This document discusses antimicrobial resistance and antibiotic use. It defines antibiotics and their classifications including site of action, mode of action, and spectrum of activity. It discusses the misuse of antibiotics and factors that can lead to drug resistance. Antimicrobial resistance has reached crisis levels and is linked to overuse of antibiotics. The document recommends educating healthcare professionals, hospitals, pharmacists, students and patients about appropriate antibiotic usage to curb rising antimicrobial resistance.

1. azad82d@gmail.com
azad.haleem@uod.ac
Dr.Azad A Haleem AL.Mezori
MRCPCH,DCH, FIBMS
Assistant Professor
University Of Duhok
College of Medicine
Pediatrics Department
ANTIMICROBIAL
RESISTANCE AWARENESS
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3. ANTIBIOTICS
• Antibiotics can be defined as substances
capable of killing & inhibiting the growth of
micro organisms.
• The term antibiotics literally means “against
life”; in this case, against microbes.
• There are many types of antibiotics—
antibacterials, antivirals, antifungals, and
antiparasitics.

4. • Antibiotics have transformed the practice of
medicine, making once lethal infections
readily treatable and making other medical
advances, like cancer chemotherapy and
organ transplants, possible.
ANTIBIOTICS

6. Classifications of Antibiotics
Classifications of Antibiotics
Spectrum of
activity
Broad
spectrum
Narrow
spectrum
Site of action
Mode of
action
Bacteriostatic Bactericidal

7. 1. Site of action

8. 2. Mode of action

9. 3. Spectrum of activity
o Narrow spectrum
• only against a single or a limited group of microorganisms,
e.g. INH is active only against mycobacteria.
o Broad spectrum
• affect a wide variety of microbial species.
• Alter the normal bacterial flora ????
• precipitate a superinfection of an organism, e.g., candida.

10. Misuse of Antibiotics

11. What is Misuse of Antibiotics?:
• When antibiotics are prescribed unnecessarily;
• When antibiotic administration is delayed in critically
ill patients;
• When antibiotic treatment is not given according to
microbiological culture data results.
• When the dose is lower or higher than appropriate for
the specific patient; and
• When the route of administrations [IV vs. oral] not
appropriate
• When the duration of treatment is too short or too
long;

12. Drug resistance level & classification
• Growth of bacteria is not halted (terminated) by the
maximal level of that antibiotic that can be tolerated by the
host.
 Primary
 Some organisms are inherently resistant to an antibiotic
 e.g., gram-negative organisms are inherently resistant to
vancomycin.
 Secondary
 spontaneous mutation or acquired resistance and selection.
 Cross-resistance
 resistant to more than one antibiotic.

13. Factors that may lead to Drug resistance
• Factors that may contribute to the
emergence and dissemination of
antimicrobial resistance
o ► Inadequate infection control
o ► High antimicrobial usage per geographic
area per unit time
o ► Increased use of antimicrobial prophylaxis
o ► Increased empiric polymicrobial
antimicrobial therapy.

14. o ► Greater severity of illness of hospitalized
patients
o ► More severely immunocompromised patients
o ► Newer devices and procedures in use
o ► Agricultural use of antimicrobials
o ► Social factors
o ► International travel
o ► Evolution of pathogens
Factors that may lead to Drug resistance

15. Antimicrobial resistance has
reached CRISIS levels

16. Expected Deaths by 2050

18. AMR’s impact on World GDP
in trillions of USD

19. HEALTHCARE-ASSOCIATED INFECTIONS
ARE A CONCERN IN ALL COUNTRIES

23. ANTIMICROBIAL RESISTANCE HAS REACHED CRISIS
LEVELS AND IS CLOSELY LINKED TO ANTIBIOTIC
OVER USE

24. Spectrum of Education of
antibiotics resistant Programs
• Healthcare Professionals: This online training course
offers participants over 10 hours of free continuing
education (CE). It is accessible in multiple modules that
can be taken in any order.(http://bit.ly/2Jt3yFD )
• Hospital based program: To Prescribe or Not To
Prescribe? Antibiotics and Outpatient Infections.
• The Primary Care Office Visit.
• Pharmacists.
• Educating medical student About Antibiotic Usage.
• Educating Nurses About Antibiotic Usage.
• Educating Patients About Antibiotic Usage.

25. Antimicrobial recommendation
should be targeted to achieve