1. Brief history of the country
China's history is rich with art, politics, science, and philosophy. It is home to the oldest of the major world civilizations. China was ruled by various dynasties for much of its history. The first dynasty is believed to be the Xia dynasty which formed somewhere around 2250 BC. The Shang or Yin dynasty gained power around the 14th century BC. The Han Dynasty, which lasted over 400 years from 206 BC to 220 AD, was one of the most influential in China's history. Much of the culture today was created during the Han Dynasty. Later famous dynasties, like the Song and the Tang, continued to refine the culture and bring new innovations to the world including printed money, a permanent navy, and a complex government that ruled over 100 million people.
Dynasties of China
The Xia Dynasty (2070–1600 BC) The Xia dynasty was founded by Yu the Great (c. 2123-2025 BC), known for developing a flood control technique that stopped the Great Flood that ravaged farmer's crops for generations. Very little is known about this dynasty and scholars believe it to be mythical or quasi-legendary
The Shang Dynasty (1600–1046 BC)
The Shang dynasty is the earliest recorded Chinese dynasty supported by archaeological evidence. 31 kings ruled much of the area along the Yellow River and made great advances in maths, astronomy and art. They used a highly developed calendar system and an early form of modern Chinese language.
The Zhou Dynasty (1045-221 BC)
The Zhou dynasty was the longest dynasty in the history of China, ruling for almost 8 centuries. The Zhous saw some of the greatest Chinese philosophers and poets: Lao-Tzu, Tao Chien, Confucius, Mencius, Mo Ti and the military strategist Sun-tzu.
Qin Dynasty (221–206 BC)
The Qin Dynasty was the first to unite China as a country under an emperor instead of a ruling clan, which meant the beginning of China's feudal era.The Qin Dynasty was the shortest dynasty in China, lasting only 15 years.
The First Emperor — Qin Shi Huang was first to use the title of emperor in China.
Qing Shi Huang standardized units of weight and measurements, as well as the writing system.
Great building projects, such as the Great Wall and the Terracotta Army were built in this era.
The Han Dynasty (206 BC – 220 AD)
The Han Dynasty was one of the most powerful, prosperous, and important dynasties in China's history. Confucianism was elevated to orthodox status and Taoism, China's local religion, arose. Cai Lun improved the technique of paper making, Zhang Heng invented a seismograph that could measure earthquakes.
Wei, Jin, and the Southern and Northern Dynasties (220–581)
The Three Kingdoms (220-265), Jin Dynasty (265-420), Period of the Northern and Southern Dynasties (386-589) is one of the most important periods in Chinese history. Dan meets up with Total War: Three Kingdoms game developers to discuss fact and fiction within gaming narratives.
The Sui Dynasty (581–618)
The Sui Dynasty was a short, in
Embark on a captivating journey through the realms of Chinese and Japanese literature, where centuries of storytelling traditions await discovery. From the evocative verses of ancient Chinese poets like Li Bai and Du Fu to the mesmerizing narratives of Japanese classics such as "The Tale of Genji" and "The Pillow Book," this anthology offers a glimpse into the cultural and literary landscapes of East Asia. Delve into the profound wisdom of Confucianism and Taoism, as well as the delicate aesthetics of Japanese aesthetics like wabi-sabi and mono no aware. "Whispers of the East" invites readers to immerse themselves in the beauty and complexity of these timeless tales, exploring themes of love, honor, nature, and the human condition that resonate across generations and continents.
Embark on a captivating journey through the realms of Chinese and Japanese literature, where centuries of storytelling traditions await discovery. From the evocative verses of ancient Chinese poets like Li Bai and Du Fu to the mesmerizing narratives of Japanese classics such as "The Tale of Genji" and "The Pillow Book," this anthology offers a glimpse into the cultural and literary landscapes of East Asia. Delve into the profound wisdom of Confucianism and Taoism, as well as the delicate aesthetics of Japanese aesthetics like wabi-sabi and mono no aware. "Whispers of the East" invites readers to immerse themselves in the beauty and complexity of these timeless tales, exploring themes of love, honor, nature, and the human condition that resonate across generations and continents.
Chines Civilization in Town Planning.pptxPeteti Joseph
China is an East Asian country with a large territory, a huge population and an ancient history. With written records dating back 4,000 years, it is recognized as one of the four great ancient civilizations of the world, together with ancient Egypt, Babylon and India. Moreover, it is the only ancient civilization that has continued to this very day.
Chapter 8 Ways of the World AP World History Book By R. Strayer - China and t...S Sandoval
AP World History - Ways of the World by Strayer. Chapter 8: China and the world. Tribute System, China and Korea, China and Vietnam, China and Buddhism, China and Japan.
SM (Grand Strategy Matrix) Presentation.pptxOsamaRehman10
What is the Grand Strategy Matrix?
Definition:
The Grand Strategy Matrix is a tool used in strategic management to help a company choose the best course of action to achieve its goals and objectives. The matrix is a grid that is divided into four quadrants, each representing a different type of strategy.
Explanation:
The Grand Strategy Matrix has become a popular tool for formulating feasible strategies, along with the SWOT Analysis, SPACE Matrix, BCG Matrix, and IE Matrix. Grand strategy matrix is the instrument for creating alternative and different strategies for the organization. All companies and divisions can be positioned in one of the Grand Strategy Matrix’s four strategy quadrants. The Grand Strategy Matrix is based on two dimensions: competitive position and market growth. Data needed for positioning SBUs in the matrix is derived from the portfolio analysis. This matrix offers feasible strategies for a company to consider which are listed in sequential order of attractiveness in each quadrant of the matrix.
Quadrant I (Strong Competitive Position and Rapid Market Growth) – Firms located in Quadrant I of the Grand Strategy Matrix are in an excellent strategic position. The first quadrant refers to the firms or divisions with strong competitive base and operating in fast moving growth markets. Such firms or divisions are better to adopt and pursue strategies such as market development, market penetration, product development etc. The idea behind is to focus and make the current competitive base stronger. In case such firms possess readily available resources they can move on to integration strategies but should never be at the cost of diverting attention from current strong competitive base.
