1. The document discusses various laws that treat children and young people differently, including defining their ages and recognizing their rights.
2. Key instruments that shape children's rights discussed are the Convention on the Rights of the Child (CROC) and domestic laws like the Family Law Act.
3. The document examines how the law has improved children's rights historically but also discusses ongoing challenges in fully implementing children's rights.
Disclaimer:
All of the pictures and pieces of information on this site are the property of their respective owners. I do not hold any copyright in regards to these pictures and information. These pictures have been collected from different public sources including various websites, considered to be in the public domain. If anyone has any objection to display of any picture, image or information, it may be brought to my notice by sending an email (contact me) & the disputed media will be removed immediately, after verification of the claim.
Disclaimer:
All of the pictures and pieces of information on this site are the property of their respective owners. I do not hold any copyright in regards to these pictures and information. These pictures have been collected from different public sources including various websites, considered to be in the public domain. If anyone has any objection to display of any picture, image or information, it may be brought to my notice by sending an email (contact me) & the disputed media will be removed immediately, after verification of the claim.
Universal Declaration of Human Rights (Child-Friendly Version)Bilal Naqeeb
Child-friendly version with Urdu translation
The Universal Declaration of Human Rights (UDHR) is a historic document that was adopted by the United Nations General Assembly at its third session on 10 December 1948 as Resolution 217 at the Palais de Chaillot in Paris, France. Of the then 58 members of the United Nations, 48 voted in favor, none against, eight abstained, and two did not vote.
The Declaration consists of 30 articles affirming an individual's rights which, although not legally binding in themselves, have been elaborated in subsequent international treaties, economic transfers, regional human rights instruments, national constitutions, and other laws. The Declaration was the first step in the process of formulating the International Bill of Human Rights, which was completed in 1966, and came into force in 1976, after a sufficient number of countries had ratified them.
it is generally talking about to have universal standard of juvenile jurisdiction,adolescent's confidentiality has be maintained so that they could come with their psychological problem to the counsellors freely and what are the steps taken by the US to save childrens from explict contents.
Universal Declaration of Human Rights (Child-Friendly Version)Bilal Naqeeb
Child-friendly version with Urdu translation
The Universal Declaration of Human Rights (UDHR) is a historic document that was adopted by the United Nations General Assembly at its third session on 10 December 1948 as Resolution 217 at the Palais de Chaillot in Paris, France. Of the then 58 members of the United Nations, 48 voted in favor, none against, eight abstained, and two did not vote.
The Declaration consists of 30 articles affirming an individual's rights which, although not legally binding in themselves, have been elaborated in subsequent international treaties, economic transfers, regional human rights instruments, national constitutions, and other laws. The Declaration was the first step in the process of formulating the International Bill of Human Rights, which was completed in 1966, and came into force in 1976, after a sufficient number of countries had ratified them.
it is generally talking about to have universal standard of juvenile jurisdiction,adolescent's confidentiality has be maintained so that they could come with their psychological problem to the counsellors freely and what are the steps taken by the US to save childrens from explict contents.
Law Enforcement, a challenge in cases of child abuse.Nilendra Kumar
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Operation “Blue Star” is the only event in the history of Independent India where the state went into war with its own people. Even after about 40 years it is not clear if it was culmination of states anger over people of the region, a political game of power or start of dictatorial chapter in the democratic setup.
The people of Punjab felt alienated from main stream due to denial of their just demands during a long democratic struggle since independence. As it happen all over the word, it led to militant struggle with great loss of lives of military, police and civilian personnel. Killing of Indira Gandhi and massacre of innocent Sikhs in Delhi and other India cities was also associated with this movement.
Ethnobotany and Ethnopharmacology:
Ethnobotany in herbal drug evaluation,
Impact of Ethnobotany in traditional medicine,
New development in herbals,
Bio-prospecting tools for drug discovery,
Role of Ethnopharmacology in drug evaluation,
Reverse Pharmacology.
The Roman Empire A Historical Colossus.pdfkaushalkr1407
The Roman Empire, a vast and enduring power, stands as one of history's most remarkable civilizations, leaving an indelible imprint on the world. It emerged from the Roman Republic, transitioning into an imperial powerhouse under the leadership of Augustus Caesar in 27 BCE. This transformation marked the beginning of an era defined by unprecedented territorial expansion, architectural marvels, and profound cultural influence.
The empire's roots lie in the city of Rome, founded, according to legend, by Romulus in 753 BCE. Over centuries, Rome evolved from a small settlement to a formidable republic, characterized by a complex political system with elected officials and checks on power. However, internal strife, class conflicts, and military ambitions paved the way for the end of the Republic. Julius Caesar’s dictatorship and subsequent assassination in 44 BCE created a power vacuum, leading to a civil war. Octavian, later Augustus, emerged victorious, heralding the Roman Empire’s birth.
