This document provides an overview of different types of bonding found in chemistry including ionic bonding, covalent bonding, metallic bonding and giant covalent structures. It discusses how ions are formed through the transfer of electrons between metals and nonmetals. Covalent bonding is explained for both simple molecules involving single bonds and more complex molecules with double or triple bonds. The document also covers ionic vs covalent bonding and how to determine which type is present through practical tests. Giant covalent structures like diamond and graphite are mentioned.

1. CHEMISTRY
IGCSE
SYLLABUS 0620

2. 3. STRUCTURE AND
BONDING
3.1 ionic bonding
3.2covalent bonding ;simple molecules
3.3 covalent bonding;more complex
molecules
3.4 ionic or covalent
3.5 Giant covalent structure
3.6 metallic bonding

3. HOW ARE IONS ARE FORMED

4. FORMING A STABLE STRUCTURE
• IN THE ABOVE REACTION YOU WILL NOTICE THAT THE ELECTRON IS TRANSFERRED FROM A METAL
ATOM TO A NON METAL ATOM .THIS IS ALWAYS TRUE WHEN IONS ARE FORMED.
• THE OUTER SHELL OF BOTH THE ATOM S HAVE BECOME COMPLETE.
• THE SODIUM ION HAS ELECTRONIC CONFIGURATION[2,8]+ AND THE CHLORIDE ION HAS [2,8,8]-
SO THE BOTH IONS HAVE CIOMPLETE OUTER SHELL AND HAVE NOBLE GASS STRUCTURE OF EIGHT
OUTER ELECTRONS.
• THIS FULL OUTER SHELL OF EIGHT ELECTRONS IS OFTEN CALLED OCTET OF ELECTRON
• THE ATTRACTION BETWEEN THE POSITIVE IONS AND THE NEGATIVE IONS IS THE IONIC BOND

5. IONS WITH MULTIPLE CHARGES
MAGNESIUM ATOM HAS TWO
ELECTRON IN ITS OUTER SHELL AND
OXYGEN ATOM HAS SIX ELCTRON.SO
MAGNESIUM WILL GIVE TWO
ELECTRON TO OXYGEN TO COMPLET
ITS OUTER SHELL
CALCIUM HAS TWO ELECTRON IN ITS
OUTER SHELL AND CHLORINE NEEDS
ONLY ONE ECTRON TO COMPLETE ITS
OUTER SHELL .SO CALCIUM GIVES ITS
ELCTRONS TO TWO CHLORINE ATOM
TO FORM A STABLE STRUCTURE

6. 3.2 COVALENT BONDING
1 SIMPLE MOLECULES
• WHEN TWO NON METALS REACT THEY SHARE
APAIR OF ELECTRONS.THIS IS CALLED COVALENT
BONDING
• IN HYDROGEN MOLECULE BOTH THE ATOMS OF
HYDROGEN SHARE THIER ONE ELECTRON TO FORM
A PAIR .THIS PAIRED OF SHARED ELECTRON IS A
SINGLE COVALENT BOND

7. 3.2 COVALENT BONDING
THE ELCTRONIC STRUCTURE OF SIMPLE MOLECULES
• WE CAN DRAW THE ELECTRONIC STRUCTURE OF
SIMPLE COVALENT BONDED MOLECULES BY SHOWING
THE PAIRING UP OF ELECTRON
• IN EACH CASE WE PAIR UP THE ELECTRONS FROM
EACH ATOM SO THAT THEIR IS A STABLE OCTET OF
EIGHT ELECTRON AROUND EACH OTHER
• WE USE DOT AND CROSS DIAGRAM FOR SHOWING
COVALENT BONDING
• THE VALENCE ELECTRON ARE INVOLVED IN
BONDING,SO WE GENERALLY DONT DRAW THE INNER
SHELLS OF ELECTRONS

8. 3.3COMPLEX BONDING
2 MORE COMPLEX MOLECULES
MOLECULES WITH THREE OR
MORE TYPES OF ATOM COMPOUNDS WITH DOUBLE

9. 3.3COMPLEX BONDING
2 MORE COMPLEX MOLECULES
COMPOUND WITH TRIPLE BONDS
VALENCY
• THE VALENCY OF AN ATOM ICAN BE DEFINED
AS THE NO. OF ELECTRON LOST OR GAINED
TO FORM A COMPLETE ELECTRON SHELL IN A
COVALENT OR IONIC COMPOUNDS
• SO THE VALENCY OF METALS IS THE SAME AS
THE NO. OF ELECTRONS IN THEIR OUTER
SHELL E.G MAGNESIUM HAS TWO VALENCY
• AS FOR THE NON METALS THE VALENCY IS
THE NO. OF ELECTRON NEEDED TO COMPLETE
THE OUTER SHELL SO FOR NITROGEN THIS IS
THREE AND FOR OXYGEN IT IS TWO

10. IONIC OR COVALENT?
MORE ABOUT IONIC BONDING
ELECTRO STATIC FORCES
COVALENT BONDING
INTERMOLECILAR FORCES

11. IONIC OR COVALENT ?
PRACTICAL
• TO TELL IF THE COMPOUND IS IONIC OR COVALENT
WE CAN CONDUCT FOLLOWING TEST
• HEAT TEST
• DISSOLVE THE COMPOUND
• ELECTRIC CONDUCTIVITY
IONIC VS COVALENT

12. 3.5 GAINT COVALENT STRUCTURE
DIAMOND AND GRAPHITE
SILICON OXIDE(SAND)

13. 3.6 METALLIC BONDING

14. THANK
YOU
CHEMISTRY WITH ANUM