Quadrant II (Weak Competitive Position and Rapid Market Growth) – Firms positioned in Quadrant II need to evaluate their present approach to the marketplace seriously. Although their industry is growing, they are unable to compete effectively, and they need to determine why the firm’s current approach is ineffectual and how the company can best change to improve its competitiveness. The suitable strategies for such firms are to develop the products, markets, and to penetrate into the markets. Because Quadrant II firms are in a rapid-market-growth industry, an intensive strategy (as opposed to integrative or diversification) is usually the first option that should be considered. To achieve the competitive advantage or becoming market leader Quadrant II firms can go into horizontal integration subject to availability of resources. However if these firms foresee a tough competitive environment and faster market growth than the growth of the firm, the better option is to go into divestiture of some divisions or liquidation altogether and change the business.
Quadrant III (Weak Competitive Position and Slow Market Growth) – The firms fall in this quadrant compete in slow-growth industries and have weak competitive positions. These firms must make s
MIS Role and Functions

role of management information system
A management information system (MIS) is a computer-based system that provides managers with the tools to organize, evaluate, and manage departments within an organization. The primary role of an MIS is to support the management of an organization by providing timely, relevant, and accurate information to decision makers. This information can be used to improve efficiency, make better decisions, and increase competitiveness.
There are several key functions of an MIS:
Data collection: An MIS collects data from a variety of sources, such as transactions, sensors, and social media, and stores it in a central database.
Data processing: The system processes the data to convert it into usable information, such as reports, charts, and dashboards.
Data dissemination: The system distributes the processed information to the appropriate people within the organization, such as managers, employees, and customers.
Decision support: The system provides tools and resources to help managers make informed decisions, such as predictive analytics, simulation, and optimization.
Communication and collaboration: An MIS can facilitate communication and collaboration within an organization by providing tools such as email, instant messaging, and video conferencing.
Overall, the role of an MIS is to provide managers with the information and tools they need to make informed decisions and effectively manage their departments.
Chines Civilization in Town Planning.pptxPeteti Joseph
China is an East Asian country with a large territory, a huge population and an ancient history. With written records dating back 4,000 years, it is recognized as one of the four great ancient civilizations of the world, together with ancient Egypt, Babylon and India. Moreover, it is the only ancient civilization that has continued to this very day.
Chapter 8 Ways of the World AP World History Book By R. Strayer - China and t...S Sandoval
AP World History - Ways of the World by Strayer. Chapter 8: China and the world. Tribute System, China and Korea, China and Vietnam, China and Buddhism, China and Japan.
SM (Grand Strategy Matrix) Presentation.pptxOsamaRehman10
What is the Grand Strategy Matrix?
Definition:
The Grand Strategy Matrix is a tool used in strategic management to help a company choose the best course of action to achieve its goals and objectives. The matrix is a grid that is divided into four quadrants, each representing a different type of strategy.
Explanation:
The Grand Strategy Matrix has become a popular tool for formulating feasible strategies, along with the SWOT Analysis, SPACE Matrix, BCG Matrix, and IE Matrix. Grand strategy matrix is the instrument for creating alternative and different strategies for the organization. All companies and divisions can be positioned in one of the Grand Strategy Matrix’s four strategy quadrants. The Grand Strategy Matrix is based on two dimensions: competitive position and market growth. Data needed for positioning SBUs in the matrix is derived from the portfolio analysis. This matrix offers feasible strategies for a company to consider which are listed in sequential order of attractiveness in each quadrant of the matrix.
Quadrant I (Strong Competitive Position and Rapid Market Growth) – Firms located in Quadrant I of the Grand Strategy Matrix are in an excellent strategic position. The first quadrant refers to the firms or divisions with strong competitive base and operating in fast moving growth markets. Such firms or divisions are better to adopt and pursue strategies such as market development, market penetration, product development etc. The idea behind is to focus and make the current competitive base stronger. In case such firms possess readily available resources they can move on to integration strategies but should never be at the cost of diverting attention from current strong competitive base.
Quadrant II (Weak Competitive Position and Rapid Market Growth) – Firms positioned in Quadrant II need to evaluate their present approach to the marketplace seriously. Although their industry is growing, they are unable to compete effectively, and they need to determine why the firm’s current approach is ineffectual and how the company can best change to improve its competitiveness. The suitable strategies for such firms are to develop the products, markets, and to penetrate into the markets. Because Quadrant II firms are in a rapid-market-growth industry, an intensive strategy (as opposed to integrative or diversification) is usually the first option that should be considered. To achieve the competitive advantage or becoming market leader Quadrant II firms can go into horizontal integration subject to availability of resources. However if these firms foresee a tough competitive environment and faster market growth than the growth of the firm, the better option is to go into divestiture of some divisions or liquidation altogether and change the business.
Quadrant III (Weak Competitive Position and Slow Market Growth) – The firms fall in this quadrant compete in slow-growth industries and have weak competitive positions. These firms must make s
MIS Role and Functions

role of management information system
A management information system (MIS) is a computer-based system that provides managers with the tools to organize, evaluate, and manage departments within an organization. The primary role of an MIS is to support the management of an organization by providing timely, relevant, and accurate information to decision makers. This information can be used to improve efficiency, make better decisions, and increase competitiveness.
There are several key functions of an MIS:
Data collection: An MIS collects data from a variety of sources, such as transactions, sensors, and social media, and stores it in a central database.
Data processing: The system processes the data to convert it into usable information, such as reports, charts, and dashboards.
Data dissemination: The system distributes the processed information to the appropriate people within the organization, such as managers, employees, and customers.
Decision support: The system provides tools and resources to help managers make informed decisions, such as predictive analytics, simulation, and optimization.
Communication and collaboration: An MIS can facilitate communication and collaboration within an organization by providing tools such as email, instant messaging, and video conferencing.
Overall, the role of an MIS is to provide managers with the information and tools they need to make informed decisions and effectively manage their departments.
What is Information System?
The system is a collection of various elements or entities that are used to process input into an output. Inputs and outputs can be either raw or intact data into information — depending on the processing designed to work in the system.
Meanwhile, information is the result of data processing used for a particular purpose. As for what data means is raw facts that have not been processed and can not provide stimulus for users to take action.
