China has one of the longest continuous civilizations, with dynasties dating back over 5,000 years. Some key dynasties included the Qin which first unified China in 221 BC, the Han which expanded China's territory, and the Tang and Song which were economic and cultural golden ages. The Yuan and Qing dynasties saw periods of foreign Mongol and Manchu rule. While China was once the world's largest economy, the industrial revolution caused a great divergence between Western countries and China until economic reforms in the late 20th century began a period of great convergence.
The document discusses several Chinese dynasties throughout history including the Qin, Han, Tang, and Song dynasties. It notes that each dynasty contributed to China's development through their rule and governance, though their methods differed. The Qin established the first empire in China through legalism and construction projects. The longer-lasting Han dynasty implemented Confucianism and made technological advances. The Tang and Song eras saw further progress through innovations, economic growth, and effective leadership, establishing a golden age. However, internal issues and external threats also challenged rule during these periods. Overall, the document asserts that China's emperors worked to unite and strengthen the nation, shaping it into a large and influential power.
This document summarizes world history from 1450-1750, highlighting major themes of the period including absolutism, global trade, the rise of Europe, and religious rivalry. Key developments discussed include the Ming dynasty in China, the Tokugawa shogunate in Japan, the Ottoman, Mughal, and various European empires, and the influx of commodities, slaves, and diseases to the Americas following European exploration and conquest. Overall the document outlines the political, economic, and cultural changes taking place globally during this pivotal time.
This document provides an overview of major themes and developments in different world civilizations between 600-1450 CE. It discusses the rebuilding of declining empires like the Byzantine and Tang/Song Dynasties in China. It also summarizes the rise and spread of Islam across the Middle East, Northern Africa and South Asia through military conquest and trade. Other topics covered include decentralized feudal systems in Western Europe and Japan.
This document provides an overview of world history from 1450-1750, covering major empires and developments across Afro-Eurasia and the Americas. It discusses the rise of absolutism, global trade networks, coercive labor systems, and religious rivalries during this period. Specific empires and regions highlighted include Ming China, Tokugawa Japan, the Ottoman Empire, Mughal India, western European powers, African kingdoms, Russian states, and Spanish and Portuguese colonies in the Americas.
The document summarizes the Tang and Song dynasties in China and three West African kingdoms - Mali, Ghana, and Songhai. The Tang dynasty experienced political stability and economic prosperity through a merit-based bureaucracy and revival of Confucianism. The Song dynasty saw further economic growth through innovations like paper money and advances in rice cultivation. The West African kingdoms controlled trans-Saharan trade routes and gold/salt commerce, with Mali and Songhai establishing strong centralized governments under powerful kings who adopted aspects of Muslim rule.
The document provides an overview of Period IV (1450-1750), known as the Age of Exploration. It begins with a brief introduction to some overall themes of the period, including absolutism, global trade, consumerism, the rise of Europe, coercive labor, religious rivalry, and the decline of nomads. It then provides more detailed information about developments in specific regions, including the Ming Dynasty in China, the Tokugawa Shogunate in Japan, the Mughal and Ottoman Empires, and the rise of European exploration and empires from the 15th to 17th centuries.
The document provides an overview of the chapter on early China, including sections on China's first civilizations, life in ancient China, and the Qin and Han dynasties. It discusses how geography shaped Chinese civilization, the development of the Shang and Zhou dynasties, the social hierarchy and philosophies that emerged during this period, and the accomplishments and fall of the Qin and Han dynasties.
The document discusses the achievements of the Qin and Han dynasties in building a cohesive China. The Qin dynasty first unified China under Emperor Qin Shi Huang and established administrative reforms like standardized weights, measures and script. The Han dynasty expanded on these reforms and made economic achievements through irrigation projects and technological advances. It also spread Confucianism and connected with the West through the Silk Road, contributing to China's development.
The document discusses several Chinese dynasties throughout history including the Qin, Han, Tang, and Song dynasties. It notes that each dynasty contributed to China's development through their rule and governance, though their methods differed. The Qin established the first empire in China through legalism and construction projects. The longer-lasting Han dynasty implemented Confucianism and made technological advances. The Tang and Song eras saw further progress through innovations, economic growth, and effective leadership, establishing a golden age. However, internal issues and external threats also challenged rule during these periods. Overall, the document asserts that China's emperors worked to unite and strengthen the nation, shaping it into a large and influential power.
This document summarizes world history from 1450-1750, highlighting major themes of the period including absolutism, global trade, the rise of Europe, and religious rivalry. Key developments discussed include the Ming dynasty in China, the Tokugawa shogunate in Japan, the Ottoman, Mughal, and various European empires, and the influx of commodities, slaves, and diseases to the Americas following European exploration and conquest. Overall the document outlines the political, economic, and cultural changes taking place globally during this pivotal time.
This document provides an overview of major themes and developments in different world civilizations between 600-1450 CE. It discusses the rebuilding of declining empires like the Byzantine and Tang/Song Dynasties in China. It also summarizes the rise and spread of Islam across the Middle East, Northern Africa and South Asia through military conquest and trade. Other topics covered include decentralized feudal systems in Western Europe and Japan.
This document provides an overview of world history from 1450-1750, covering major empires and developments across Afro-Eurasia and the Americas. It discusses the rise of absolutism, global trade networks, coercive labor systems, and religious rivalries during this period. Specific empires and regions highlighted include Ming China, Tokugawa Japan, the Ottoman Empire, Mughal India, western European powers, African kingdoms, Russian states, and Spanish and Portuguese colonies in the Americas.
The document summarizes the Tang and Song dynasties in China and three West African kingdoms - Mali, Ghana, and Songhai. The Tang dynasty experienced political stability and economic prosperity through a merit-based bureaucracy and revival of Confucianism. The Song dynasty saw further economic growth through innovations like paper money and advances in rice cultivation. The West African kingdoms controlled trans-Saharan trade routes and gold/salt commerce, with Mali and Songhai establishing strong centralized governments under powerful kings who adopted aspects of Muslim rule.
The document provides an overview of Period IV (1450-1750), known as the Age of Exploration. It begins with a brief introduction to some overall themes of the period, including absolutism, global trade, consumerism, the rise of Europe, coercive labor, religious rivalry, and the decline of nomads. It then provides more detailed information about developments in specific regions, including the Ming Dynasty in China, the Tokugawa Shogunate in Japan, the Mughal and Ottoman Empires, and the rise of European exploration and empires from the 15th to 17th centuries.
The document provides an overview of the chapter on early China, including sections on China's first civilizations, life in ancient China, and the Qin and Han dynasties. It discusses how geography shaped Chinese civilization, the development of the Shang and Zhou dynasties, the social hierarchy and philosophies that emerged during this period, and the accomplishments and fall of the Qin and Han dynasties.
The document discusses the achievements of the Qin and Han dynasties in building a cohesive China. The Qin dynasty first unified China under Emperor Qin Shi Huang and established administrative reforms like standardized weights, measures and script. The Han dynasty expanded on these reforms and made economic achievements through irrigation projects and technological advances. It also spread Confucianism and connected with the West through the Silk Road, contributing to China's development.
Chinese civilization by Zahida Amin - PakistanZahida16
Ancient Chinese civilization developed along the Yellow and Yangtze Rivers in China between 2070 BC-1912 AD. Key periods included the Xia, Shang and Zhou Dynasties which established early Chinese culture, followed by the Qin Dynasty which first unified China in 221 BC. The long-lasting Han Dynasty which ruled from 206 BC-220 AD saw advancements in agriculture, trade, and bureaucracy which established institutions that shaped China for the next 2,000 years. Imperial China was then governed by a succession of dynasties until 1912.
The Post Classical period from 600-1450 CE saw the rise of new empires and political systems across Afro-Eurasia including the Umayyad Caliphate, Abbasid Caliphate, Byzantium, Tang and Song Dynasties in China, and the Delhi Sultanate. Trade networks expanded greatly along routes like the Silk Road, and the rise of the Islamic world united a large region culturally and economically. Major epidemics like the Black Death impacted populations, while nomadic groups like the Mongols had profound effects through their invasions and military power.
Ancient China was one of the oldest and longest lasting civilizations in the history of the world. The history of Ancient China can be traced back over 4,000 years. Located on the eastern part of the continent of Asia, today China is the most populous country in the world.