Under Augustus, the empire experienced the Pax Romana, a 200-year period of relative peace and stability. Augustus reformed the military, established efficient administrative systems, and initiated grand construction projects. The empire's borders expanded, encompassing territories from Britain to Egypt and from Spain to the Euphrates. Roman legions, renowned for their discipline and engineering prowess, secured and maintained these vast territories, building roads, fortifications, and cities that facilitated control and integration.
The Roman Empire’s society was hierarchical, with a rigid class system. At the top were the patricians, wealthy elites who held significant political power. Below them were the plebeians, free citizens with limited political influence, and the vast numbers of slaves who formed the backbone of the economy. The family unit was central, governed by the paterfamilias, the male head who held absolute authority.
Culturally, the Romans were eclectic, absorbing and adapting elements from the civilizations they encountered, particularly the Greeks. Roman art, literature, and philosophy reflected this synthesis, creating a rich cultural tapestry. Latin, the Roman language, became the lingua franca of the Western world, influencing numerous modern languages.
Roman architecture and engineering achievements were monumental. They perfected the arch, vault, and dome, constructing enduring structures like the Colosseum, Pantheon, and aqueducts. These engineering marvels not only showcased Roman ingenuity but also served practical purposes, from public entertainment to water supply.
Welcome to TechSoup New Member Orientation and Q&A (May 2024).pdfTechSoup
In this webinar you will learn how your organization can access TechSoup's wide variety of product discount and donation programs. From hardware to software, we'll give you a tour of the tools available to help your nonprofit with productivity, collaboration, financial management, donor tracking, security, and more.
How to Create Map Views in the Odoo 17 ERPCeline George
The map views are useful for providing a geographical representation of data. They allow users to visualize and analyze the data in a more intuitive manner.
Read| The latest issue of The Challenger is here! We are thrilled to announce that our school paper has qualified for the NATIONAL SCHOOLS PRESS CONFERENCE (NSPC) 2024. Thank you for your unwavering support and trust. Dive into the stories that made us stand out!
Synthetic Fiber Construction in lab .pptxPavel ( NSTU)
Synthetic fiber production is a fascinating and complex field that blends chemistry, engineering, and environmental science. By understanding these aspects, students can gain a comprehensive view of synthetic fiber production, its impact on society and the environment, and the potential for future innovations. Synthetic fibers play a crucial role in modern society, impacting various aspects of daily life, industry, and the environment. ynthetic fibers are integral to modern life, offering a range of benefits from cost-effectiveness and versatility to innovative applications and performance characteristics. While they pose environmental challenges, ongoing research and development aim to create more sustainable and eco-friendly alternatives. Understanding the importance of synthetic fibers helps in appreciating their role in the economy, industry, and daily life, while also emphasizing the need for sustainable practices and innovation.
How to Split Bills in the Odoo 17 POS ModuleCeline George
Bills have a main role in point of sale procedure. It will help to track sales, handling payments and giving receipts to customers. Bill splitting also has an important role in POS. For example, If some friends come together for dinner and if they want to divide the bill then it is possible by POS bill splitting. This slide will show how to split bills in odoo 17 POS.
Instructions for Submissions thorugh G- Classroom.pptxJheel Barad
This presentation provides a briefing on how to upload submissions and documents in Google Classroom. It was prepared as part of an orientation for new Sainik School in-service teacher trainees. As a training officer, my goal is to ensure that you are comfortable and proficient with this essential tool for managing assignments and fostering student engagement.
This is a presentation by Dada Robert in a Your Skill Boost masterclass organised by the Excellence Foundation for South Sudan (EFSS) on Saturday, the 25th and Sunday, the 26th of May 2024.
He discussed the concept of quality improvement, emphasizing its applicability to various aspects of life, including personal, project, and program improvements. He defined quality as doing the right thing at the right time in the right way to achieve the best possible results and discussed the concept of the "gap" between what we know and what we do, and how this gap represents the areas we need to improve. He explained the scientific approach to quality improvement, which involves systematic performance analysis, testing and learning, and implementing change ideas. He also highlighted the importance of client focus and a team approach to quality improvement.
We all have good and bad thoughts from time to time and situation to situation. We are bombarded daily with spiraling thoughts(both negative and positive) creating all-consuming feel , making us difficult to manage with associated suffering. Good thoughts are like our Mob Signal (Positive thought) amidst noise(negative thought) in the atmosphere. Negative thoughts like noise outweigh positive thoughts. These thoughts often create unwanted confusion, trouble, stress and frustration in our mind as well as chaos in our physical world. Negative thoughts are also known as “distorted thinking”.
5. DEFINING CHILDREN AND
YOUNG PEOPLE
• Children – persons under 15years and younger (varies from
legal context)
• Young people – persons aged 16-18 (NSW)
• Legal age of Adulthood 18 years
• Covered under :The Children and young Persons (care and
Protection) Act 1998 (NSW)
• Certain laws treat children and young people differently.