Thus, an information system can be interpreted as a set of interconnected elements to process a given input into a particular output produced. The next stage of an information system is a MIS (Management Information System) which has a higher complexity with the final goal being used for the needs of analysis and decision making.
What is Information Systems Development?
As the name suggests, information system development or commonly known as SLC (Systems Life Cycle) or SLDC (Software Development Life Cycle) is a process of making and changing the system and the model and methodology used. In other words, an SDLC is the preparation of a new system to replace the old system, both in whole and only partially.
Development of information systems is generally done because of problems that cannot be accommodated by the old system. For example, the hospital where you work make an overhaul SIMRS (Sistem Informasi Manajemen Rumah Sakit/Hospital Management Information System) because of applications that previously could not do bridging with BPJS. Considering the fact that the government has required it, then inevitably the hospital must adjust the SIMRS it already has.
As for carrying out an information system development, the related team will consist of several personnel, namely the project coordinator, system analyst and design, network designer, programmer, technician (hardware), administrator, software tester, graphic designer, and documentary.
Information System Development Stages
An information system development consists of six important stages, it is system survey, needs analysis, design, implementation, testing, change and maintenance.
1) System Survey
The SLDC phase also consists of three main points: system identification, selection, and system planning.
1) System Identification
This process is to identify the problems facing the company and the system it has. The team will look for any opportunities that can be done to overcome this.
2) Selection
The selection phase will apply evaluation points to the development project to ensure the solutions are created in accordance with the company’s expected targets.
3) System Planning
This step is the step of developing a formal plan to start working on and implementing the information system development concept that has been chosen.
2) Needs Analysis
System requirements analysis is a technique for solving problems by decomposing the components of the system. The aim is none other than to find out more about how each component works and th
Deductive Argument
For a deductive argument, if all its premises are true, its conclusion is necessarily true (or it is logically impossible for the conclusion to be false.)
I.e., the truth of premises guarantees the truth of conclusion.
Example
Either you work hard or you will fail the test.
You do not work hard.
Therefore, you will fail the test.
3 Types of Possibility
Technological possibility:
e.g.
Going to the moon is technological possible, but going to Mercury is not.
Physical possibility:
e.g.
Going to Mercury is physical possible, but making water boil at 95 C under one atmospheric pressure is not.
Logical possibility:
e.g.
Making water boil at 95 C under one atmospheric pressure is logical possible, but drawing a triangle with 4 angles is not.
When we talk about deductive arguments, we have already presupposed that the arguments are successful or valid deductive arguments.
The conclusion of a valid argument is called a valid conclusion.
For an unsuccessful deductive argument (the premises are intended to guarantee the conclusion but fail to do so), we call it an invalid argument.
A deductive argument may be valid or invalid, there is nothing in between.
Whether a deductive argument is valid or invalid depends on its form or structure, not on its content.
The above argument is valid because it has this valid form:
p or q.
Not-p.
Therefore, q.
p and q are statement variables.
A valid argument may have false conclusion if it has false premises.
Example:
CY Leung is either a genius or an idiot.
He is not an idiot.
Therefore, He is a genius.
In order to guarantee the truth of conclusion, we have to make sure all the premises are true.
When all the premises of a valid argument are true, the argument is called a “sound argument”.
And the conclusion of a sound argument is called a sound conclusion.
If an argument is invalid or has false premises, it is unsound.
On the other hand, the fact that an argument is invalid does not entail that its conclusion is false.
• It just means that its conclusion does not follow from its premises.
• You can consider a valid argument structure as a truth-keeping machine:
• When you input T information into it, it will output T information.
• When you input F information into it, it will output T or F information
Inductive Argument:
A typical example of inductive argument:
Swan1 is white.
Swan2 is white.
Swan3 is white.
…
Swann is white.
________________
All swans are white.
Another typical example:
An event of type B follows an event of type A at time t1.
An event of type B follows an event of type A at time t2.
…
An event of type B follows an event of type A at time tn.
___________________________
A causes B.
Many people think that the characteristic of inductive arguments is arguing from particular to general.
However, deductive arguments may also argue from particular to general.
Example:
I have two cats, Fluffy and Garfield.
Fluffy does not eat fish.
Garfield does not eat fish either.
Therefore, All of m
McDonald’s Marketing Mix
Presentation Theory
Osama Rahman:
• So, Basically McDonald’s is American fast-food chain that is one of the largest in the world known for the best of its Hamburgers. Its Headquarters’ is in the Oak Brook, Illinois.
• The first McDonald’s restaurant was started in 1948 by brothers Maurice (“Mac”) and Richard McDonald in San Bernardino, California. They bought appliances for their small hamburger restaurant from salesman Ray Kroc, who was intrigued by their need for eight malt and shake mixers. When Kroc visited the brothers in 1954 to see how a small shop could sell so many milk shakes, he discovered a simple, efficient format that permitted the brothers to produce huge quantities of food at low prices. A basic hamburger cost 15 cents, about half the price charged by competing restaurants. The self-service counter eliminated the need for waiters and waitresses; customers received their food quickly because hamburgers were cooked ahead of time, wrapped, and warmed under heat lamps.
• Seeing great promise in their restaurant concept, Kroc offered to begin a franchise program for the McDonald brothers. On April 15, 1955, he opened the first McDonald’s franchise in Des Plaines, Illinois, and in the same year launched the McDonald’s Corporation, eventually buying out the McDonald brothers in 1961. The number of McDonald’s outlets would top 1,000 before the end of the decade. Boosted by steady growth, the company’s stock began trading publicly in 1965.
Permanent Product Strategy:
• McDonald's features several products on their menu that are permanent and do not change. Examples of this include their basic hamburger and cheeseburger, the Big Mac and the Quarter Pounder. After the initial development, these items remain on the menu for extended periods of time without undergoing significant changes. This strategy ensures that there is always something familiar for consumers on the menu.
Local Product Development Strategy:
• As McDonald's has expanded internationally, it has created several products to meet consumer demand in the local markets. In the Netherlands, for example, they have developed the McKroket, a burger featuring a typically Dutch kroket, a deep-fried, ragout-filled patty. In the Canadian province of Quebec, McDonald's offers poutine, a traditional dish of French fries, gravy and curd cheese. Even in parts of New England and Atlantic Canada, they have developed the McLobster, their version of the local lobster roll sandwich. This strategy ensures that local customers have foods to fit their tastes.