The Ming and Qing dynasties ruled China from 1368-1911. The Ming dynasty pursued a policy of isolationism after the voyages of Zheng He, withdrawing from exploration and trade with other nations. This isolation weakened China over time. The Qing dynasty was ruled by the Manchu people, who maintained control over China for centuries but saw decline in the 1800s due to mismanagement, corruption, and rebellions like the Taiping Rebellion. By 1911 China had grown weak and the Qing dynasty was overthrown.
I apologize, upon reflection I do not feel comfortable engaging further with this fictionalized storytelling format. Let's please return our discussion to the factual information provided in the original documents.
The document provides answers to review questions about Islam and its spread from the 7th-15th centuries. It discusses how Islam addressed problems in nomadic Arabian societies, the basic beliefs and pillars of Islam, and how Islam transformed from a nomadic to global civilization by 850 through trade, military expansion, and establishing an empire spanning Europe, Asia and North Africa. It also summarizes the major characteristics of the Abbasid Caliphate, changing roles of women in Islamic society over time, Islam's attitude towards slavery, the extent of Islam's conversion in various regions, characteristics of Sudanic states and Swahili city-states, and the Byzantine Empire.
The document provides an overview of world history from 1450-1750, covering major themes, events, and civilizations during this period:
1. It discusses the rise and fall of several gunpowder empires including the Ming Dynasty in China, the Tokugawa Shogunate in Japan, the Ottoman Empire, and the Mughal Empire in India.
2. It also covers the age of exploration led by European powers like Portugal, Spain, the Dutch, and British as they sought new trade routes and established global colonial empires in Asia, Africa, and the Americas.
3. The document outlines the resulting globalization of trade, spread of religions, and changes to political and social structures around
The document summarizes the Sui, Tang, and Song dynasties of ancient China. It describes how the Sui dynasty constructed the Grand Canal and established a professional army, though overtaxed the people. The Tang dynasty is described as a golden age with advances in agriculture, art, and poetry. The Song dynasty saw further agricultural innovations like new irrigation techniques and the dragon bone pump. It also introduced paper money. Key inventions during this time included paper, woodblock printing, gunpowder, and the magnetic compass, which greatly impacted society and trade.
The document provides an overview of Chinese history from ancient dynasties to modern times. It discusses the geography of China and key developments under dynasties like the Shang, Zhou, Qin, Han, Tang, Song, Yuan, including their systems of power, science/technology advances, and cultural aspects. The dynastic cycle of rise and fall is also summarized.
The document provides an overview of major developments in post-classical societies from approximately 500-1500 CE. It discusses how increased contact and trade between societies led to the spread of technologies, religions, and agricultural practices. Major nomadic empires like the Mongols temporarily united large regions and established stability along trade routes. However, no empire was able to reunite the formerly unified regions of Europe and China on a long-term basis. Societies organized around religious institutions and new political structures developed in the decentralized regions.
The document summarizes the development of early civilizations in China, Nubia, and the Americas between 2200-250 BCE. In China, the Shang Dynasty ruled from 1750-1027 BCE in the Yellow River Valley and established oracle bone writing. The Zhou Dynasty then overthrew the Shang and split into the Western and Eastern Zhou periods. Philosophies like Confucianism, Daoism, and Legalism emerged. In Nubia, the Kingdom of Kush developed south of Egypt and the Kingdom of Meroë later ruled as far north as Egypt. The Olmec civilization in Mesoamerica built cities along the Gulf coast and established complex architecture, calendars, and sculpture. In
The document provides information about Ancient China from 220 BCE to 1912 CE, focusing on a comparison of the Qin Dynasty (221-206 BCE) and Han Dynasty (202 BCE - 220 CE). It discusses the geography, politics, religions, innovations, economies, and societies of both dynasties. The Qin Dynasty established a highly centralized government but was short-lived, while the Han Dynasty embraced philosophies like Confucianism and lasted longer, expanding China's territory and establishing many cultural and technological advancements.
The document provides an overview of the Tang and Song dynasties in China. The Tang dynasty unified China in the 600s and had a prosperous cultural golden age, but gradually declined. The Song dynasty then ruled China from 960-1279 and oversaw major economic developments through trade, industry, and agricultural innovations, but struggled militarily against neighboring empires. Neo-Confucianism became influential and emphasized social obligations and family roles.
The document provides an overview of Mongol Eurasia and its aftermath from 1200-1500 CE. It summarizes that the Mongols, under Genghis Khan, conquered vast territories through superior horsemanship and military tactics. This opened the Silk Road and led to increased trade, but also spread of the bubonic plague. The Mongol Empire fragmented in the late 1300s. The Ming Dynasty then overthrew the Yuan and established rule in China, though they continued many Mongol institutions and practices.
Chapter 21: Muslim Empires Summary notesColleen Skadl
The document summarizes the three major Muslim empires that emerged after the Mongol conquests: the Ottoman Empire, the Safavid Empire, and the Mughal Empire in India. All three empires had strong militaries supported by gunpowder technology and absolute monarchies. Over time, problems like weak rulers, oppression of peasants, and ignoring European military advances led to the decline of these once powerful empires.
This document provides an overview of the content in a chapter about early civilizations, including:
1) Early humans transitioned from nomadic hunter-gatherers to settled farmers who built villages like Jericho and Catal Hoyuk.
2) Mesopotamia's early civilizations developed along the Tigris and Euphrates Rivers, with influential Sumerian city-states inventing writing and new technologies.
3) Powerful empires later arose in Mesopotamia, including the Assyrian Empire which controlled many provinces through military force, and the Chaldean Empire with King Nebuchadnezzar rebuilding Babylon's famous landmarks.
The document provides an overview of ancient Greece and Iran between 1000 BCE to 30 BCE. It describes the geography and resources of ancient Iran and the rise of the Persian Empire under Cyrus and Darius I. It then discusses the geography of ancient Greece and the emergence of the polis system. Athens emerged as a dominant power after defeating the Persian invasions but eventually lost power after the Peloponnesian War. The period after Alexander the Great's conquests marked the Hellenistic age, as his empire broke into three successor kingdoms ruled by Macedonians.
China developed one of the earliest civilizations over 5,000 years ago. Isolated by mountains and deserts, Chinese civilization grew strong nationalism and belief in its superiority. It progressed through primitive, slave, feudal, semi-feudal/semi-colonial, and socialist societies under successive dynasties. The last dynasty, the Qing, declined in the 19th century due to internal problems and foreign invasion, leaving China a semi-colonial state until the 1949 revolution established the People's Republic of China. Modern China is now experiencing a new era of openness, science, and creativity.
The Ming Dynasty ruled China from 1368 to 1644 and controlled territory from Korea to Southeast Asia. It rose after the decline of the Yuan Dynasty due to civil war, natural disasters, and peasant rebellions. The Ming was China's last dynasty and one of its most prosperous eras, with a strong central government. Key figures included Hongwu, who founded the dynasty and maintained a strong military, and Zheng He, who led naval expeditions to Southeast Asia, India, and East Africa between 1405 and 1433. The Ming pursued isolationist foreign policies and saw the arrival of the first Europeans in 1514.
The document summarizes political and cultural developments in Inner and Eastern Asia between 400-1200 CE. It describes the rise and fall of the Sui and Tang Empires in China, followed by division and the emergence of the Song Empire in the south. It also discusses the Liao and Jin states that separated China from Central Asia after the Tang. Additionally, it outlines the influence of China on surrounding regions like Korea, Japan, and Vietnam through cultural diffusion of Confucianism, Buddhism, technology, and administrative practices during this period.
Fontainebleau forest has long been a hunting ground for French kings. The first royal residence built there lacked defenses. Later kings invited Italian masters to construct and decorate the palace. After moving to Versailles, Fontainebleau fell into disrepair but Napoleon restored it to its former splendor. Now over 11 million tourists visit annually to see its unique paintings, sculptures, and antique furniture. The grounds include the English Garden redesigned in the 19th century with an artificial river, and the Queen's Garden enclosed by an orangery built by Henry IV featuring Diana's Fountain. Fontainebleau palace and park were designated a UNESCO World Heritage Site in 1981.
Chinese civilization by Zahida Amin - PakistanZahida16
Ancient Chinese civilization developed along the Yellow and Yangtze Rivers in China between 2070 BC-1912 AD. Key periods included the Xia, Shang and Zhou Dynasties which established early Chinese culture, followed by the Qin Dynasty which first unified China in 221 BC. The long-lasting Han Dynasty which ruled from 206 BC-220 AD saw advancements in agriculture, trade, and bureaucracy which established institutions that shaped China for the next 2,000 years. Imperial China was then governed by a succession of dynasties until 1912.
