Chest test presentation
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The document summarizes information about the lungs and respiratory system. It discusses how the diaphragm contracts to increase the volume of the thoracic cavity and decrease intrapulmonary pressure, causing air to flow into the lungs. It then describes the two layers of pleura that surround the lungs and details how a small amount of fluid normally exists in the pleural space to allow the lungs to expand and contract without friction. The document concludes by outlining chest tube placement procedures and characteristics of chest tubes.
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This document discusses the pulmonary circulation system. It begins by describing how the pulmonary vessels develop in utero to shunt blood away from the lungs, and how after birth the vessels dilate to increase blood flow to the lungs. It then covers the anatomy of the pulmonary system including vessel structure. Pressures throughout the pulmonary system are detailed, including how fluid moves between vessels and tissue. Factors that regulate blood flow to match ventilation are explained. Finally, the causes and safety factors regarding pulmonary edema are summarized.
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The human heart is situated slightly tilted towards the left inside the thoracic cavity, just behind the sternum. It is cone-shaped and around the size of a fist. The heart is covered by a double-layered membrane called the pericardium. Pericardial fluid is located between the pericardial membranes and acts to reduce friction between the membranes as the heart beats.
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The document provides information about the cardiovascular system. It discusses that the cardiovascular system is composed of the heart, blood vessels, and blood. The system circulates blood throughout the body to transport nutrients, oxygen, hormones, and removes waste products. The circulation is divided into systemic circulation from the heart to tissues and back, and pulmonary circulation from the heart to the lungs and back. The document further details the structures and functions of the heart, blood vessels, blood, and discusses diseases associated with the cardiovascular system like hypertension, heart failure, heart attack, angina, and myocardial infarction.
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The heart is a four-chambered muscular organ located in the mediastinum protected by the pericardium. It pumps blood through two circuits - the pulmonary circuit to the lungs and systemic circuit to the rest of the body. The heart walls have three layers - epicardium, myocardium and endocardium. It has four chambers - two upper atria which receive blood and two lower ventricles which pump blood out. It uses valves to ensure one-way blood flow. The sinoatrial node initiates electrical impulses which coordinate contractions through the conduction system.
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The cardiovascular system consists of the heart and blood vessels. The heart is a double pump that delivers oxygenated blood to the body and deoxygenated blood to the lungs. Blood flows from the heart through arteries and returns through veins. The heart rate and cardiac cycle are regulated by the cardiac conduction system and the cardiac center in the medulla oblongata, which controls sympathetic and parasympathetic input. Blood pressure is affected by heart rate, blood volume, peripheral resistance, and viscosity and its regulation is important to prevent conditions like hypertension.
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The heart is a cone-shaped muscle located in the mediastinum that pumps blood through the body. It has four chambers - two atria that receive blood and two ventricles that pump blood out. The heart contracts rhythmically through the cardiac cycle of diastole and systole. Blood flows through valves between the chambers and arteries during each phase. The heart is supplied with oxygenated blood from the coronary arteries to fuel its continuous pumping action.
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Done by year 3 medical students at the University of Science and Technology, Sana'a, Republic of Yemen.
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The document discusses capillary exchange and hemodynamics. It explains that capillaries allow exchange of substances between blood and tissues via diffusion, transcytosis, and bulk flow. Most exchange occurs via diffusion down concentration gradients. Bulk flow involves filtration of fluid from arteries into tissues and reabsorption into veins. Edema can occur if filtration exceeds reabsorption. Hemodynamics influence blood flow - it is highest where pressure differences are largest and resistance is lowest, such as from arteries to veins.
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The document summarizes the structure and function of the heart and circulatory system. It describes how deoxygenated blood enters the heart through the vena cavae and is pumped into the lungs for oxygenation before entering the left atria. The left ventricle then pumps oxygenated blood out through the aorta to tissues throughout the body. Blood flows through a series of vessels, from arteries to arterioles to capillaries to venules back to veins. The heart's valves and chambers work together to ensure one-way blood flow and prevent backflow.
arteries, arterioles, veins, venules, capillary and fluid or gaseous exchange...
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The heart pumps blood through two circulatory loops, the pulmonary and systemic circuits. It has four chambers separated into left and right sides, and is located in the chest behind the breastbone. The heart walls have three layers and contain valves that ensure one-way blood flow. The sinoatrial node initiates heartbeats that are conducted through the heart to make the chambers contract in the proper order. Coronary arteries supply the heart muscle with blood.
Properties of blood vessels
William Harvey was the first modern physiologist in the 16th century. He proved that blood circulates in a continuous loop from the heart to the arteries and back to the veins and heart, overturning the long-held Galenic view of two separate circulatory systems. The circulatory system consists of arteries, which carry blood away from the heart; capillaries, where gas and nutrient exchange occurs; and veins, which carry blood back to the heart. Arteries have thicker muscular walls than veins and carry oxygenated blood except in the pulmonary circulation.