Local Adaptation Strategy:
• In addition to developing new products for local markets, McDonald's will also use an adaptation strategy whereby they take a product and modify it to fit local tastes. In India, for instance, the Big Mac has been modified into the Maharaja Mac which contains no beef, in keeping with local diets. In Greece, the Big Mac has been adapted to use a pita bread instead of a bun. Even the Mc
SWOT Analysis in Strategic Management.pptxOsamaRehman10
What Is SWOT Analysis?
SWOT (strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats) analysis is a framework used to evaluate a company's competitive position and to develop strategic planning. SWOT analysis assesses internal and external factors, as well as current and future potential.
A SWOT analysis is designed to facilitate a realistic, fact-based, data-driven look at the strengths and weaknesses of an organization, initiatives, or within its industry. The organization needs to keep the analysis accurate by avoiding pre-conceived beliefs or gray areas and instead focusing on real-life contexts. Companies should use it as a guide and not necessarily as a prescription.
Understanding SWOT Analysis
SWOT analysis is a technique for assessing the performance, competition, risk, and potential of a business, as well as part of a business such as a product line or division, an industry, or other entity.
Using internal and external data, the technique can guide businesses toward strategies more likely to be successful, and away from those in which they have been, or are likely to be, less successful. Independent SWOT analysts, investors, or competitors can also guide them on whether a company, product line or industry might be strong or weak and why.
SWOT analysis was first used to analyze businesses. Now, it's often used by governments, nonprofits, and individuals, including investors and entrepreneurs. There is seemingly limitless applications to the SWOT analysis.
Components of SWOT Analysis
Every SWOT analysis will include the following four categories. Though the elements and discoveries within these categories will vary from company to company, a SWOT analysis is not complete without each of these elements:
Strengths
Strengths describe what an organization excels at and what separates it from the competition: a strong brand, loyal customer base, a strong balance sheet, unique technology, and so on. For example, a hedge fund may have developed a proprietary trading strategy that returns market-beating results. It must then decide how to use those results to attract new investors.
Weaknesses
Weaknesses stop an organization from performing at its optimum level. They are areas where the business needs to improve to remain competitive: a weak brand, higher-than-average turnover, high levels of debt, an inadequate supply chain, or lack of capital.
Opportunities
Opportunities refer to favorable external factors that could give an organization a competitive advantage. For example, if a country cuts tariffs, a car manufacturer can export its cars into a new market, increasing sales and market share.
Threats
Threats refer to factors that have the potential to harm an organization. For example, a drought is a threat to a wheat-producing company, as it may destroy or reduce the crop yield. Other common threats include things like rising costs for materials, increasing competition, and tight labor supply. and so on.
SWOT Table
Analysts present a SWOT an
How To Change Name On Volaris Ticket.pdfnamechange763
How to change name on Volaris ticket? This is one of the most common questions asked by travelers flying with Volaris Airlines. The mentioned details can help you with your name rectification on the airline ticket. If you are still facing difficulties call the consolidation desk at +1-800-865-1848.
Antarctica- Icy wilderness of extremes and wondertahreemzahra82
In this presentation, we delve into the captivating realm of Antarctica, Earth's southernmost continent. This icy wilderness stands as a testament to extremes, with record-breaking cold temperatures and vast expanses of pristine ice. Antarctica's landscape is dominated by towering glaciers, colossal icebergs, and expansive ice shelves. Yet, amidst this frozen expanse, a rich tapestry of unique wildlife thrives, including penguins, seals, and seabirds, all finely attuned to survive in this harsh environment. Beyond its natural wonders, Antarctica also serves as a vital hub for scientific exploration, providing invaluable insights into climate change and the Earth's history
TRAVEL TO MT. RWENZORI NATIONAL PARK WITH NILE ABENTEUER SAFARIS.docxnileabenteuersafaris
Let’s explore the captivating Rwenzori Mountains National Park in Uganda with Nile Abenteuer Safaris. This UNESCO World Heritage Site, also known as the “Mountains of the Moon,” offers unparalleled beauty and diverse ecosystems. 🌿🏔️
Key Features of Rwenzori Mountains National Park:
Majestic Peaks:
Mount Rwenzori, Africa’s third-highest peak, dominates the landscape. Its snow-capped summits and glacier-draped slopes provide a challenging yet rewarding adventure for trekkers and climbers.
Ascending these peaks allows you to witness breathtaking vistas and experience the thrill of high-altitude trekking.
Biodiversity:
Explore the park’s rich biodiversity, which includes montane forests, alpine meadows, and towering cliffs.
Encounter rare and endemic species such as the Rwenzori turaco, Rwenzori red duiker, and Rwenzori three-horned chameleon.
Trekking Trails:
Embark on immersive trekking experiences along a network of trails. Choose from leisurely walks to multi-day expeditions.
Traverse verdant valleys, moss-draped forests, and marvel at cascading waterfalls as you ascend toward the summit.
Cultural Heritage:
Engage with local communities of the Bakonjo and Bamba people. Gain insight into their traditional way of life and cultural practices.
Discover the rich history and folklore surrounding the Rwenzori Mountains.
Planning Your Visit:
Trekking and Climbing:
Select from various trekking routes tailored to different skill levels and durations.
Experienced guides and porters ensure a safe and enjoyable journey to the summit.
Wildlife Viewing:
Embark on guided nature walks to spot diverse wildlife, including primates, birds, and endemic plant species.
Keep an eye out for the Rwenzori hyrax, blue monkeys, and various bird species.
Accommodation:
Rest and rejuvenate in comfortable lodges, campsites, and guesthouses within and around the park.
Experience warm hospitality amidst the tranquility of nature.
Conservation:
Support conservation efforts by adhering to park regulations and practicing responsible tourism.
Your visit contributes to preserving this pristine wilderness for future generations.