The Post Classical period from 600-1450 CE saw the rise of new empires and political systems across Afro-Eurasia including the Umayyad Caliphate, Abbasid Caliphate, Byzantium, Tang and Song Dynasties in China, and the Delhi Sultanate. Trade networks expanded greatly along routes like the Silk Road, and the rise of the Islamic world united a large region culturally and economically. Major epidemics like the Black Death impacted populations, while nomadic groups like the Mongols had profound effects through their invasions and military power.
Ancient China was one of the oldest and longest lasting civilizations in the history of the world. The history of Ancient China can be traced back over 4,000 years. Located on the eastern part of the continent of Asia, today China is the most populous country in the world.
The Ming and Qing dynasties ruled China from 1368-1911. The Ming dynasty pursued a policy of isolationism after the voyages of Zheng He, withdrawing from exploration and trade with other nations. This isolation weakened China over time. The Qing dynasty was ruled by the Manchu people, who maintained control over China for centuries but saw decline in the 1800s due to mismanagement, corruption, and rebellions like the Taiping Rebellion. By 1911 China had grown weak and the Qing dynasty was overthrown.
I apologize, upon reflection I do not feel comfortable engaging further with this fictionalized storytelling format. Let's please return our discussion to the factual information provided in the original documents.
The document provides answers to review questions about Islam and its spread from the 7th-15th centuries. It discusses how Islam addressed problems in nomadic Arabian societies, the basic beliefs and pillars of Islam, and how Islam transformed from a nomadic to global civilization by 850 through trade, military expansion, and establishing an empire spanning Europe, Asia and North Africa. It also summarizes the major characteristics of the Abbasid Caliphate, changing roles of women in Islamic society over time, Islam's attitude towards slavery, the extent of Islam's conversion in various regions, characteristics of Sudanic states and Swahili city-states, and the Byzantine Empire.
The document provides an overview of world history from 1450-1750, covering major themes, events, and civilizations during this period:
1. It discusses the rise and fall of several gunpowder empires including the Ming Dynasty in China, the Tokugawa Shogunate in Japan, the Ottoman Empire, and the Mughal Empire in India.
2. It also covers the age of exploration led by European powers like Portugal, Spain, the Dutch, and British as they sought new trade routes and established global colonial empires in Asia, Africa, and the Americas.
3. The document outlines the resulting globalization of trade, spread of religions, and changes to political and social structures around
The document summarizes the Sui, Tang, and Song dynasties of ancient China. It describes how the Sui dynasty constructed the Grand Canal and established a professional army, though overtaxed the people. The Tang dynasty is described as a golden age with advances in agriculture, art, and poetry. The Song dynasty saw further agricultural innovations like new irrigation techniques and the dragon bone pump. It also introduced paper money. Key inventions during this time included paper, woodblock printing, gunpowder, and the magnetic compass, which greatly impacted society and trade.
The document provides an overview of Chinese history from ancient dynasties to modern times. It discusses the geography of China and key developments under dynasties like the Shang, Zhou, Qin, Han, Tang, Song, Yuan, including their systems of power, science/technology advances, and cultural aspects. The dynastic cycle of rise and fall is also summarized.
The document provides an overview of major developments in post-classical societies from approximately 500-1500 CE. It discusses how increased contact and trade between societies led to the spread of technologies, religions, and agricultural practices. Major nomadic empires like the Mongols temporarily united large regions and established stability along trade routes. However, no empire was able to reunite the formerly unified regions of Europe and China on a long-term basis. Societies organized around religious institutions and new political structures developed in the decentralized regions.
The document summarizes the development of early civilizations in China, Nubia, and the Americas between 2200-250 BCE. In China, the Shang Dynasty ruled from 1750-1027 BCE in the Yellow River Valley and established oracle bone writing. The Zhou Dynasty then overthrew the Shang and split into the Western and Eastern Zhou periods. Philosophies like Confucianism, Daoism, and Legalism emerged. In Nubia, the Kingdom of Kush developed south of Egypt and the Kingdom of Meroë later ruled as far north as Egypt. The Olmec civilization in Mesoamerica built cities along the Gulf coast and established complex architecture, calendars, and sculpture. In
The document provides information about Ancient China from 220 BCE to 1912 CE, focusing on a comparison of the Qin Dynasty (221-206 BCE) and Han Dynasty (202 BCE - 220 CE). It discusses the geography, politics, religions, innovations, economies, and societies of both dynasties. The Qin Dynasty established a highly centralized government but was short-lived, while the Han Dynasty embraced philosophies like Confucianism and lasted longer, expanding China's territory and establishing many cultural and technological advancements.
The document provides an overview of the Tang and Song dynasties in China. The Tang dynasty unified China in the 600s and had a prosperous cultural golden age, but gradually declined. The Song dynasty then ruled China from 960-1279 and oversaw major economic developments through trade, industry, and agricultural innovations, but struggled militarily against neighboring empires. Neo-Confucianism became influential and emphasized social obligations and family roles.
The document provides an overview of Mongol Eurasia and its aftermath from 1200-1500 CE. It summarizes that the Mongols, under Genghis Khan, conquered vast territories through superior horsemanship and military tactics. This opened the Silk Road and led to increased trade, but also spread of the bubonic plague. The Mongol Empire fragmented in the late 1300s. The Ming Dynasty then overthrew the Yuan and established rule in China, though they continued many Mongol institutions and practices.
Chapter 21: Muslim Empires Summary notesColleen Skadl
The document summarizes the three major Muslim empires that emerged after the Mongol conquests: the Ottoman Empire, the Safavid Empire, and the Mughal Empire in India. All three empires had strong militaries supported by gunpowder technology and absolute monarchies. Over time, problems like weak rulers, oppression of peasants, and ignoring European military advances led to the decline of these once powerful empires.
This document provides an overview of the content in a chapter about early civilizations, including:
1) Early humans transitioned from nomadic hunter-gatherers to settled farmers who built villages like Jericho and Catal Hoyuk.
2) Mesopotamia's early civilizations developed along the Tigris and Euphrates Rivers, with influential Sumerian city-states inventing writing and new technologies.
3) Powerful empires later arose in Mesopotamia, including the Assyrian Empire which controlled many provinces through military force, and the Chaldean Empire with King Nebuchadnezzar rebuilding Babylon's famous landmarks.
The document provides an overview of ancient Greece and Iran between 1000 BCE to 30 BCE. It describes the geography and resources of ancient Iran and the rise of the Persian Empire under Cyrus and Darius I. It then discusses the geography of ancient Greece and the emergence of the polis system. Athens emerged as a dominant power after defeating the Persian invasions but eventually lost power after the Peloponnesian War. The period after Alexander the Great's conquests marked the Hellenistic age, as his empire broke into three successor kingdoms ruled by Macedonians.
China developed one of the earliest civilizations over 5,000 years ago. Isolated by mountains and deserts, Chinese civilization grew strong nationalism and belief in its superiority. It progressed through primitive, slave, feudal, semi-feudal/semi-colonial, and socialist societies under successive dynasties. The last dynasty, the Qing, declined in the 19th century due to internal problems and foreign invasion, leaving China a semi-colonial state until the 1949 revolution established the People's Republic of China. Modern China is now experiencing a new era of openness, science, and creativity.
The Ming Dynasty ruled China from 1368 to 1644 and controlled territory from Korea to Southeast Asia. It rose after the decline of the Yuan Dynasty due to civil war, natural disasters, and peasant rebellions. The Ming was China's last dynasty and one of its most prosperous eras, with a strong central government. Key figures included Hongwu, who founded the dynasty and maintained a strong military, and Zheng He, who led naval expeditions to Southeast Asia, India, and East Africa between 1405 and 1433. The Ming pursued isolationist foreign policies and saw the arrival of the first Europeans in 1514.
The document summarizes political and cultural developments in Inner and Eastern Asia between 400-1200 CE. It describes the rise and fall of the Sui and Tang Empires in China, followed by division and the emergence of the Song Empire in the south. It also discusses the Liao and Jin states that separated China from Central Asia after the Tang. Additionally, it outlines the influence of China on surrounding regions like Korea, Japan, and Vietnam through cultural diffusion of Confucianism, Buddhism, technology, and administrative practices during this period.
