lectures for students in GCSE .explaining particles and purification method.It explains Matter, state of matter,changing state,diffusion ,brownian motion,appartus used in chemistry and their use
This document discusses concepts of thermal physics including the four states of matter, microscopic and macroscopic properties, phases of matter, and changes of state. It explains that matter can exist as solids, liquids, gases, or plasmas depending on temperature and pressure. Microscopically, the kinetic energy and potential energy of particles determines the state. Heat is the transfer of thermal energy between objects due to temperature differences. Specific heat capacity refers to the amount of energy required to change the temperature of a substance and can vary between materials. Methods for determining specific heat capacity include direct calorimetry and indirect calculations.
This document discusses the three states of matter - solids, liquids, and gases. It explains that the state of a substance depends on temperature and pressure, and describes different phase changes like melting, boiling, freezing, and evaporation. It also compares the properties of the three states of matter and explains how particle motion and kinetic energy differences lead to changes between the states. The document provides examples to illustrate concepts like diffusion and discusses factors that influence the rate of diffusion.
This document discusses different states of matter and concepts of thermal physics. It begins by defining the four states of matter as solids, liquids, gases, and plasmas. It then discusses microscopic and macroscopic properties of different states. Microscopically, particles have kinetic and potential energy that changes between states. Macroscopically, states have different properties like shape, volume, and density. Phase changes occur when enough energy is added or removed to allow particles to overcome intermolecular forces. Temperature is also discussed at both the microscopic and macroscopic levels.
This document discusses the three states of matter - solid, liquid, and gas. It explains that the state of a substance depends on temperature and pressure, and describes several phase changes between the different states (melting, freezing, boiling, evaporation, condensation, sublimation) and the energy changes involved. It also compares the properties of solids, liquids, and gases in terms of particle arrangement and movement. In addition, the document discusses diffusion, osmosis, and the particle theory of matter.
This document discusses the three states of matter - solid, liquid, and gas. It explains that the state of a substance depends on temperature and pressure, and describes several phase changes between the different states (melting, freezing, boiling, evaporation, condensation, sublimation) and the energy exchanges that occur. It also compares the properties of the three states in terms of particle arrangement, movement, and interactions. In addition, the document discusses other topics including diffusion, osmosis, and the particle theory of matter.
The document provides an overview of kinetic theory and the states of matter. It discusses the following key points:
- Kinetic theory states that all matter is made of tiny particles in constant motion. The behavior of solids, liquids, and gases can be understood through this model.
- There are five states of matter: solid, liquid, gas, plasma, and Bose-Einstein condensate. Solids have tightly packed particles that don't move much. Liquids have spread particles that move slowly. Gases have very far apart particles that move very fast.
- Phase changes between states, such as melting, boiling, and condensation, occur when sufficient thermal energy is added to or
1. The document describes the five states of matter - solids, liquids, gases, plasmas, and Bose-Einstein condensates. It explains the properties of each state and the phase changes between states.
2. Heating curves are discussed, showing how energy absorption or release occurs during phase changes like melting and boiling. The concepts of endothermic and exothermic reactions in relation to energy changes are introduced.
3. Chemical and physical properties and changes are defined, including examples like density, reactivity, physical changes like dissolving, and chemical changes like burning or rusting. Characteristics used to identify substances are outlined.
This document discusses concepts of thermal physics including the four states of matter, microscopic and macroscopic properties, phases of matter, and changes of state. It explains that matter can exist as solids, liquids, gases, or plasmas depending on temperature and pressure. Microscopically, the kinetic energy and potential energy of particles determines the state. Heat is the transfer of thermal energy between objects due to temperature differences. Specific heat capacity refers to the amount of energy required to change the temperature of a substance and can vary between materials. Methods for determining specific heat capacity include direct calorimetry and indirect calculations.
This document discusses the three states of matter - solids, liquids, and gases. It explains that the state of a substance depends on temperature and pressure, and describes different phase changes like melting, boiling, freezing, and evaporation. It also compares the properties of the three states of matter and explains how particle motion and kinetic energy differences lead to changes between the states. The document provides examples to illustrate concepts like diffusion and discusses factors that influence the rate of diffusion.
This document discusses different states of matter and concepts of thermal physics. It begins by defining the four states of matter as solids, liquids, gases, and plasmas. It then discusses microscopic and macroscopic properties of different states. Microscopically, particles have kinetic and potential energy that changes between states. Macroscopically, states have different properties like shape, volume, and density. Phase changes occur when enough energy is added or removed to allow particles to overcome intermolecular forces. Temperature is also discussed at both the microscopic and macroscopic levels.
This document discusses the three states of matter - solid, liquid, and gas. It explains that the state of a substance depends on temperature and pressure, and describes several phase changes between the different states (melting, freezing, boiling, evaporation, condensation, sublimation) and the energy changes involved. It also compares the properties of solids, liquids, and gases in terms of particle arrangement and movement. In addition, the document discusses diffusion, osmosis, and the particle theory of matter.