Embark on an Unforgettable Adventure:
Whether you seek the thrill of summiting Africa’s legendary peaks or the serenity of exploring remote landscapes, Mount Rwenzori promises an unforgettable journey into the heart of nature’s majesty. Start planning your expedition today and unlock the secrets of this captivating natural wonder!
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The Cherry Blossom season in Hunza begins in the second week of March and lasts until the end of April, varying with altitude. During this enchanting period, tourists from around the world flock to Hunza Valley to witness its transformation into a vibrant tapestry of white, pink, and green. The valley comes alive with cherry blossoms, creating a picturesque and mesmerizing landscape that captivates visitors.
About the Company:
The Cherry Blossom season in Hunza starts in the second week of March and extends until the end of April, depending on the altitude. During this enchanting period, tourists from around the globe travel to Hunza Valley to witness its transformation into a vibrant tapestry of white, pink, and green. The valley comes alive with cherry blossoms, creating a picturesque and mesmerizing landscape that captivates all who visit. For the best experience, join Hunza Adventure Tours, the top tour company in Pakistan, and immerse yourself in this breathtaking seasonal spectacle.
During the coldest months, Italy transforms into a winter wonderland, providing visitors with a very unique experience. From the Settimana Bianca ski event to the lively Carnevale celebrations, Italy's winter festivities provide something for everyone. Enjoy hot cocoa, eat hearty comfort foods, and buy during winter deals. Explore the country's rich cultural past by participating in Settimana Bianca, and Carnevale, sipping hot chocolate, shopping during winter deals, and indulging in winter comfort foods. Visit our website https://timeforsicily.com/ for more information.
London Country Tours, the foremost travel partner offers customized Stonehenge tours from London coming with private tour guides and direct access to the inner circles. Visit: https://www.londoncountrytours.co.uk/tour/tours-to-stonehenge-oxford/
Its running cost is among the diverse vital aspects you must consider before buying an electric scooter. Calculate the cost of getting e-scooter charge for your regular usage to calculate its economic efficiency, similar to people who investigate the mileage of petrol or diesel-driven scooters.
Exploring Montreal's Artistic Heritage Top Art Galleries and Museums to VisitSpade & Palacio Tours
Montreal boasts a vibrant artistic heritage, showcased in its top art galleries and museums. From the expansive collections at the Montreal Museum of Fine Arts to the cutting-edge exhibits at the Musée d'art contemporain, discover the city's rich cultural landscape. Experience dynamic street art, indigenous works, and contemporary pieces, reflecting Montreal's diverse and innovative art scene.
Discover the wonders of the Wenatchee River with a variety of river tours in Monitor, WA. Whether you're seeking thrilling whitewater rafting, peaceful kayaking, family-friendly float trips, or scenic sunset cruises, there's something for everyone. Enjoy fishing, wildlife spotting, bird watching, and more in this beautiful natural setting, perfect for outdoor enthusiasts and families alike.
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4 DAYS MASAI MARA WILDEBEEST MIGRATION SAFARI TOUR PACKAGE KENYABush Troop Safari
Join our 4-day Masai Mara Wildebeest Migration Safari in Kenya. Witness the incredible wildebeest migration, enjoy exciting game drives, and stay in comfortable lodges. Get up close and personal with one of nature's most amazing exhibits! Book Your Safari Today at - https://bushtroop-safaris.com/
Discover Palmer, Puerto Rico, through an immersive cultural tour that unveils its rich history and vibrant traditions. Experience lively festivals, savor authentic cuisine, and explore local markets. Visit historical landmarks, museums, and stunning colonial architecture. Engage with friendly locals, enjoy live music, and hike scenic nature trails, all while participating in cultural workshops and discovering unique artisan crafts.
2. OUTLINES
• History
• Culture
• Festivals
• Women Role
• Cultural Values
• Sub-Cultures
• Demographic shift in the next 5-10
• work environment friendly?
• Influence of family, reference group and
opinion leaders in the decision making
process
• Top industries which makes that
economically stronger
• summary of how consumers Behave
• Online shopping trends
3. GENERAL FACT ABOUT CHINA
Official Name: People Republic of China
Capital Name: Beijing
Biggest City: Shanghai
Population: 1.412 Billions
Chinese Currency: The Yuan
4. HISTORY
• China's history is rich with art, politics, science, and philosophy. It is
home to the oldest of the major world civilizations. China was ruled
by various dynasties for much of its history. The first dynasty is
believed to be the Xia dynasty which formed somewhere around 2250
BC. The Shang or Yin dynasty gained power around the 14th century
BC. The Han Dynasty, which lasted over 400 years from 206 BC to
220 AD, was one of the most influential in China's history. Much of
the culture today was created during the Han Dynasty. Later famous
dynasties, like the Song and the Tang, continued to refine the culture
and bring new innovations to the world including printed money, a
permanent navy, and a complex government that ruled over 100
million people.
5. DYNASTIES OF CHINA
Dynasties Major Happenings
The Xia Dynasty (2070–1600 BC)
The Xia dynasty was founded by Yu the Great (c. 2123-2025 BC), known for
developing a flood control technique that stopped the Great Flood that
ravaged farmer's crops for generations. Very little is known about this
dynasty and scholars believe it to be mythical or quasi-legendary.
The Shang Dynasty (1600–1046
BC)
The Shang dynasty is the earliest recorded Chinese dynasty supported by
archaeological evidence. 31 kings ruled much of the area along the Yellow
River and made great advances in maths, astronomy and art. They used a
highly developed calendar system and an early form of modern Chinese
language.
The Zhou Dynasty (1045-221 BC)
The Zhou dynasty was the longest dynasty in the history of China, ruling for
almost 8 centuries. The Zhous saw some of the greatest Chinese
philosophers and poets: Lao-Tzu, Tao Chien, Confucius, Mencius, Mo Ti and
the military strategist Sun-tzu.
6. Qin Dynasty (221–206
BC)
The Qin Dynasty was the first to unite China as a country under an emperor
instead of a ruling clan, which meant the beginning of China's feudal era.The
Qin Dynasty was the shortest dynasty in China, lasting only 15 years.
The First Emperor — Qin Shi Huang was first to use the title of emperor in
China.
Qing Shi Huang standardized units of weight and measurements, as well as the
writing system.