Bloodvessels
There are three main types of blood vessels: arteries, veins, and capillaries. Arteries carry oxygenated blood away from the heart to tissues throughout the body. They have thick muscular walls and elastic tissue to withstand high blood pressure. Veins carry deoxygenated blood back to the heart and have thinner walls and valves to prevent backflow. Capillaries are the smallest blood vessels and form a network between arteries and veins in tissues, allowing for the exchange of water, oxygen, nutrients and waste.
Anatomy of the Cardiovascular system
The cardiovascular system consists of the heart, blood vessels, and blood. The heart is a hollow muscular organ located in the chest that pumps blood through two circuits: systemic circulation and pulmonary circulation. It has four chambers - right and left atria and ventricles separated by valves. Blood vessels include arteries, which carry blood away from the heart, and veins, which carry blood back to the heart. The cardiovascular system also contains a conduction system that initiates and regulates the heartbeat, starting with the sinoatrial node. Blood vessels have three layers - tunica intima, media, and externa - that vary in thickness and composition between arteries and veins.
Anatomy of the_cardiovascular_system - dr toufiq
1. The document describes the anatomy and structure of the cardiovascular system, including the heart, blood vessels (arteries, veins, capillaries), conduction system, and circulatory routes.
2. It explains the layers of the heart (epicardium, myocardium, endocardium), chambers (atria, ventricles), valves (atrioventricular, semilunar), and associated vessels (aorta, vena cava, pulmonary arteries/veins).
3. The fetal circulation is described, which differs from adult circulation in that blood bypasses the lungs via the foramen ovale and ductus arteriosus. These changes allow blood to mix and circulate after
Cardiovascular physiology REVISION NOTES
The document discusses cardiovascular physiology, specifically describing the cardiac cycle and regulation of blood pressure. It contains the following key points:
1. The cardiac cycle consists of ventricular systole and diastole. Systole includes isovolumic contraction, rapid ejection, and slow ejection phases. Diastole includes isovolumic relaxation and three filling phases.
2. Blood pressure is regulated rapidly by baroreceptor and chemoreceptor reflexes, and over longer periods by the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system.
3. Factors like preload, contractility, and afterload influence stroke volume and thus cardiac output according to Frank-Starling's law.
Presentation anatomy
The circulatory system is composed of the heart, blood vessels, and blood. It has two circuits: pulmonary circulation and systemic circulation. In pulmonary circulation, deoxygenated blood is pumped from the heart to the lungs where carbon dioxide is released and oxygen is absorbed. The now oxygenated blood returns to the left side of the heart. Systemic circulation pumps oxygenated blood from the left side of the heart to the rest of the body via arteries and returns deoxygenated blood back to the right side of the heart via veins. The heart is located in the chest and has four chambers that pump blood through valves into the pulmonary and systemic circuits in a double circulation system to supply oxygen and nutrients to tissues.
Cardio vascular system
This document discusses the cardiovascular system as presented by Dr. Akarsh Aithal. It defines the cardiovascular system and describes the structure and function of the main components, including arteries, arterioles, capillaries, venules, and veins. It explains the layers (tunica interna, media, and externa) of blood vessels and how they vary between vessel types. It also compares key differences between arteries and veins.
Ahmadalishah3
The presentation discusses the respiratory system and central venous pressure (CVP). CVP reflects the amount of blood returning to the heart and the heart's ability to pump blood into the arteries. Factors that increase CVP include hypervolemia and decreased cardiac output, while factors that decrease CVP include hypovolemia and distributive shock. Complications from CVP lines include infections, air embolisms, and catheter dislodgement. Nurses must monitor patients for complications and ensure secure connections to prevent issues like exsanguination or introduction of infection.
The Arteries
The arteries conduct oxygenated blood away from the heart to the tissues. They are usually thick-walled, elastic and muscular to smooth out pressure changes from the heart and ensure constant blood flow. Peripheral resistance depends mainly on the radius of small branches of the arteries called arterioles. Vasoconstriction of arterioles leads to increased peripheral resistance and higher blood pressure if cardiac output stays the same. Arterial diseases like atherosclerosis can cause blockages and lack of blood flow leading to pain, discoloration and tissue death in the affected areas.
Fetalcirculationfornursingstudents.
A brief description about the fetal circulation for BSc Nursing students. This PPT includes the slides aboute fetal circulation from the basic Anatomy and Physiology of Heart and Circulatory system till the Applied aspects of it.
Cardiovascular disorders notes
The heart is a cone-shaped muscle located in the mediastinum that pumps blood through the body. It has four chambers - two atria that receive blood and two ventricles that pump blood out. The heart contracts rhythmically through the cardiac cycle of diastole and systole. Blood flows through valves between the chambers and arteries during each phase. The heart is supplied with oxygenated blood from the coronary arteries to fuel its continuous pumping action.