• Excellent website: www.lawstuff.org.au
6. HISTORY OF CHILD STATUS
• Historically children have no legal
rights until adulthood
• Changes to children’s working
rights improved their lives
• Children’s health problems existed
throughout history
• Public education did not exist until
the end of the 19th century
• The concept of “children should be
seen but not heard”
7. DISCUSSION POINT
• Why do laws have to treat children and young people
differently?
• Which areas of law are children treated differently?
8. • Latin term:‘incapable of wrong’
a child under 10 cannot be
held legally responsible of a
criminal or civil offence
• In Australia this term is carried
to 14 but recent research
suggest the age should be
amended to 12
Important
Definition: doli
incapax
9. • 1. Convention on the Rights of
the Child (CROC) (1989) –
United Nations (International
Instrument)
• Covered under the Family Law
Act 1975 (Cth) and its
amendments,Young Offenders
Act 1997 (NSW)
• Most widely ratified human
rights treaty, only USA, South
Sudan(not signed) and Somalia
have not ratified
RECOGNITION OF CHILDREN
RIGHTS
11. • Challenges for CROC in
Australia
• Indigenous children
• Asylum seekers and
children
• Youth suicide
• Children exposed to
domestic violence
• Juvenile Crime
12. DISCUSSION POINT
• In your opinion, what should be the age of criminal
responsibility? older? younger? kept the age it is?
13. • 2. The Gillick Case
• Gillick vs West Norfolk and
Wisbech Health Authority
(1985), adopted in Australia
under Marions Case
• A 16yr old was capable of
consent in medical matters as
long as they understand the
implications of their decisions
14. • Main piece of legislation for disputes between married and de
facto couples, including children.
• The paramount consideration for orders made under this act
concerns “the best interests of the child”.
3. The Family Law Act 1975 (Cth) and
its amendments 1995, 2006 and 2012
15. • 4. Children and Young Persons (Care and Protection)
Act 1998 NSW
• Outlines the roles of child protection in NSW
• Reflects the articles of CROC (Legally binding international
law)
16. HOW A CHILD BECOMES AN
AUSTRALIAN CITIZEN
• The Australian Citizenship Acts
(Cth) 1948 and 2007
• Any child born in Australia is a
citizen if at least one of the parents
is an Australian citizen.
• Children born overseas with one
Australian citizen parent may apply
(registration of descent)
• A permanent resident child who is
adopted acquires Australian
citizenship
18. • 1.Registration and
Citizenship
• Births, Deaths and Marriages
Registration Act 1995
(NSW)
• 7 days after birth to give
notice and 60 days to
complete registration – giving
the child a legal name
STATE CIVIL LAW AND
CHILDREN (NSW)
19. • 2.Education
• Compulsory age of
6-17 to attend school
Education Act 1990
(NSW)
• Children have the
right to be educated
• Internationally
recognised UDHR
1948, article 26
20. • 3. Work
• There is no legal age limit for
young workers
• If under 15 they must
receive authorisation
• High levels of age
discrimination occurs for
children
21. • 4. Medical Treatment
• Marion’s case – sufficient
maturity to understand medical
procedures, medical decisions
can be made
• Parents are responsible for
proper medical care even with
religious objections
• Court can override refusal to
medical treatment if it’s in the
child’s best interest
23. • 6.Contracts
• People under 18 are
generally not bound by
contracts.
• Parent/guardian acts as a
guarantor to the
contracts when signed
24. HOW EFFECTIVE HASTHE
LAW BEEN IN IMPROVINGTHE
RIGHTS OF CHILDREN AND
YOUNG PEOPLE
Essay PracticeTime
adrian.shipp1@det.nsw.edu.au
25. REVISION: WHAT IS
CRIMINAL LAW?
• Presumption of Innocence –
the accused is innocent until
proven guilty
• Burden of Proof - Crown
prosecution
• Standard of proof – prove guilt
beyond reasonable doubt
• Based on the adversary system
26. • Children (criminal Proceedings)
Act 1987 (NSW)
• section 5: principle of doli
incapax
• Detention is a last resort for a
juvenile offender in all states and
territories
• different range of criminal
sanctions will be used compared
to adults
NSW CHILDREN CRIME
LEGISLATION
29. • Young Offenders Act 1997
(NSW)
• diversionary measures for
young offenders as
alternatives to court
appearances
• Children should be informed
to seek legal advice
• the least restrictive sanction
should be used
• 3Tiered system - Warnings,
Cautions andYouth Justice
Conferences
32. • Amended s.22A that prevents a defendant from making an
additional application for bail unless there are unique
circumstances
• Increase number of people on remand, harsh effect on juvenile
offenders and Indigenous Australians
The Bail Amendment Act 2007 (Bail Act
1978) and Young Offenders
33.