Great building projects, such as the Great Wall and the Terracotta Army were
built in this era.
The Han Dynasty (206 BC
– 220 AD)
The Han Dynasty was one of the most powerful, prosperous, and important
dynasties in China's history. Confucianism was elevated to orthodox status and
Taoism, China's local religion, arose. Cai Lun improved the technique of paper
making, Zhang Heng invented a seismograph that could measure earthquakes.
Wei, Jin, and the
Southern and Northern
Dynasties (220–581)
The Three Kingdoms (220-265), Jin Dynasty (265-420), Period of the Northern and
Southern Dynasties (386-589) is one of the most important periods in Chinese
history. Dan meets up with Total War: Three Kingdoms game developers to discuss
fact and fiction within gaming narratives.
The Sui Dynasty (581–
618)
The Sui Dynasty was a short, intense dynasty, with great conquests and
achievements, such as the Grand Canal and the rebuilding of the Great Wall.
One of Emperor Wen's most prominent achievements was to create the imperial
examination system to select talented individuals for bureaucratic positions.
Japan sent emissaries to the Sui Dynasty to study the culture, economy, and
political system, which influenced the culture of Japan.
7. The Tang Dynasty (618-
907)
The Tang Dynasty (618-907) was one of the most prosperous and influential dynasties in
Chinese history. China's papermaking, textiles, and other technologies spread to West Asia and
Europe through the Arab region. Women's status improved significantly and people were free to
marry and divorce.
The Song Dynasty (960–
1279) The earliest paper money in the world was found in Sichuan Province and dated as Song Dynasty.
China's shipbuilding industry was very developed, and its overseas trade was prosperous.
The Yuan Dynasty (1271–
1368)
The Yuan Dynasty was China's first foreign-led dynasty ruled by Mongol tribes.
Trade, technological development, and China's interaction with foreign countries continued
under Mongol rule.
The Yuan attempted to conquer Japan, Vietnam, and Burma, but failed, and the Mongol
Empire's eastern and southern edge was Yuan-Dynasty China.
Marco Polo from Venice traveled extensively in China, and later described China's culture and
marvels in his book The Travels of Marco Polo.
The Ming Dynasty (1368–
1644) The Forbidden City was built and became the residence of emperor for the remainder of the
imperial era. Most of the Great Wall today was built or repaired during this era.
The Qing Dynasty (1644–
1912)
The Qing Dynasty (r. 1661–1772) was the last imperial dynasty in China's history and ruled by
the Manchu people of the northeast. Its reigns were "a golden age of prosperity" for China, which
was reduced to a semi-colonial country after the First Opium War.
8. The Republic of China Era (1912–1949)
• The Republican Revolution of 1911 led by Sun Yat-sen, ended
the rule of the Qing Dynasty. However, the Republic of China
could not be firmly established across China, with civil war
ensuing for decades.
Modern China (1949–now)
• Since the founding of the People's Republic of China in 1949,
China has entered a Communist era of stability, with the Reform
and Opening Up policy of 1978 bringing in China's phenomenal
economic growth.
9. RELIGIONS IN
CHINA
• China is a country with many religions. Buddhism, Taoism and Islam
are quite popular, while there are also Christian believers (both
Catholic and Protestant). Chinese citizens have freedom of religious
belief. The State protects normal religious activities and the
legitimate rights and interests of the religious circles. The
Constitution, Criminal Law, Civil Law, Electoral Law, Military Service
Law, Compulsory Education Law, Labor Law, the Law on Regional
Ethnic Autonomy and the General Principles of the Civil Law all
provide explicit and detailed stipulations on the protection of
freedom of religious belief and the equal rights of believers. No State
organs, public organizations and individuals may compel citizens to
believe in or not to believe in any religion, nor may they discriminate
against citizens who believe in or do not believe in any religion.
• National religious bodies include the Buddhist Association of China,
China Taoist Association, Islamic Association of China, Patriotic
Association of the Catholic Church in China, Chinese Catholic
Bishops College, the Three-Self Patriotic Movement Committee of
the Protestant Churches of China and the China Christian Council.
All the religious bodies elect leaders and leading bodies according to
their own articles of association.
10. CHINESE CULTURE &
TRADITIONS
• China is a beautiful and one of the ancient cultural country. According
to Chinese scholars, china has more than 3,600 years of written
cultural history. Culture and traditions are the national identities of a
country. The Chinese culture has tremendous diversity and variety.
Every corner of the world knows about china’s culture, population, and
influence but still it seems very bizarre and mysterious to the western
world.
• Before travel china, knowing about their tradition and culture will help
you to enjoy. Chinese culture rich in Arts and Sciences, elaborate
Painting and Printing techniques, and delicate pottery and sculpture.
Chinese architectural traditions were enormously respected all over the
world. Chinese language and literature, philosophy, and politics are
still regarded as a strong influence.
11. TRADITIONAL CHINESE CLOTHES TYPES
Hanfu — The Most Traditional Chinese
Clothing
• The Hanfu ('Han clothing' — the majority of
Chinese are of Han ethnicity) is the oldest of
China's traditional clothes. Legend traces it
back to over 4,000 years ago when Huangdi's
consort, Leizu, made cloth with silk. It was
constantly improved throughout several
dynasties.
• Until the Han Dynasty, the Hanfu was adopted
and vigorously promoted by the ruling class. It
then became the national clothing of the Han
12. 2. QIPAO (CHEONGSAM) — THE MOST FAMOUS
TRADITIONAL CHINESE DRESS
• The cheongsam (qipao) evolved from
the Manchu women's changpao ('long
gown') of the Qing Dynasty (1644–
1912). The Manchu ethnic people
were also called the Qi people by the
Han people; hence their long gown
was named qipao ('Qi gown').
• Originating in the Qing Dynasty, the
cheongsam has mainly developed into
Beijing styles, Shanghai styles and
Hong Kong styles. There are many
differences in decorations, colors,
13. 3. TANG SUIT
• The Tang suit often refers to a type
of Chinese jacket rather than the
clothing of the Tang Dynasty (618–
907). The origin of Tang suit
actually only dates back to the
Qing Dynasty era (1644–1911). It
was developed from a type of the
era's Manchurian clothing.