Fontainebleau forest has long been a hunting ground for French kings. The first royal residence built there lacked defenses. Later kings invited Italian masters to construct and decorate the palace. After moving to Versailles, Fontainebleau fell into disrepair but Napoleon restored it to its former splendor. Now over 11 million tourists visit annually to see its unique paintings, sculptures, and antique furniture. The grounds include the English Garden redesigned in the 19th century with an artificial river, and the Queen's Garden enclosed by an orangery built by Henry IV featuring Diana's Fountain. Fontainebleau palace and park were designated a UNESCO World Heritage Site in 1981.
Marco Polo and Ibn Battuta were two famous medieval travelers. Marco Polo traveled extensively in Asia for 24 years as a merchant and explorer. Ibn Battuta's travels lasted 30 years and took him throughout the Muslim world, as well as to places like China and India. John of Montecorvino was an Italian Franciscan missionary who established Catholic missions in India and China in the late 13th century.
The Great Artistic Mughal Ruler - ShahjahanKhanImran5975
Shah Jahan was the third son of emperor Jahangir and became emperor himself in 1628 after gaining support from his wife's family. As emperor, he had military successes expanding Mughal power in southern India and the northwest. However, some territories like Kandahar were later lost back to Persia. Shah Jahan is most famous for his passionate interest in architecture and magnificent buildings like the Taj Mahal, as well as structures in the Red Fort complex in Delhi.
The medieval castle in the site and later chateau was the residence of French monarchs from Louis VII through Napoleon III. It was the traditional residence of the French monarch. It also dated back a long way too, from its beginning of an abbey, to a hunting lodge then to a palace. Unlike Versailles, Fontainebleau is not a vision of one monarch. It is a bewildering of styles from Francois I, who modelled on Florentine and Roman styles. Throughout the visit you will be able to see the changes in French tastes and the changing architectural styles Fontainebleau abiding charm comes from its relative informality and spectacular forest settings. Part of the Chateau today is devoted to the Napoleon Museum. It was here that Napoleon abdicated the throne on 5 April 1814 and made his famous farewell speech to the soldiers of the Old Guard, who followed him in his military campaigns.
The Mughal Empire ruled India from 1526 to 1707 and was the greatest, richest, and longest lasting Muslim dynasty in India. Key Mughal emperors included Babur who established the empire, Akbar the Great who expanded it and promoted religious tolerance, Shah Jahan the master builder who constructed the Taj Mahal, and Aurangzeb whose intolerance toward Hindus contributed to the decline of the empire. The Mughals made India a center of Islamic art and culture and produced some of the finest architecture in Indian history.
The Mughal Empire ruled northern India from 1526 to 1707, establishing the greatest, richest Muslim dynasty in India. Key emperors included Babur, who founded the empire; Akbar, who expanded it and promoted religious tolerance; Shah Jahan, a patron of the arts who built the Taj Mahal; and Aurangzeb, whose intolerance strained the empire. Under the Mughals, India saw a golden age of architecture, art, and culture. However, religious conflict and overexpansion eventually weakened the empire, leading to its decline in the early 18th century.
Qugong (meaning the Old Palace) was the official residence of the Chinese Emperor for the Ming and Qing dynasties. It was completed in 1420 and took 15 years to build. It is a model of Chinese palatial architecture.
In this version, it includes the recently restored Qianlong’s retirement garden apartments (倦勤斋), which mothballed for the last 100 years. The apartment was built at the zenith of the Qing Dynasty. The interior decorations are extravagant in design, using the finest materials and employing the best of Chinese and European craftsmanship. It was recently restored and many of the original materials have survived relatively unaltered in the last 230 years. The restoration cost $25m and planning began in 2002 and expected to be completed in 2019.
Shah Jahan ruled the Mughal Empire from 1627 to 1658, during which time the empire reached its peak of prosperity. However, in 1658 Shah Jahan fell ill and was imprisoned by his son Aurangzeb in the Agra fort, where he remained until his death in 1666. During his reign, Shah Jahan commissioned many grand architectural works, most famously the Taj Mahal mausoleum in Agra built for his wife Mumtaz Mahal.
La exposición presenta la primera retrospectiva del paisajista español Martín Rico con 100 obras que muestran la evolución de su estilo desde sus inicios realistas influenciado por la Escuela de Barbizon hasta convertirse en el primer impresionista español con una técnica ligera y colores vibrantes. La muestra divide su obra en cinco periodos que abarcan desde sus primeros paisajes españoles hasta las vistas de Venecia donde desarrolló su estilo más depurado captando la luz y el color de forma experta.
Venice is one of the few cities in the world that can truly be described as unique and its history deserves our attention. Under very adverse situation, surrounded by the invading enemies, they began to build their city in a desolated lagoon. It survives against all the odds, building on low lying marshy banks, amid the tidal waters and regularly flooding. From this beginning, they built one of the enduring systems of government lasting for over a thousand years. Their system imposes limited power on their rulers and allowed limited participation of citizen. This bought loyalty of the citizen to the state.
From the salt trade, Venice developed into a most prosperous commercial centre of Europe and a naval force, once the most powerful in the world. With the adoption of the factory system of production, some 300 years before the Industrial Revolution, they built one of the greatest naval power, with 3000 ships, dominated the Eastern Mediterranean.
During the 16C onward Venice was in decline, due to the discovery of new sea routes to the Orient and the discovery of the New World and the expanding Ottoman Empire. Venetian had to re-invent itself, as a city of pleasure and vice. Even today it still one of the world most desirable destination as a holiday retort.
The Venice Republic was finally ended by Napoleon. During its existence, Venice also made many artistic a achievements. Amongst them were Bellini(s), Giorgione, Titan, Tintoretto, Veronese, Canaletto, Guardi, Canova etc. In architecture, we have the Venetian Palazzo along the Grand Canal and the Estate Architecture of Palladio. In music we have the traditional barcarole tunes sung by gondoliers as well as the music of Vivaldi and Moneverdi. In literature we have the adventure of Marco Polo and Casanova.
I find the history of Venice very inspiring. In a small way it makes me think of Hong Kong which also becomes a world city from a barren island in the South of China and Hongkong had changes to cope with a changing world.
The document provides details about various structures within Agra Fort in India, including the moat, Amarsingh Gate, Jahangiri Mahal palace court, Golden Pavilions, Anguribagh, Shah Jehan's Palace, Mussaman Burj towers, Diwan-i-Khas, Nagina Masjid mosque, Moti Masjid, Diwan-i-Am hall, and the famed Peacock Throne. The structures are presented with descriptions and photos by Ar. Jaikumar Ranganathan.
What is Taj Mahal? Find details of Taj Mahal along with interesting trivia & facts. Plan your tour packages, book hotels in Agra with leading tour operators in India
The Taj Mahal was commissioned by Mughal Emperor Shah Jahan as a mausoleum for his beloved wife Mumtaz Mahal. Construction began in 1632 AD and took nearly 20 years to complete. The extensive complex covers over 22 hectares and includes gardens, subsidiary buildings, and tombs. At the center of the complex is the white marble Taj Mahal mausoleum, which houses the cenotaphs and actual graves of Mumtaz and Shah Jahan. The Taj Mahal is renowned for its intricate decorative elements and geometric symmetry, and remains one of the most beautiful buildings in the world.
The civilization of China dates back nearly 4,000 years and is one of the oldest in the world. It developed along the Yellow River and endured through many ruling houses and invasions. Confucian ideals of merit-based government helped shape Chinese society and administration for hundreds of years. China experienced periods of unification and division between numerous dynasties from around 2000 BC to the founding of the modern People's Republic of China in 1949.
China is the most populous country in the world with over 1.4 billion people. It has a long history dating back thousands of years, with many dynasties rising and falling over time. Some of China's most important historical sites include the Great Wall, Forbidden City, and Terracotta Army. Traditional Chinese culture incorporates elements like Confucianism, Taoism, Buddhism, and the use of Mandarin Chinese along with other dialects. Major festivals celebrated include Chinese New Year and the Lantern Festival.
The document provides an overview of classical Chinese civilization from the Xia dynasty to the Han dynasty. It discusses the major dynasties including the Shang, Zhou, Qin, and Han dynasties. Key developments included the establishment of the dynastic system of rule, the development of writing, Confucianism and Daoism as major philosophies, and the expansion of the empire during the Han dynasty through trade along the Silk Roads. Classical Chinese civilization flourished from around 1000 BCE to 500 CE and left a lasting impact through its political, philosophical, and cultural contributions.
