTED VS
INTERNET
The APA 6th Publication Manual instructs authors using and citing
Web sources to observe the following guidelines:
•Provide URL references to specific documents rather than home or
menu pages.
•Provide URLs that work.
•To cite an entire Web site (but not a specific document on the site),
simply give the site's URL in the text.
•Breaking URLs: After a slash and before a period .
21. EXAMPLES OF REFERENCING
STYLES
•APA (American Psychological Association)
•MLA (Modern Language Association)
•Chicago (University of Chicago)
•Vancouver (recommended by the Council of
Science Editors (CSE), is used in medical and
scientific papers and research)
•Harvard (recommended by both the British
Standards Institution and the Modern Language
Association)
22. APA STYLE
•APA is the documentation style recommended by
the American Psychological Association
• It is used in many social science and related
courses (anthropology, education, linguistics,
political science, psychology and sociology)
•APA requires information to be cited in two
different formats-within text and in a reference list
at the end of the paper
23. FORMATING-FONT
· Times New Roman typeface should be used.
· Title should be set in upper case, bold, 14-font size.
· Block quotations and footnotes should be set in 10-font
size.
· The abstract, acknowledgements, and the main body of
the essay
should be set in 12-font size.
· If there is a dedication, it should be in upper case, bold,
12-font size.
24. PARAGRAPHS / LINE SPACING
· The first line of all paragraphs should be
indented one tab key from the
left-hand margin.
· The main body text should be left aligned.
· In the main body, use 1.5-line spacing.
· Leave one line space before a heading.
· Do not leave a line after the heading.
· Do not leave a line between paragraphs.
25. PAGE NUMBERS
· Page numbers should be placed on the right
side at the bottom of the
page.
· Each page in the dissertation, from the body
onward, should be
numbered in consecutive order. This includes the
text, references, and
appendices.
· Preliminary pages carry lowercase Roman
numerals.
26. SPELLINGS
· British or American spellings may be
used; as long as they are used
consistently throughout the paper.
27. BULLETS
· Bullets should be aligned with the
paragraph i.e. they should be
indented one tab key from the margin.
28. REFERENCES
· The word ‘references’ should be left
aligned, bold, uppercase, 12- font
size.
· There should be one line space
between the heading and the first
reference, and between subsequent
references.
29. EXAMPLE: REFERENCES
Brown, J. D. (1998). Understanding
research in second language learning .
Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
2AKU-IED requires all student assignments/
dissertations to have 1.5 line spacing.
3 ‘one’ line or ‘a’ line for AKU-IED p
purposes means 1.5 line spacing.
30. APPENDICES
· If the paper has only one appendix, it is labeled as
APPENDIX (Uppercase, bold, centered, 12-font size).
· If it has more than one appendix, each is labeled with
a capital letter such as APPENDIX A, APPENDIX B etc.
· Font size for the title and the text should be 12.
· Text should be justified.
· If, for example, there is more than one appendix for
APPENDIX A, then it will be titled APPENDIX A1,
APPENDIX A2, etc.
· Sub-title: Uppercase and Lowercase, bold,
centered
31. FOOTNOTES
· Footnotes should be numbered with
superscript, smaller font (size 10)
Arabic numerals (1, 2, 3 etc.).
Example:
Item analysis 1
The item analysis for each section was carried out as
follows:
1This section of the report has been edited in order to
maintain test confidentiality.
32. PAGE SETUP
· For the purpose of binding, a left
margin of 1.5 inches is required
· Other margins should be one inch
· These margin regulations should be
met on all pages
33. APA STYLE…
•When using APA format, follow the author-date method
of in-text citation. This means that the author's last name
and the year of publication for the source should appear
in the text, for example, (Jones, 1998), and a complete
reference should appear in the reference list at the end of
the paper.
Example : Book
Quenivet, N. N. R. (2005). Sexual offenses in armed conflict. New
York: Transnational Publishers.
Example : Print journal
Debattista, C. (2002). Legislative techniques in international
trade:madness or method?. The Journal of Business Law, 24, 626-
637. London :Sweet & Maxwell
34. IN-TEXT CITATION CAPITALIZATION,
QUOTES, AND ITALICS/UNDERLINING
•Always capitalise proper nouns, including author
names and initials: D. Jones. If you refer to the title
of a source within your paper, capitalise all words
that are four letters long or greater within the title of
a source: Permanence and Change. Exceptions
apply to short words that are verbs, nouns,
pronouns, adjectives, and adverbs: Writing New
Media, There Is Nothing Left to Lose .