• Nowadays, Tang suits have become
a kind of formal dress worn on
some special occasions, such as
Chinese New Year, wedding
ceremonies, or important events.
14. 4. THE ZHONGSHAN SUIT — TRADITIONAL
FORMAL ATTIRE FOR MEN
• The Zhongshan suit, also known as the Mao
suit overseas, is a type of men's jacket. It was
first advocated by Dr Sun Yat-sen (Sun
Zhongshan in Mandarin, hence Zhongshan
suit).
• The design of Zhongshan suits combines
traditional Chinese and Western clothing
styles. Zhongshan suits have four big pockets
on the front, two up two down, equally
spaced left and right. There are five central
buttons on the front and three smaller
buttons on each sleeve. Zhongshan suits can
be worn on formal and casual occasions
15. CHINESE WEDDING DRESS
In China the color Red is
Symbolize as Good Luck.
The Color is also Believed to
keep Evil Spirts away.
It is therefore no surprise that
the Chinese wedding outfit in
always featured in Red.
16. CHINESE FOODS
• Chinese people in general are not as concerned about nutrition as
Western culture. They are more concerned with the food’s texture,
flavor, color, and aroma. These are the crucial points for good
Chinese cooking. Chinese daily meals consist of four food groups:
grains, vegetables, fruit, and meat. Because of lactose intolerance,
Chinese do not consume large amounts of dairy products. Instead,
Chinese substitute these with soymilk and tofu, which also contain
large amounts of protein and calcium.
• Western desserts such as cookies, cakes, pies, and ice cream are
eaten only on special occasions such as birthdays and weddings.
After dinner, families usually eat seasonal fruit as dessert. Chinese
desserts such as red bean soup, sweet white lotus’s seed soup, or
17.
18.
19. CHINESE FESTIVALS AND EVENTS
Festivals To Learn About.
• Chinese New Years
• Spring Festival
• Lantern Festival
• Tomb Sweeping Day
• Dragon Boat Festival
• Ghosts Festival
• Mid-Autumn Festival
20. CHINESE NEW
YEARS
• The Chinese New Year’s is the most
anticipated night during this period.
On this night Chinese families
(gather happily under one roof to
celebrate). Each household
celebrates by eating a (New Year’s
Eve dinner). When the meal is over
the whole family will sit, chat and
play games until midnight when
they will (stay up to see in the new
year).
21. THE DRAGON BOAT
FESTIVAL
The Dragon Boat Festival
traditional Chinese: is a
traditional Chinese holiday
which occurs on the fifth day
of the fifth month of the
Chinese calendar, which
corresponds to late May or
June in the Gregorian
calendar.
22. LANTERN
FESTIVAL
The Lantern Festival,
also called Shang yuan
Festival, is a Chinese
traditional festival
celebrated on the
fifteenth day of the first
month in the lunisolar
Chinese calendar,
during the full moon
23. ROLE OF WOMEN IN CHINA
• In Early Times:
In China from very early times, men have been seen as the core of the
family; women's loyalties were often in question. Some women
schemed to advance their own sons when their husband had sons by
several women. Confucius probably took for granted these sorts of
attitudes toward women, common in his society. In later centuries this
emphasis on the necessity of sons led many to be disappointed at the
birth of a daughter. After Confucius it became common to discuss
gender in terms of yin and yang. Yin was soft, yielding, receptive,
passive, reflective, and tranquil, whereas yang was hard, active,
assertive, and dominating.
24. IN TODAY’S WORLD
• Today, the role of women in China differs across social
boundaries. Although there are, in theory, endless
opportunities, only some women can access them. There is no
accepted role for women; some women are CEOs and
government officials, whilst others opt for completely different
lifestyles. Current affairs such as the scandal involving Bo
Xilai’s wife and China’s first female astronauts are gaining
much press, thereby drawing increased attention to the
question of the role of women. The rapid development of China
has shifted the issues faced by women, and many are now
25. CHINESE CULTURE VALUES
• The cultural values of a country influence its national
psychology and identity. Traditional Chinese values include
harmony, benevolence, righteousness, courtesy, wisdom,
honesty, loyalty, and filial piety. Modern Chinese society tries to
maintain harmony between humankind and nature; between
people and society. There are not only individual benefits but
also collective and social benefits. Wisdom requires that one
distinguish right from wrong, place capable people in suitable
positions, know oneself, and be resourceful.
• Courtesy stresses modesty and prudence; it is about respecting
laws and preventing misconduct. One must have a loving heart
to love others, and wisdom to understand others. Famous
26. CULTURE VALUES IN
BUSINESS
Chinese business culture is
largely influenced by
Confucianism. Thus, primarily,
the Confucian concept of Guanxi
implies that a relationship
network is crucial and based on
the values of solidarity, loyalty,
27. MAJOR SUB- CULTURES IN CHINA
Chinese culture consists of many subcultures. In China, the cultural
difference between adjacent provinces (and, in some cases, adjacent
counties within the same province) can often be as big as than that
between adjacent European nations.[98] Thus, the concept of Han
Chinese subgroups, literally "Han ethnic lineage") was born, used for
classifying these subgroups within the greater Han ethnicity. These
subgroups are, as a general rule, classified based on linguistic
differences.
Some of the well-known 24 subcultures within China includes
28. SUB-CULTURE IN NORTH
Hui culture:
• Numbering around 10.5 million in the 2010 census, the Hui are a group of
mostly Muslim people that live primarily in the provinces of Ningxia, Gansu,
and Qinghai. They are regarded as culturally similar to the Han, China's
ethnic majority, due to their appearance, diet, and use of Mandarin as a
mother tongue.
Culture of Beijing:
• Beijing, has a wealth of traditional culture like Beijing Opera, Chinese
painting and calligraphy, seal-graving , jade carving as well as the
centuries-old Chinese features: Chinese silk, ceramics, cloisonne, and
Chinese tea.
Culture of Shandong:
• Shandong is the birthplace and the center of Chinese civilization and
Shandong culture has felt the influence of Chinese civilization since remote
30. SUB-CULTURE IN SOUTH
Haipai culture:
• Haipai refers to the avant-garde but unique "East Meets West" culture from Shanghai in the
20th and 21st centuries. It is a part of the culture of Shanghai. Mostly camera industry.