Cardiovascular system
The cardiovascular system functions to supply oxygen and nutrients to cells and tissues while removing waste. The heart is divided into four chambers that pump blood through two circuits - one to the lungs and back, and another to the body and back. Blood vessels include arteries, which carry blood away from the heart, and veins, which carry blood back to the heart through capillaries where nutrient exchange occurs. The cardiac cycle involves alternating atrial and ventricular contractions that generate blood pressure and flow through the heart and circulatory system.
Blood vessels.2.
The document summarizes the structure and function of blood vessels. It describes the three layers (tunics) that make up arteries and veins, as well as the single-layered endothelium of capillaries. It then compares different types of blood vessels, including elastic and muscular arteries, arterioles, venules and veins. It discusses the roles of each in conducting blood away from the heart in arteries and returning it to the heart in veins. It also describes the structure of capillaries and their role in exchanging materials with tissues.
Fetal circulation
1. The Monroe-Kellie doctrine states that the volume of intracranial contents (brain, blood, CSF) must remain constant since the skull is a rigid container. An increase in one component must be compensated by a decrease in another to avoid rises in intracranial pressure.
2. Arterial blood pressure is regulated in the short term by the autonomic nervous system and baroreceptors, which detect changes in pressure and modulate heart rate and vascular tone. Long term regulation involves the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system and vasopressin.
3. The cardiac cycle involves repeated cycles
Splanchnic circulation
This is a presentation about splanchinc circulation.
Done by year 3 medical students at the University of Science and Technology, Sana'a, Republic of Yemen.
Spring semester of 2010.
Blood vessels and circulation
Blood vessels transport blood throughout the body. There are three main types: arteries, which carry blood away from the heart; capillaries, where nutrients and wastes are exchanged; and veins, which carry blood back to the heart. Blood flow is regulated through pressure, resistance, and the actions of the cardiovascular system to ensure adequate circulation throughout the body. Neural and hormonal mechanisms precisely control blood pressure and flow through reflexes and the release of substances like epinephrine and norepinephrine.
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1. The objectives are to describe the anatomy of the pleura, parts of the parietal pleura, surface anatomy of lungs and pleura, anatomy of lungs including lobes and segments.
2. The pleura is a double-layered serous membrane enclosing the lungs, divided into parietal and visceral layers. The parietal pleura lines the thoracic wall and has four subdivisions.
3. The lungs are located in the thoracic cavity, each having an apex, base, borders and surfaces. The right lung has three lobes and the left lung has two
Respiratorty System Yatendra Singh
The respiratory system allows oxygen to enter the body and carbon dioxide to exit through a series of organs. Air enters through the nose and mouth, then travels through the pharynx, larynx, trachea, and bronchi into the lungs. In the lungs, oxygen passes into blood in the alveoli and carbon dioxide passes out of the blood into the alveoli to be exhaled. Breathing is facilitated by the contraction and relaxation of the diaphragm and rib cage, which decreases and increases the volume of the chest cavity to inhale and exhale air.
Pulmonary Ventilation (physiology)
Pulmonary ventilation involves the movement of air into and out of the alveoli through the nasal cavity, pharynx, trachea, bronchi, and bronchioles. Muscle activity changes the volume of the thoracic cavity, altering intrapulmonary and intrapleural pressures to draw air into the lungs during inhalation and expel it during exhalation. Airflow is affected by airway resistance, which can change based on bronchiole diameter, and lung compliance, maintained by elastic tissues and surfactants. Alveolar ventilation determines the renewal of air in the gas exchange areas to influence oxygen and carbon dioxide concentrations.
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This document summarizes pulmonary physiology including mechanics of breathing, lung volumes and capacities, pressure changes during breathing, forced expiration in COPD, transmural pressures, pulmonary compliance, hysteresis, diffusion of gases, V/Q ratios, and O2 and CO2 transport. Key points include that in COPD, forced expiration can cause airway collapse due to decreased alveolar pressure, and that V/Q defects and right-to-left shunts can cause hypoxemia. O2 is transported primarily bound to hemoglobin while CO2 is transported primarily dissolved in plasma.
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for DPT and All allied Health Sciences Programs i.e BS AT, MLT, OT, MIT ect
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Pleural effusion occurs when an abnormal amount of fluid collects in the pleural space between the lungs and chest wall. It can be caused by conditions that increase hydrostatic pressure or decrease oncotic pressure (transudative), or by inflammation from infections, cancer, pulmonary embolism (exudative). Symptoms include shortness of breath, cough, and chest pain. Diagnosis involves chest x-ray and thoracentesis to analyze fluid. Treatment focuses on resolving the underlying cause, relieving symptoms by draining fluid, and preventing reaccumulation through procedures like pleurodesis. Nursing care centers around breathing treatments, pain management, infection prevention, and monitoring for complications.