1. Brief history of the country
China's history is rich with art, politics, science, and philosophy. It is home to the oldest of the major world civilizations. China was ruled by various dynasties for much of its history. The first dynasty is believed to be the Xia dynasty which formed somewhere around 2250 BC. The Shang or Yin dynasty gained power around the 14th century BC. The Han Dynasty, which lasted over 400 years from 206 BC to 220 AD, was one of the most influential in China's history. Much of the culture today was created during the Han Dynasty. Later famous dynasties, like the Song and the Tang, continued to refine the culture and bring new innovations to the world including printed money, a permanent navy, and a complex government that ruled over 100 million people.
Dynasties of China
The Xia Dynasty (2070–1600 BC) The Xia dynasty was founded by Yu the Great (c. 2123-2025 BC), known for developing a flood control technique that stopped the Great Flood that ravaged farmer's crops for generations. Very little is known about this dynasty and scholars believe it to be mythical or quasi-legendary
The Shang Dynasty (1600–1046 BC)
The Shang dynasty is the earliest recorded Chinese dynasty supported by archaeological evidence. 31 kings ruled much of the area along the Yellow River and made great advances in maths, astronomy and art. They used a highly developed calendar system and an early form of modern Chinese language.
The Zhou Dynasty (1045-221 BC)
The Zhou dynasty was the longest dynasty in the history of China, ruling for almost 8 centuries. The Zhous saw some of the greatest Chinese philosophers and poets: Lao-Tzu, Tao Chien, Confucius, Mencius, Mo Ti and the military strategist Sun-tzu.
Qin Dynasty (221–206 BC)
The Qin Dynasty was the first to unite China as a country under an emperor instead of a ruling clan, which meant the beginning of China's feudal era.The Qin Dynasty was the shortest dynasty in China, lasting only 15 years.
The First Emperor — Qin Shi Huang was first to use the title of emperor in China.
Qing Shi Huang standardized units of weight and measurements, as well as the writing system.
Great building projects, such as the Great Wall and the Terracotta Army were built in this era.
The Han Dynasty (206 BC – 220 AD)
The Han Dynasty was one of the most powerful, prosperous, and important dynasties in China's history. Confucianism was elevated to orthodox status and Taoism, China's local religion, arose. Cai Lun improved the technique of paper making, Zhang Heng invented a seismograph that could measure earthquakes.
Wei, Jin, and the Southern and Northern Dynasties (220–581)
The Three Kingdoms (220-265), Jin Dynasty (265-420), Period of the Northern and Southern Dynasties (386-589) is one of the most important periods in Chinese history. Dan meets up with Total War: Three Kingdoms game developers to discuss fact and fiction within gaming narratives.
The Sui Dynasty (581–618)
The Sui Dynasty was a short, in
Ancient China spanned from around 1600 BC to 221 BC, beginning with early dynasties like the Shang and Zhou which established bronze age cultures along the Yellow River. This was followed by the imperial era from 221 BC to 1912 AD, consisting of successive dynasties including the Qin which first unified China, the Han which established China's political and cultural influence, and the Tang and Song which were economic and technological golden ages. China then experienced foreign rule under the Yuan and Qing dynasties before the establishment of modern Communist China in 1949.
The document provides an overview of Chinese history from the Sui, Tang, and Song dynasties. It summarizes key events and developments during each dynasty, including the Sui unification of China, the Tang expansion and golden age, and the Song establishment of Neo-Confucianism and advances in agriculture, commerce, and urbanization.
The document provides a chronological overview of Chinese history from ancient dynasties to the modern era. It discusses the major dynasties that ruled China, including the Xia, Shang, Zhou, Qin, Han, Sui, Tang, Song, Yuan, Ming, and Qing dynasties. It notes key events, innovations, and developments that occurred during each dynasty. It also briefly summarizes the period of the Republic of China from 1912 to 1949, when the country transitioned from imperial rule to a republic after the fall of the Qing dynasty in 1912.
The document provides an overview of ancient Chinese history from 1750 BCE to 170 CE. It summarizes the major dynasties including the Xia, Shang, Zhou, Qin, and Han dynasties. The Shang dynasty ruled from 1750 BCE to 1122 BCE and was known for its mastery of bronze casting. The Zhou dynasty overthrew the Shang in 1027 BCE and introduced the concept of the Mandate of Heaven to justify changes in ruling dynasties. The Qin dynasty in 221 BCE was the first to unify China under an imperial system, while the long-lasting Han dynasty from 202 BCE to 220 CE expanded the empire and saw major technological advances such as the invention of paper.
China has a long history spanning thousands of years. Early societies developed agriculture and pottery making as evidenced by artifacts from the Yangshao period and oracle bones from the Shang Dynasty. Imperial rule was established through a dynastic system with emperors viewed as the "Son of Heaven" ruling with the "Mandate of Heaven." Key dynasties included the Qin which first unified China, the Han which was a golden age, the Tang which expanded Chinese territory, and the Ming which was a stable period. In the early 20th century, the Qing Dynasty fell and the Republic of China was established, but civil war erupted between the Nationalists and Communists with Mao Zedong founding the People's Republic of
The document provides a detailed overview of Chinese history from ancient dynasties to modern times. It describes the major dynasties that ruled China in chronological order, key events and people of each dynasty period, as well as the development of Chinese economic systems and belief philosophies over time.
The document summarizes Chinese history between 500-1650 CE. It describes the political fragmentation after the Han dynasty and reunification under the Tang dynasty in 618 CE. The Tang expanded China's influence and saw economic/cultural prosperity but declined due to overtaxation and rebellions. The Song dynasty restored order and saw advances in technology, including gunpowder, printing, and paper money, but lost land to northern groups. The Mongol Yuan dynasty conquered China in 1279 under Kublai Khan, striving to balance Mongol and Chinese rule.
The document provides a detailed overview of ancient Chinese history from the Warring States period to the end of the Qin dynasty. It describes how the Qin king Zheng united China in 221 BC and established the first centralized empire, standardized laws and currency. The Qin dynasty built roads and canals but fell in 206 BC. The document then summarizes the major dynasties that followed, including the Han, Sui, Tang, Song, Yuan, Ming and Qing dynasties. Key developments included the expansion of agriculture and trade along the Silk Road, the spread of Confucianism and Buddhism, and cultural and technological achievements.
- China has one of the oldest continuous civilizations originating with city-states along the Yellow River valley. The first evidence of humans in China dates back 1.27 million years ago.
- China became unified under the Qin dynasty in 221 BC, establishing the first Chinese empire. Successive dynasties developed bureaucratic systems allowing emperors to control the large territory.
- Some of China's most important contributions to the world include silk, tea, porcelain, printing, gunpowder, the compass, and the Silk Road - an important trade route for goods and culture linking China to other parts of Asia and Europe.
The document provides a timeline of Chinese dynasties and history from 581 AD to 1911 AD. It discusses the Sui Dynasty which reformed China and completed the Grand Canal. The Tang Dynasty expanded the empire and was a time of cultural excellence. The Song Dynasty saw growth and the invention of printing. The Yuan Dynasty was established by Kublai Khan and was the first non-Chinese ruling dynasty. The Ming Dynasty drove out the Mongols and established Beijing as the capital. The Qing Dynasty conquered the Ming and ruled until the 1911 revolution established the Republic of China.