34.
35.
36. • Sanctions
• penalties imposed on those
who break the law, usually in
the form of a fine or
punishment
• Youth Justice Conference
• measure to divert young
offenders from the court
system through a conference
that addresses the offender’s
behaviour in a more holistic
manner
Important Definitions
38. • Role of United Nations
• Convention on the Rights of the
Child (CROC) 1989
• Main piece of legislation that
shapes international rights for
children
• Australia has ratified this legislation
into our domestic law
LEGAL RESPONSES FOR PROTECTING THE
RIGHTS OF CHILDREN
39. EFFECTIVENESS OF CROC
• UN committee reports on
countries as to whether they
are complying
• UN Committee has no
coercive power to force
countries to comply
40. ROLE OF
PARLIAMENT
AND COURTS
• Ratified International law
in domestic system
• Enacted many laws to
protect children
• Placed responsibility on
adults to ensure children
welfare
41. •statutory body set up in 1998
•monitors ‘working with children check’ as outlined
in the Children andYoung Persons (Care and
Protection) Act 1998 (NSW)
1. NSW Commission for Children and Young
People
42. •7 specialists courts in NSW
•Two roles - dealing withYoung Offenders and
children referred to them by the Department
Family and Community Services (FACS)
2. Children’s Courts
Click here
43. •care and protection of children
•facilitates accommodation, child care and adoption
services. Increase access to services
3. FACS
44. •Represents children from welfare proceedings in
the Children’s Court to family law matters in the
Family Court.
•Also aids young offenders in criminal matters
4. Legal Aid
45. •Tackles children’s matter with an impartial view
•Investigates ‘reviewable child deaths’
•In 2007, 601 children died in NSW, and 156 of
those deaths (25.9%) were reviewable.
5. NSW Ombudsmen
46. • As children do not vote, their voices sometimes cannot be
heard. However they can be a part of a political party
• Non-Legal mechanism for children can be quite effective in
resolving disputes and improving individual rights. Examples
include Churches,Youth Centres
NON-LEGAL RESPONSES
NGO’s
47. • Australian Council ofTrade
Unions (ACTU) negotiates:
• Employment contracts
• Apprenticeships and training
• Pay conditions
• Health and safety issues
1.Trade Unions
48. • Children that are in crisis can
seek help
• 24-hour free telephone and
online counselling
• Caters for children from
disadvantaged groups
2. Kids Helpline
49. `• Very effective in raising awareness to issues involving children.
Areas such as child abuse, FACS failures and exploitation have
raised.
• The rise of social networking and the internet has allowed
young people to access their rights
The Media
50. EFFECTIVENESS OFTHE LAW
• As children get older they are more likely to take risks, at the
same time adults may abuse and exploit them
• In order to achieve justice, the law must take both into
consideration
51. Response Effective Ineffective
Young Offender’s Act
1997
• Diverting young people
from the courts and
enshrines international law
• Youth Justice Conferencing
does not lower youth
crime
Children (Care and
Protection) Act 1998
• Monitors the duty of care
of professionals dealing
with children.
• Access to FACS
• The efficiency of FACS to
deal with serious cases
remains slow and
underfunded
CROC 1989
• High compliance of nations
• Outlines universal rights,
well protected in Australia
• Issues of political will
• Children remain in
detention
NGO’s/Lobby Groups
• Apply pressure and hold
Govt to account.
• Raise awareness of
Children issues
• Are not part of the
legislative process
• Ongoing need to be
funded
Media
• Identity of children
protected. Pseudonym
• Can apply pressure for
reform of the law
• Level of bias as most
media outlets strive for
profit
• “Emotion Fatigue”
52. • Attitudes towards police remains a
constant issue
• Seen and heard inquiry 1997
shows:
• 78% of 843 CYP said that
police rarely treat them with
sufficient respect
• improvements for policing to
be more connected with
CROC
1. Criminal Justice System
53. • High rates of ‘arrest to
investigate’ among young
indigenous males
• Article 37 of CROC states that
arrest should be a ‘last resort’
• Further improvement of
individual rights accessing legal
representation for CYP
• Police informing accused rights
from a NESB
Arrest and Police Interview
55. • Seen and heard report 1997
• Best chance for CYP to rehabilitate and reintegrate back into
society
• Detention and other harsh sentencing is ineffective to young
people (recidivism rates)
• Children(Criminal Proceedings) Act 1987 (NSW) should take
into account special issues regarding children e.g homelessness,
family circumstances
Sentencing ofYoung Offenders
56. • Australia has been a strong supporter of CROC from the very
outset
• there are still areas where Australia can do better
• adequacy of programs and services for children’s health,
education and welfare
• the adequacy of legislation in addressing the needs of
children
Australia’s Obligation of Convention Rights of the Child
2. International Issues