35. IN-TEXT…CONT’D
•When capitalizing titles, capitalise both words in a
hyphenated compound word: Natural-Born
Cyborgs.
•Capitalize the first word after a dash or colon:
"Defining Film Rhetoric: The Case of Hitchcock's
Vertigo."
•Italicise or underline the titles of longer works
such as books, edited collections, movies,
television series, documentaries, or albums:
36. EXAMPLE
•The Closing of the American Mind; The Wizard of
Oz; Friends. Put quotation marks around the titles
of shorter works such as journal articles, articles
from edited collections, television series episodes,
and song titles: "Multimedia Narration:
Constructing Possible Worlds"; "The One Where
Chandler Can't Cry."
37. CITING AN AUTHOR OR
AUTHORS
A Work by Two Authors:
Name both authors in the signal phrase or in the
parentheses each time you cite the work.
Use the word "and" between the authors' names
within the text and use the ampersand in the
parentheses.
Example:
Research by Wegener and Petty (1994) supports...
(Wegener & Petty, 1994)
38. A WORK BY THREE TO
FIVE AUTHORS
•List all the authors in the signal phrase or in
parentheses the first time you cite the source.
•(Kernis, Cornell, Sun, Berry, & Harlow, 1993)
•In subsequent citations, only use the first author's
last name followed by "et al." in the signal phrase
or in parentheses. (Kernis et al., 1993)
•In et al., et should not be followed by a period.
39. SIX OR MORE AUTHORS
•Use the first author's name followed by et al. in
the signal phrase or in parentheses.
•Harris et al. (2001) argued...
•(Harris et al., 2001)
40. UNKNOWN AUTHOR
•If the work does not have an author, cite the
source by its title in the single phrase or use the
first word or two in the parentheses.
•Titles of books and reports are italicised or
underlined; titles of articles, chapters, and web
pages are in quotation marks.
41. EXAMPLE
•A similar study was done of students learning to
format research papers ("Using APA," 2001).
Note:
•In the rare case the "Anonymous" is used for the
author, treat it as the author's name
(Anonymous, 2001). In the reference list, use the
name Anonymous as the author.
42. ORGANIZATION AS AN AUTHOR
•If the author is an organization or a government
agency, mention the organization in the signal
phrase or in the parenthetical citation the first time
you cite the source.
•According to the American Psychological
Association (2000),...
43. IF THE ORGANISATION HAS
A WELL-KNOWN
ABBREVIATION
•Include the abbreviation in brackets the first time
the source is cited and then use only the
abbreviation in later citations.
Example:
•First citation: (Makerere University Library
[MakLib], 2000)
•Second citation: (MakLib, 2000)
44. TWO OR MORE WORKS
•When your parenthetical citation includes two or
more works, order them the same way they
appear in the reference list, separated by a semi-
colon. (Berndt, 2002; Harlow, 1983)
•Authors With the Same Last Name: To
avoid confusion, use first initials with the last
names.
•(E. Johnson, 2001; L. Johnson, 1998)
45. TWO OR MORE WORKS BY THE
SAME AUTHOR IN THE SAME
YEAR
•If you have two sources by the same author in the
same year, use lower-case letters (a, b, c) with the
year to order the entries in the reference list. Use
the lower-case letters with the year in the in-text
citation.
•Research by Berndt (1981a) illustrated that...
46. UNKNOWN AUTHOR AND
UNKNOWN DATE
•If no author or date is given, use the title in your
signal phrase or the first word or two of the title in
the parentheses and use the abbreviation "n.d."
(for "no date").
•Another study of students and research decisions
discovered that students succeeded with tutoring
("Tutoring and APA," n.d.).
47. ELECTRONIC SOURCES
•Cite an electronic document the same as any
other document by using the author-date style.
Example:
Kenneth (2000) explained...
48. IF PARAGRAPHS ARE NOT
NUMBERED BUT…
• the document includes headings, provide the
appropriate heading and specify the paragraph
under that heading. Note that in some electronic
sources, like Web pages, people can use the Find
function in their browser to locate any passages
you cite.
Example:
According to Smith (1997), ... (Mind over Matter
section, para. 6).
49. CITING INDIRECT
SOURCES
•If you use a source that was cited in another
source, name the original source in your signal
phrase. List the secondary source in your reference
list and include the secondary source in the
parentheses.
•Johnson argued that...(as cited in Smith, 2003, p.
102). Note: Set off the citation with a comma. Also,
try to locate the original material and cite the original
source.
50. EXERCISE
•Book
•Electronic journal article (Retrieve any
from the online journals)
Using APA 6th, Harvard and Vancouver style formats, create a hypothetical
reference list for the following sources.