Zhao 1Zilu ZhaoECON 463120415Economy and Governance of.docxdanielfoster65629
Zhao 1
Zilu Zhao
ECON 463
12/04/15
Economy and Governance of China
China is one of the most seasoned civic establishments on the planet and has been the biggest and most developed economy for a lot of written history. China's antiquated history is isolated into three times: Pre-Imperial time (ca. 10,000 – 221BC), Early Imperial period (221BC – 960AD) and Late Imperial time (960 – 1911AD). Amid the Pre-Imperial period, the ethnic groups living around the Yellow River territory, were rehearsing farming. The most punctual silk remains date to the early three thousand years BC. By 3000 years BC, stratified bronze-age social orders had risen. A trader class ruled amid the Warring States Period, bringing about expanded exchange. The sovereigns built up a mind boggling organization, utilizing it to wage supreme wars, manufacture expansive sanctuaries and perform open works ventures. The new framework remunerated ability over claim; vital positions were no more possessed singularly by honorability (Lee and Mabel 2008). A farming insurgency, brought on by the reception of new iron instruments, prompted an expansive populace increment amid this period. The Early Imperial time was stamped by solid governments and rulers with verging on boundless force. The states were unified, albeit neighborhood authorities still kept up constrained self-sufficiency. Amid this period, independent laborer ranchers and artisans administered the economy. Trade was moderately regular, expanding after the Han Dynasty with the advancement of the Silk Road. By 221BC, the condition of Qin brought together China, by grasping change more than whatever other state. Its Emperor Qin Shihuang was the first head in China. He manufactured the Great Wall and set reliable benchmarks of government. The Han Dynasty is recognized as the first of China's Golden Ages. With a populace of 58 million, it was a standout amongst the most intense and crowded countries on earth, surpassing the Roman Empire. Amid this period, substantial scale ventures rose, and mechanical developments, for example, the wheelbarrow, paper and the seismograph were designed. The Silk Road was opened up, permitting exchange in the middle of China and its western districts to prosper (Zhou, Jinsheng, and Edward 1974). Confucius' theory, and Taoism and its qualities picked up noticeable quality in China amid the Han Dynasty. On the other hand, the economy was disabled by an uprising and did not recuperate until the Tang Dynasty. The Tang Dynasty was a further brilliant age. A progression of solid rulers, including a woman, ruled China proficiently and extended the Tang Empire to the point that it matched the later Yuan, Ming and Qing administrations. The state's withdrawal energized monetary development and assisted China's economy with developing into the mercantilism of the Song and Ming Dynasties in the following eras.
The Late Imperial time started with the Song Dynasty. It conveyed a monetary insurgency to China. E.
The document provides an overview of Chinese history from the Shang Dynasty through modern times. It touches on key dynasties like the Shang, Zhou, Qin, Han, Tang, Song, Yuan, Ming, and Qing dynasties. For each dynasty, it highlights important rulers, developments, technologies, and cultural influences. It also discusses periods of foreign invasion and influence like the Mongols and subsequent Yuan dynasty. In more modern history, it mentions the Kuomintang, Communist Revolution, Cultural Revolution, and ongoing human rights issues in China.
An introduction to pre 1911 China, and an overview of China's main dynasties and leaders. A great beginning for Chapter 4 Cambridge AS History chapter - International relations in an age of development - China and Japan. Please send me a message if you want to download this for educational purpose.
Embark on a captivating journey through the realms of Chinese and Japanese literature, where centuries of storytelling traditions await discovery. From the evocative verses of ancient Chinese poets like Li Bai and Du Fu to the mesmerizing narratives of Japanese classics such as "The Tale of Genji" and "The Pillow Book," this anthology offers a glimpse into the cultural and literary landscapes of East Asia. Delve into the profound wisdom of Confucianism and Taoism, as well as the delicate aesthetics of Japanese aesthetics like wabi-sabi and mono no aware. "Whispers of the East" invites readers to immerse themselves in the beauty and complexity of these timeless tales, exploring themes of love, honor, nature, and the human condition that resonate across generations and continents.
Between 400-1280 CE, China was ruled by the Sui, Tang, Song, and Yuan dynasties. The Sui reunified China after years of war and built the Grand Canal for transportation. The Tang expanded the empire and saw economic growth through trade. The Song led a prosperous period but faced invaders from the north. In 1279, Kublai Khan and the Mongols conquered China and established the Yuan Dynasty, ruling from Beijing until 1368 when the Ming Dynasty took over. Confucianism was the dominant ideology while Buddhism and Daoism also grew in popularity. The economy advanced, especially in cities, through agriculture, manufacturing, and trade. Printing and gunpowder were invented during
The Qin and Tang Dynasties unified China through strong central governments. The Qin Dynasty standardized laws and currency, built the Great Wall of China, and unified the country through harsh rule. However, rebellions arose due to oppressive policies. The Tang Dynasty expanded China's territory and promoted trade, education, and Buddhism. The civil service exam system recruited officials based on merit. However, later heavy taxes led to rebellions and the dynasty's decline.
Similar to China and the 21st Century, Session Two -- ESADE Business School (20)
This presentation was provided by Racquel Jemison, Ph.D., Christina MacLaughlin, Ph.D., and Paulomi Majumder. Ph.D., all of the American Chemical Society, for the second session of NISO's 2024 Training Series "DEIA in the Scholarly Landscape." Session Two: 'Expanding Pathways to Publishing Careers,' was held June 13, 2024.
This document provides an overview of wound healing, its functions, stages, mechanisms, factors affecting it, and complications.
A wound is a break in the integrity of the skin or tissues, which may be associated with disruption of the structure and function.
Healing is the body’s response to injury in an attempt to restore normal structure and functions.
Healing can occur in two ways: Regeneration and Repair
There are 4 phases of wound healing: hemostasis, inflammation, proliferation, and remodeling. This document also describes the mechanism of wound healing. Factors that affect healing include infection, uncontrolled diabetes, poor nutrition, age, anemia, the presence of foreign bodies, etc.
Complications of wound healing like infection, hyperpigmentation of scar, contractures, and keloid formation.
This presentation was provided by Rebecca Benner, Ph.D., of the American Society of Anesthesiologists, for the second session of NISO's 2024 Training Series "DEIA in the Scholarly Landscape." Session Two: 'Expanding Pathways to Publishing Careers,' was held June 13, 2024.
Level 3 NCEA - NZ: A Nation In the Making 1872 - 1900 SML.pptHenry Hollis
The History of NZ 1870-1900.
Making of a Nation.
From the NZ Wars to Liberals,
Richard Seddon, George Grey,
Social Laboratory, New Zealand,
Confiscations, Kotahitanga, Kingitanga, Parliament, Suffrage, Repudiation, Economic Change, Agriculture, Gold Mining, Timber, Flax, Sheep, Dairying,
Chapter wise All Notes of First year Basic Civil Engineering.pptxDenish Jangid
Chapter wise All Notes of First year Basic Civil Engineering
Syllabus
Chapter-1
Introduction to objective, scope and outcome the subject
Chapter 2
Introduction: Scope and Specialization of Civil Engineering, Role of civil Engineer in Society, Impact of infrastructural development on economy of country.
Chapter 3
Surveying: Object Principles & Types of Surveying; Site Plans, Plans & Maps; Scales & Unit of different Measurements.
Linear Measurements: Instruments used. Linear Measurement by Tape, Ranging out Survey Lines and overcoming Obstructions; Measurements on sloping ground; Tape corrections, conventional symbols. Angular Measurements: Instruments used; Introduction to Compass Surveying, Bearings and Longitude & Latitude of a Line, Introduction to total station.
Levelling: Instrument used Object of levelling, Methods of levelling in brief, and Contour maps.
Chapter 4
Buildings: Selection of site for Buildings, Layout of Building Plan, Types of buildings, Plinth area, carpet area, floor space index, Introduction to building byelaws, concept of sun light & ventilation. Components of Buildings & their functions, Basic concept of R.C.C., Introduction to types of foundation
Chapter 5
Transportation: Introduction to Transportation Engineering; Traffic and Road Safety: Types and Characteristics of Various Modes of Transportation; Various Road Traffic Signs, Causes of Accidents and Road Safety Measures.
Chapter 6
Environmental Engineering: Environmental Pollution, Environmental Acts and Regulations, Functional Concepts of Ecology, Basics of Species, Biodiversity, Ecosystem, Hydrological Cycle; Chemical Cycles: Carbon, Nitrogen & Phosphorus; Energy Flow in Ecosystems.
Water Pollution: Water Quality standards, Introduction to Treatment & Disposal of Waste Water. Reuse and Saving of Water, Rain Water Harvesting. Solid Waste Management: Classification of Solid Waste, Collection, Transportation and Disposal of Solid. Recycling of Solid Waste: Energy Recovery, Sanitary Landfill, On-Site Sanitation. Air & Noise Pollution: Primary and Secondary air pollutants, Harmful effects of Air Pollution, Control of Air Pollution. . Noise Pollution Harmful Effects of noise pollution, control of noise pollution, Global warming & Climate Change, Ozone depletion, Greenhouse effect
Text Books:
1. Palancharmy, Basic Civil Engineering, McGraw Hill publishers.
2. Satheesh Gopi, Basic Civil Engineering, Pearson Publishers.
3. Ketki Rangwala Dalal, Essentials of Civil Engineering, Charotar Publishing House.
4. BCP, Surveying volume 1
China and the 21st Century, Session Two -- ESADE Business School
1. The rise and fall of Chinese civilisation
The Emergence of China in the 21st Century — Session two
Luis Torras (@TorrasLuis)
2. – Francis Bacon (1561-1616)
“Many of the great inventions for Europe’s rebirth had their
origins in China.”
