4. Introduction of Antibiotics
3 4
1 2
3 4
1 2
Antibiotics were initially considered harmful
chemicals produced by bacteria, causing lethal
or growth inhibition in other microorganisms at
low doses.
Antibiotics was derived from the Greek word
called "antibiosis" meaning as against life.
Introduction
5. Definitions
● Antibiotic: is an antimicrobial drug effective
against bacteria.
● Bactericidal: a substance that kills bacteria.
● Bacteriostatic: a substance that slow bacteria
grow or stop bacterial reproduction.
6. Fundamental of pharmacology
Pharmacokinetics : deals with drug absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion.
LADME is an acronym for the important phases of pharmacokinetics: Liberation,
Absorption, Distribution, Metabolism, Excretion.
Pharmacodynamics : Deals with with the effect of a drug at its site of action, the dose-
response relationship of the drug, and the influence of other
factor on the drug effect.
7. Pharmacokinetics
Liberation: The process by which the drug is released from its pharmaceutical
form (e.g capsule, tablet, suppositry, etc.)
Absorpiton: The process by which the drug reach the bloodstream.
15. Excretion
Pharmacokinetics
Drug clearance (CL): defined as the plasma volume that can be completely cleared of
the drug in a given period of time (e.g creatinine clearance).
Defects in renal, hepatic, or cardiac function can impair drug clearance.
After 4 half-lives, more than 90% of the drug will be eliminated.
16. Pharmacokinetics
Dose intervals
Loading dose : the amount of an initial dose of a certain drug needed to reach a
target plasma concentration.
Mainenance dose : the amount of a certain drug needed to achieve a steady
target plasma concentration.
17. Pharmacodynamics
Deals with with the effect of a drug at its site of action, the dose-response
relationship of the drug, and the influence of other factor on the drug effect.
22. Classification of Antibiotics
Based on
Mode of Action
2.
Based on
Chemical structure
1.
Based on
Spectrum of
Activity
3.
Based on
Route of
Administration
4.
23. Classification
1. Inhibition of cell wall synthesis
2. Disruption of cell membrane integrity
3. Inhibition of protein synthesis - 30S ribosomal subunit
4. Inhibition of protein synthesis - 50S ribosomal subunit
5. DNA gyrase inhibition
6. Disruption of DNA integrity
7. Inhibition of folic acid synthesis and reduction
8. Antimycobacterial drugs
9. Other
24. Inhibition of cell wall synthesis
Antibacterial classes Examples Mechanism of action Bacterialstatic/cidal Mechanisms of resistance
25.
26. Disruption of cell membrane integrity
Antibacterial classes Examples Mechanism of action Bacterialstatic/cidal Mechanisms of resistance
27. Inhibition of protein synthesis - 30S ribosomal subunit
Antibacterial classes Examples Mechanism of action Bacterialstatic/cidal Mechanisms of resistance
28.
29. Inhibition of protein synthesis - 50S ribosomal subunit
Antibacterial classes Examples Mechanism of action Bacterialstatic/cidal Mechanisms of resistance
43. Conclusion
Antibiotic discovery and development have improved health-
care delivery by combating infectious diseases. However, the
increasing presence of bacteria resistant to antibiotics raises
concerns about the effectiveness of antibiotics. Despite over
2,000 discovered antibiotics, few are currently used due to
side effects. Proper characterization and understanding are
crucial for protecting the healthcare system.
44. ● Etebu, E., & Arikekpar, I. (2016). Antibiotics: Classification and mechanisms of action with emphasis on
molecular perspectives.
http://www.bluepenjournals.org/ijambr/pdf/2016/October/Etebu_and_Arikekpar.pdf
References
● Brunton L. Goodman and Gilman's The Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics, 13th Edition. McGraw-Hill
Education / Medical; 2017
● Hauser AR. Antibiotic Basics for Clinicians. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins; 2012
● Fosfomycin: Uses, Interactions, Mechanism of Action | DrugBank Online. (2020). Drugbank.com;
DrugBank. https://go.drugbank.com/drugs/DB00828