Respiratory physiology.pptx by DR Girish Jain
The document provides information on respiratory physiology. It discusses:
1. The process of respiration which includes ventilation, gas exchange, and oxygen utilization. Gas exchange occurs via diffusion in the lungs and tissues.
2. The types of respiration - external respiration which is the exchange of gases between the lungs and environment, and internal respiration which is the exchange between tissues and blood.
3. The anatomy of the respiratory system including the upper airways, conducting airways, respiratory airways, and the terminal respiratory unit where gas exchange occurs.
4. The muscles of respiration including the diaphragm and intercostal muscles which are involved in inhalation, and abdominal muscles which can aid exhalation
Heart and circulation
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Chest test presentation
- 2. Lungs Mediastinum ◦ Heart ◦ Aorta and great vessels ◦ Esophagus ◦ Trachea
- 3. Diaphragm contracts Moves down Increasing the volume of the thoracic cavity When the volume increases, the pressure inside ________. ◦ aka? Pressure within the lungs is called intrapulmonary pressure
- 4. Phrenic nerve stimulus stops Diaphragm relaxes This ______ the volume of the thoracic cavity Lung volume decreases, intrapulmonary pressure _____.
- 5. If two areas of different pressure communicate, gas will move from the area of higher pressure to the area of lower pressure
- 6. ◦ Parietal pleura ◦ lines the chest wall ◦ Visceral pleura (pulmonary) ◦ covers the lung
- 7. Parietal pleuraVisceral pleura Normal Pleural Fluid Quantity: Approx. 10-20 mL per lung Lung RibsIntercostal muscles
- 8. • The area between the pleura is called the pleural space (sometimes referred to as “potential space”) • Normally, vacuum (negative pressure) in the pleural space keeps the two pleura together and allows the lung to expand and contract • If air or fluid enters this space, there is a potential for impaired breathing.
- 15. Diagnostic tests Client position Treatment depends on severity ◦ Chest tube ◦ Heimlich valve on chest tube
- 16. Also called “thoracic catheters” Different sizes From infants to adults Small for air, larger for fluid Different configurations Curved or straight Types of plastic PVC Silicone Coated/Non-Coated Heparin Decrease friction
- 17. In what setting/environment is a chest tube placed? ◦ A. Operating Room ◦ B. Bedside ◦ C. Emergency Room ◦ D. All of the above ◦ E. None of the above
- 20. Sterile technique Small incision Tube is sutured Dressing applied ◦ What type?
- 21. Choose site Explore with finger Place tube with clamp Suture tube to chest Photos courtesy trauma.org
Editor's Notes
- Pressure DECREASES Aka -- intra thoracic pressure
- Lung volume ---- decreases Pressure – INCREASES Lungs are naturally elastic – once stretched – they RECOIL Pressure inside is greater than pressure outside --- cheeks will puff out
- Constantly produced and resorbed 100-200 mL produced daily Normal present at any one time --- 10mL
- Negative pressure --- below atmospheric pressure
- Air enters --- pressure causes lung collapse
- Pleural effusion, pneumothorax Pleural effusion is excess fluid that accumulates between the two pleural layers, the fluid-filled space that surrounds the lungs. Excessive amounts of such fluid can impair breathing by limiting the expansion of the lungs during ventilation. A pneumothorax (pl. pneumothoraces) is an abnormal collection of air or gas in the pleural space that separates the lung from the chest wall and which may interfere with normal breathing.
- Tension pneumonia Tension pneumothorax: a one way valve allows air into the pleural space during inspiration but not out during expiration
- Fig 3 Flail chest. The flail segment moves paradoxically during respiration On inspiration the flail section sinks in with mediastinal shift to the uninjured side On expiration, the flail section bulges outward with mediastinal shift to the INJURED side Paradoxical movement
- Visual assessment Xray CT
- Answer=D OR - usually through thorocotomyA thoracotomy or thoracostomy is an incision into the pleural space of the chest. It is performed by surgeons (or emergency physicians under) to gain access to the thoracic organs, most commonly the heart, the lungs, or the esophagus, or for access to the thoracic aorta or the anterior spine (the latter may be necessary to access tumors in the spine). ED - sitting position or lying down with affected side elevated Bedside
- --- IF AIR is removed ------- anteriorly Second intercostal space requires dissection of pectoral muscles ----IF FLUID is removed – posteriorly , 8th – 9th intercostal space Some are using 4th-5th anterior or midaxillary line AIR – tube is directed apically Fluid – tube is directed inferiorly and posteriorly
- Dressing type Some use gauze – Some use petroleum jelly 2 chest tubes yes use y tube connector Clamped – keep air from going in