2
3. – Goethe (1749-1832)
“[…] the millennial Chinese culture interiorised certain
fundamental ideas such as rationalism or the principles for a
stable government long before Europe.”
3
4. China is longest living civilisation on Earth with
more than 5000 years of history
Modern world civilisations according to Huntington
4
Source: Samuel Huntington, The Clash of Civilisations (1996).
5. Overview to Chinese civilisation though history
Source: Maddison; IMF.
26.1%
29.1%
32.9%
17.2%
9.0%
4.5% 4.6%
11.5%
17.0%
0 1600 1820 1870 1913 1950 1973 1998 2005
26%
PopulationGDP
2010$
29%
37%
28%
24%
22%
21%
21%
22%
“Great$Divergence”$
Industrial$Revolu9on$in$
Europe$
Deng$Xiaoping’s$
Economic$Reform$
Western$dominance$ New$stage$
5
Share of Chinese population and GDP from total (0-2010)
6. 6
• No other system of government on earth ruled for so long over so many people as the empire
of China (from 221 BC to 1911, over two millennia).
• The Empire governed a domain the size of a continent, which grew to a 3.7 million square miles
at its peak with hundreds of million of inhabitants.
• The mythical Chinese dragon, standing for power, became symbol of the Empire, depicted in
imperial yellow with five claws on each foot.
• Unlike European empires, the dynasties of China ruled over a single landmass. Their fleets
might roam the oceans and the might accept tribute from other asian states (Korea, Japan,
Birmania, and others), but the conquest led them only to territories adjoining the Middle Kingdom.
• Over the course of two millennia the empire saw an enormous rise in its population: the
number of its subjects doubles from 60 million in AD 200 to 120 in 1000, an rose more or less
steadily to 500 million by 1900.
• The empire was numerically dominated by Chinese Han, although it was populated with 100 or
more minorities: two dynasties, the Yuan and the Qing, came from beyond the Great Wall.
• Confucianism was the bedrock of the imperial system, although Buddhism and Taoism were
also widely adopted and other creeds and belief systems abounded.
• The theory of the Mandate of Heaven promised that the benevolent father of the people who
looked after the masses in proper fashion could sure reign but, when self-interest prevail (eg. ruler
led armies to disastrous wars), the Mandate would be withdrawn.
Imperial China: some key facts (1/2)
Source: J. Fenby, The Dragon Throne (2015).
7. 7
• A class of Mandarin officials - many chosen by examination - served the throne, overseeing
the administration of the realm both at the center and in the provinces.
• Imperial China produced a vast array of inventions a few of which were paralleled elsewhere:
paper (and thus paper money), writing, steel and the blast furnace, woodblock printing, the horse
collar, the compass, scissors, the abacus, gunpowder, fireworks or porcelain.
• One of the greatest questions of history is why the Chinese fell behind the West in
manufacturing (Industrial Revolution) in the late imperial times (18th and 19th century). There are
many answers to this question.
• Imperial China remained a predominantly agricultural and rural society until it eventually
collapse in 1912, male-dominated and focused on the paternally led family and linage. Trade and
industry were ranked at the bottom of Confucian scale; the middle class was tiny and largely
depended on official favour.
• What mattered above all was the mystical idea of an empire handed down form heaven, placed at
the center of the world, should live on.
• The dynastic cycle of rise and fall is still present in modern China today: to understand the
past of China is key to comprehend today’s People’s Republic of China.
Imperial China: some key facts (2/2)
Source: J. Fenby, The Dragon Throne (2015).
8. Dynasty Time-line Main emperors Comments
Qin 221 - 207 BC
Qin Shi Huangdi
(260 - 210 BC)
• First true emperor of China; he adopted the first system of effective governance
based on Confucianism and legalism principles
• Li Si, was the ‘first mandarin’ that help to design & implemented the first power
centralisation in China
• Forced labour was used on mass scale for first time to expand agriculture & to
built infrastructures (eg the Great Wall)
• Capital was move to Xianyang (near present day Xi’an)
Western Han 206 BC - 9
Gaodi (Liu Bang)
Wendi (Liu Heng)
Wudi
• The Han was the longest-lived Chinese dynasty (split in two periods) having 24
emperors. The first of this emperor’s was Liu Bang
• Han introduced a legalistic system called Han Confucianism understanding the
importance of the past (like the late Zhou)
• Economic development allowed taxes to be cut and farmers were given financial
incentives to encourage output. Imperial spending was reduced
• Han had contact even with the Roman Empire in the times of Wudi
• Capital ws moved to Chang’an (‘Perpetual peace’) may well be the biggest city in
the world iof its time
Eastern Han 25 - 220
Guang Wudi (Liu
Xiu)
Mingdi
Hedi
• Capital was move from Chang’an to Luoyang (in the East), in the home region of
Liu Xiu (first emperor of the Eastern Han)
• Major task was reconstruction the empire (as always one a new dynasties came
to power). Moreover, population levels has fallen: from 57 million in AD140 to 48
• Confucianism gain force and education was reinforced and trade through the Silk
Road flourished
• Rivalry between mandarin and eunuchs increased
Source: J. Fenby, The Dragon Throne (2015). Inter-reigns, the Three Kingdoms period (220 - 280) & the Period of Disunion (265 - 581) not included.
Time-line of main Chinese dynasties after the Warring
States period (480 - 221 BC) (1/4)
8
9. Time-line of main Chinese dynasties after the Warring
States period (480 - 221 BC) (2/4)
Name Period Main emperors Comments
Sui 581 - 618 Wendi (Yang Jian)
• Although their rule lasted than 40 years their reputation was assailed by the
successors, the three Sui rulers re-established the basis for a national empire
• Wendi emperor, the first of Sui rulers, was prominent militar and aristocrat than re-
unite the realm
Tang 618 - 908
Wudi (Li Yuan)
Gaozu
Taizong
Wu Zetian
Xuanzong
• Tang dynasty ushered as the first major golden age of Chinese history. Once the
new regime was consolidated, it embarked on a programe of expansion that
reached Korea and deep into Asia
• Tang China was considered the greatest political & military power on earth and
provided a model for govern and culture that was widely copied in East Asia
• It was an aristocratic realm, but strong official class also emerged (mandarins)
• The dynasty sought to impose uniform and centralised power and control. Land
holding were reorganized and a new legal code was introduced
• Porcelain became a Chinese speciality and Buddhism grew in strength
• Chang’an (near present Xi’an) was the capital and became the greatest walled
city ever know
Northern Song 960 - 1126
Taizu
Taizong
Renzong
Zhezong
Huizong
• The Song dynasty has been portrayed as a weak house notable mainly for
presiding over achievements in philosophy and arts
• The Song saw a reduction in the area under imperial control, accepting terms to
buy peace from the north and the west: even so, the Song claim to govern almost
1.5 million square miles & 100 million people. It was a period of intense diplomacy
• Agricultural output grew, including the cultivation of tea, and textile production
expanded in small but also medium enterprises with more than 100 employees
• Urbanization was one of the major features of the Song period. Trade expanded
rapidly and a monetary economy took root. Civilian life & reason gain importance
• The end of the dynasty was due to the rise of Genghis Khan (1162 - 1227) and
Kublai Khan (1215 - 1294)
• Keifeng became the capital, and vermilion became the imperial colour
Source: J. Fenby, The Dragon Throne (2015). Inter-reigns and the Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms period not included.