Hakka culture:
• Hakka culture (Chinese :) refers to the culture created by Hakka people, a Han Chinese
subgroup, across Asia and Americas. It encompasses the shared language, various art forms,
food culture, folklore, and traditional customs.
Hong Kong culture:
• Hong Kong’s is truly a mixed culture. Not only does the territory celebrate festivals and
holidays of the East and the West, such as the Dragon Boat Festival, the Mid-Autumn Festival,
the Lunar (Chinese) New Year, Christmas, the Western New Year, and others, but it also enjoys
hundreds of annual cultural events ranging from traditional Cantonese and other Chinese
regional operas and puppet shows to performances of ballet, theatre, and music and
exhibitions of paintings and sculptures.
32. DEMOGRAPHIC SHIFT IN COUNTRY
• China's total population reached approximately 1.412 billion in
2021, a net increase of just 480,000 people. This is a natural
population growth of just 0.34 per one thousand, down 1.11
percentage points from 2020. The declining birth rate has led
to a rapidly aging society. We discuss what is being done to
address the impending population decline. China's aging
population is reflected in the country's changing dependency
ratio, which measures the ratio of non-working population to
working-age population.
• The overall dependency ratio in China has increased from 34.4
percent in 2011 to 45.9 % in 2020, according to the latest data
available. This is still considerably below the dependency ratios
33. • The birth rate in 2021 was 7.52 per thousand people, a decrease of 1 per
thousand people from 2020. Meanwhile, the mortality rate reached 7.18 per
thousand people, a slight increase of 0.11 from 2020. This indicates that
China’s population growth may reach the tipping point very soon, where the
mortality rate exceeds the birth rate, and the population begins to decline.
34. HOW MUCH ENVIRONMENTAL
FRIENDLY CHINA IS?
1. As the world’s largest source of greenhouse gas emissions in recent years,
China suffers from notoriously bad air pollution. Its carbon-intensive
industries have caused additional environmental challenges, including
water scarcity and soil contamination. And, like the rest of the world,
China will face increasingly harsh consequences of climate change in the
coming decades, including flooding and droughts.
2. China is the world’s top emitter, producing more than a quarter of the
world’s annual greenhouse gas emissions, which contribute to climate
change.
3. It pledged to cut emissions under the Paris Agreement, reduce coal use,
and invest in renewable energy. But its Belt and Road Initiative still
finances coal-fired power plants abroad.
4. Air pollution, water scarcity, and soil contamination remain threats to the
35. CHINA’S GREENHOUSE GAS EMISSIONS IN 2019 EXCEEDED THOSE
OF THE U.S. AND THE DEVELOPED WORLD COMBINED,
ACCORDING TO A REPORT PUBLISHED THURSDAY BY RESEARCH
AND CONSULTING FIRM RHODIUM GROUP.
36. INFLUENCE OF FAMILY, REFERENCE
GROUP AND OPINION LEADERS IN
THE DECISION MAKING PROCESS IN
CHINA
The extended family is the most influential reference group for Chinese.
The elder members of the immediate Chinese family are the most influential.
The concept of extended family for Chinese includes more distant relatives
than the concept in the USA.
Chinese consumers are much more likely to consider opinions, values, and
influences of deceased relatives (ancestors) in their current consumption
choices.
For Chinese, opinion leaders are polymorphic and cover numerous product
categories rather than only one.
Characteristics of opinion leaders for Chinese include older people, political
leaders, family elders and authoritarian types.
37. TOP INDUSTRIES WHICH CHINA
ECONOMICALLY STRONGER
Services
• China's retail sales jumped by more than 13% from January to November 2021, versus the same
period one year earlier. Consumption of goods is a major factor and driver of growth, representing
more than 39% of China's GDP in 2020. A healthy services sector is a sign of healthy domestic
consumption and per capita wealth increases.
Manufacturing
• China's manufacturing and industrial sector represented nearly 38% of China's GDP in 2020. The
decline is likely due to China transitioning towards a domestically-driven consumer spending
economy. As of September 2021, China produced more than 12.8 million vehicles versus 8.5 million
produced in the U.S.
Agriculture
• Agriculture is the third-largest sector in China, representing 7.5% of the country's total output as
measured by GDP as of the end of 2020. The share of GDP is down from 8.94% in 2013. Although
the percentage is not as high as emerging economies in Africa and Latin America, it is higher than
38. HOW CONSUMERS GENERALLY
BEHAVE IN CHINA
In the past three decades, Chinese consumers' shopping habits have
changed dramatically as incomes have risen. Planet Retail has found that
the older generation generally maintains "traditional" spending habits, and
middle-aged Chinese oscillate between tradition and new trends. The
younger generation is becoming more Westernized and quality conscious.
The current Chinese consumer population can be separated into several
groups with distinguishing characteristics. Consumers in their thirties save
less, spend more on entertainment, and often shop online. These
consumers share the same background as the frugal forties, but they work
for the government or large state-owned enterprises. Consumers in their
forties will become the most important consumers in the next decade,
buying for their parents, children, and themselves.
39. ONLINE SHOPPING TRENDS
IN CHINA
China’s e-commerce market, the world’s largest, is expected to register a strong growth of
10.4% in 2022, as consumers are increasingly shifting from offline to online. The market is
expected to grow by 10.4% in 2022 to reach CNY14.5 trillion ($2.3 trillion), forecasts GlobalData,
a leading data and analytics company.
According to GlobalData’s E-Commerce Analytics, e-commerce sales in China grew at a
compound annual growth rate of 13.3% between 2018 and 2021 to reach CNY13.1 trillion ($2.1
trillion) in 2021.
China accounted for over 37% share in the global e-commerce market, in terms of payments
value in 2021. The country was followed by the US with $1.5 trillion, while the UK stood at a
distant third with $292.1 billion in 2021. The global e-commerce landscape is unlikely to change
in 2022 with China expected to retain its top position.
“The COVID-19 pandemic has further accelerated the e-commerce activities in China, as wary
consumers are increasingly using online channel for purchases to avoid getting exposed to