9
10. Dynasty Time-line Main emperors Comments
Southern Song 1127 - 1279
Huizong
Xiaozong
Ningzong
Lizong
Hangzhou
• Hangzhou will become the temporary capital of the new
dynasty reaching 1.5 million habitants. Marco Polo (1254 -
1324) was highly impress by the city which claimed to be
the richest on earth
• Trade and commercial activity flourished in the southern
ports
• The Song focused on developing what it had and culture
flourished
• In 1276, Hangzhou (the last of the Song emperors) fell to
the Mongol forces
Yuan
(Mongols)
1279 - 1368 Kublai Khan
• The Mongols who founded the Yuan Dynasty in 1279 were
archetypal people of the northern steppes
• The Dynasty mix mongols and Chinese elements (mainly
Chinese)
• The new dynasty develop new infrastructures and restored
and extended the Grand Canal liking north to south
• It was the period of the Marco Polo travels; contacts with
Europe were made and the Empire became more
decentralised & respectful for local manner & beliefs
• It was mainly a one-emperor dynasty (after Kublai Khan the
dynasty never again found its feet)
• Famine, corruption and ethnic tension characterised the
dying years of the dynasty: not just the Yuan but China it
self was in risk to collapse at the very end
Source: J. Fenby, The Dragon Throne (2015).
Time-line of main Chinese dynasties after the Warring
States period (480 - 221 BC) (3/4)
10
11. Dynasty Time-line Main emperors Comments
Ming 1368 - 1644
Zhu Yuanzhang
Yongle
Hongxi
Xuande
Hongzhi
Zhengde
Wanli
• China prosper under the early Ming: population increased,
literacy increased
• The Great Wall was strengthened and expanded
• The capital Nanjing & later moved to Beijing in 1404-20
and Forbidden City, Summer Palace to the Temple of
Heaven were built
• Confucianism and Taoism gain influence and help to built
an stable society
• Civil service was re-introduced & officials gain importance
(eunuchs and mandarins dispute to influence the Emperor)
• Economy revived while taxation was rationalized
• In the late-Ming, dynasty was dominated by factionalism &
corruption
Qing
(Manchus)
1644 - 1912
Dorgon
Shunzhi
Kagxi
Yongzheng
Qianlong
Puyi
• Qing dynasty was founded in 1636 in the Northeast part of
China by Abahai. Later the Manchus (peasant rebels) rode
south and took Beijing
• At the heigh of its rule, the Empire may have accounted for
one-third of the world’s wealth
• Manchus rulers forged a multi-cultural and multi-ethnic
realm that reach its zenith before declining
• In the early years, Manchus were open even to a western
influence and Jesuits such as Matteo Ricci could built
bridges between East and West
• The dynasty ended in a long fight for survival agains mass
revolts, humiliations by Western powers and Japan and,
finally, the abdication of the last emperor Puyi
Source: J. Fenby, The Dragon Throne (2015).
Time-line of main Chinese dynasties after the Warring
States period (480 - 221 BC) (4/4)
11
14. Qin Shi Huangdi (秦始皇帝), China’s first emperor (220 BC – 210
BC), Qin
The First Emperor, earned a reputation for brutality and political intolerance (same as modern leaders of China like Mao Zedong).
His legacy, however, was the creation of a song administration and a unified realm. The Qin (pronounced ‘Chin’), would give the
nation its name.
15. Empress Wu Zetian, Tang dynasty, was China’s first and only
female emperor
Empress Wu ruled the country from 690 - 705. She has, perhaps, suffered an unfair press from her later chroniclers. She was
certainly a progressive figure who advance the cause of women’s rights. Some historians make a distinction of the Wu Zetian era
and consider her as part of the brief Zhou Dynasty.
16. Mongol Empire and Yuan China (1279 - 1368)
The Mongols extended their hegemony over a major part of the Eurasian landmass, from the Danube to the Pacific for the better
part of the 12th and 13rd centuries.
The Mongol Empire in the late XIII century
18. The Ming re-established a centralised strong power after the relatively decentralisation during the Yuan
period. The reinforce Civil service and strength the Great Wall of China that will begin to close itself.
18
Yongle Emperor (r. 1402 - 1424), Ming dynasty, moved the
capital to the north (Beijing) and made built the Forbidden City
19. In 1404 the capital of the Empire was moved form Naijing to the
city of Beiping renamed Beijing (Northern Capital)
The Forbidden City
The Forbidden City was one of the major symbols of the Ming emperors but also it represented their increasing remoteness from
the people they governed. The Ming also strengthen the Great Wall that was both a defensive measure and a isolation tool as
well. The Forbidden City was the Emperor palace from 1421 to 1911 and today’s is Beijing’s biggest tourist attraction.
20. Zheng He (1371 - 1433) did several voyages
along the Pacific & Indic Ocean
Zheng He’s Treasure Ship (122 m) and Columbus’s Santa María (25 m). Zheng He discover many new
territories but expeditions were abandoned due to their huge cost
20
21. Zheng He’s voyages (1405-22) remain as a
symbol of Chinese Ming supremacy
21
22. Emperor Kangxi (1654 - 1722) sat in the Dragon Throne for 61 years, the longest period of any imperial
rule, coinciding with Louis XIV (1638 - 1715) of France who reigned 72 years (the longest for a any
monarch in a major country) and Peter the Great (1672 - 1725) of Russia. 22
Emperor Kanxi (r. 1661 - 1722) reign (61 years) marked the
beginning of the period know as High Qing
23. Matteo Ricci (1552 - 1610) expanded the mutual
knowledge between China and Western powers
23
Matteo Ricci’s phenomenal memory help him to learn Chinese, his skills in mathematics and astronomy was attractive also for the
Chinese court. By 1663, under the early Qing, the number of converts expanded from 10,000 to 200,000. However, the
fundamental dichotomy between the claims of Jesuits’s God and the status of the emperor proved to be insurmountable in the
long run. In 1724, the once tolerant Qing dynasty declared Christianity to be heterodox.
25. Reminder: “great divergence” vs. “great
convergence”.
The “great divergence” The “great convergence”
GDP$per$capita$evolu0on$ra0o$selected$countries,$150082008$ World$GDP$percentage$on$total$principal$economies$(198082018)$
Source: Maddison; IMF. PPP data. Adapted form Prof. Niall Ferguson.
Key milestone: late XVIII
century, Industrial revolution
Key milestone: 1978, Deng
Xiaoping’s reforms
25
26. Overview to Chinese civilisation: GDP per capita
evolution
Source: Maddison; IMF.
26
Historical evolution of the GDP per capita (1820-2005)
1820 1870 1913 1950 1973 1998 2005
US 1,257 2,445 5,301 9,561 16,689 27,331 31,200
UK 1,707 3,191 4,921 6,907 12,022 18,714 21,900
France 1,230 1,876 3,485 5,270 13,123 19,558 21,800
Germany 1,058 1,821 3,648 3,881 11,966 17,799 19,200
Spain 1,063 1,376 2,255 2,397 8,739 14,227 17,400
China 600 530 552 439 839 3,117 5,400
India 533 533 673 619 853 1,746 2,300
Japan 669 737 1,387 1,926 11,439 20,413 21,800
World 667 867 1,510 2,114 4,104 5,709 6,800
27. Late XVIII century: Europe launches its industrial
revolution and the “great divergence” begins
Dr. Samuel Johnson (1709-1784)
“when a man is tired of London, he is tired of life; for
there is in London all that life can afford.”
27
28. 1793: Lord Macartney fail to set-up an embassy
of the King George the III in the China of
Emperor Qianlong (“clash of civilisations”)
King George III (1738-1820) Emperor Qianlong (1711-1799)
28
29.
30. The Opium Wars (1839-1842) marks the
beginning of the ‘century of humiliations’
A French political cartoon depicting China as a pie about to be carved up by Queen Victoria (Britain), Kaiser
Wilhelm II (Germany), Tsar Nicholas II (Russia), Marianne (France) and a samurai (Japan), while a Chinese
mandarin helplessly looks on. 30
32. The dowager empress Cixi (regency 1861 -
1908) played a key role in the last imperial times
32
33. Japanese illustration depicting the beheading of Chinese captives. Sino-Japanese War of 1894–5
Source: Utagawa Kokunimasa - Sharf Collection, Museum of Fine Arts, Boston.
34. August 14, 1900: U.S. Army in Action historical painting, depicting Allied Relief Expedition assault on the
outer walls of Peking in China during the Boxer Rebellion. 34
36. September 7, 1900: Boxer protocol that was lead by Spanish ambassador at the time, Bernardo Cólogan y
Cólogan (1847 - 1921)
36
37. 1912: Puyi, The Last Emperor
Puyi as Emperor of Manchukuo (1932-45)
37
The Last Emperor (Bertolucci)
38. Japan was the first Asian power to converged to
Western standards during Meji restoration
Source: Maddison. Adapted from Visualizing Economics.
GDP per capita: major East Asian countries compared to the US
38