This document discusses the three states of matter - solid, liquid, and gas. It explains that the state of a substance depends on temperature and pressure, and describes several phase changes between the different states (melting, freezing, boiling, evaporation, condensation, sublimation) and the energy exchanges that occur. It also compares the properties of the three states in terms of particle arrangement, movement, and interactions. In addition, the document discusses other topics including diffusion, osmosis, and the particle theory of matter.
The document provides an overview of kinetic theory and the states of matter. It discusses the following key points:
- Kinetic theory states that all matter is made of tiny particles in constant motion. The behavior of solids, liquids, and gases can be understood through this model.
- There are five states of matter: solid, liquid, gas, plasma, and Bose-Einstein condensate. Solids have tightly packed particles that don't move much. Liquids have spread particles that move slowly. Gases have very far apart particles that move very fast.
- Phase changes between states, such as melting, boiling, and condensation, occur when sufficient thermal energy is added to or
1. The document describes the five states of matter - solids, liquids, gases, plasmas, and Bose-Einstein condensates. It explains the properties of each state and the phase changes between states.
2. Heating curves are discussed, showing how energy absorption or release occurs during phase changes like melting and boiling. The concepts of endothermic and exothermic reactions in relation to energy changes are introduced.
3. Chemical and physical properties and changes are defined, including examples like density, reactivity, physical changes like dissolving, and chemical changes like burning or rusting. Characteristics used to identify substances are outlined.
Matter in our surroundings_Class 9 CBSEJagrat Patel
The document discusses the topic of matter. It defines matter as anything that occupies space and has mass. Matter exists in three main states - solid, liquid, and gas. The state of matter depends on how closely packed the particles are and the strength of attraction between them. Changing temperature or pressure can cause a substance to change states from solid to liquid to gas or vice versa. The document provides examples and characteristics of each state of matter. It also discusses phase changes like melting, boiling, condensation, and sublimation.
This document provides an overview of the key topics in the chapter on matter from a 9th grade science textbook. It defines matter as anything that occupies space and has mass. It describes the three common states of matter - solid, liquid, and gas - and their characteristic properties. It also discusses less common states like plasma and Bose-Einstein condensate. The document outlines various processes by which matter can change states, like melting, boiling, sublimation, and evaporation. It explains how temperature and pressure can affect a substance's state and cause changes between solid, liquid, and gas. In closing, it reviews the factors that influence the rate of evaporation.
Melting Point determination- Acetanilide, Benzoic Acid and Salicylic Acidmariela sanota
This document describes a laboratory experiment to determine the melting points of acetanilide, benzoic acid, and salicylic acid. Small samples of each compound were placed in sealed capillary tubes and heated in an oil bath. The temperatures at which each sample began melting and fully melted were recorded. Salicylic acid had the highest melting point between 140-150°C, while acetanilide had the lowest between 105-114°C. Melting points can be used to identify compounds and assess purity, as pure substances have sharp melting points over a narrow range.
This document discusses the kinetic molecular theory and the states of matter. It explains that matter exists in three states - solids, liquids, and gases - depending on the structure and movement of particles. The movement of particles in liquids and gases causes diffusion and Brownian motion. Forces between particles are strongest in solids, weaker in liquids, and weakest in gases. Matter can change states by adding or removing energy, usually in the form of heat, during phase changes like melting, boiling, and condensation. The kinetic molecular theory is then described, explaining the behavior of particles in each state.
Physics is the study of matter, forces, energy and motion. The document discusses the key topics in physics including the three states of matter (solid, liquid, gas), molecules and intermolecular forces, properties of matter, heat, temperature, thermal expansion, gas laws, and types of thermometers. It provides definitions and examples to explain these core physics concepts in a clear and concise manner.
PPT FOR CBSE, ICSE BOARD,
CHAPTER 1: MATTER IN OUR SURROUNDING
MATTER, PROPERTIES OF MATTER, CHARACTERISTICS OF MATTER, DIFFUSION, EVAPORATION, SUBLIMATION, KEY OINTS, NOTES.
EXPERIMENTS: PARTICLES OF MATTER ARE VERY SMALL
PARTICLES OF MATTER ARE ALWAYS MOVING
PARTICLES OF MATTER HAVE SPACE BETWEEN THEM.
POTASSIUM PERMANGANATE EXPERIMENT
This document summarizes key concepts about the states of matter and phase changes from Chemistry Lab 1. It discusses the particle properties of solids, liquids, and gases and how phase changes require energy to either break or form intermolecular attractions. Specific heat transfer calculations are shown for melting ice and boiling water. The document also covers vapor pressure, phase equilibrium, and the decomposition and synthesis of water.
Matter is made up of tiny particles that are too small to be seen, even with a microscope. Experiments show that matter is composed of particles that can move and be transferred. Particles of matter have space between them, are continuously moving, and attract each other. The three common states of matter are solids, liquids, and gases, which have different characteristic properties depending on the strength of attraction between particles and how freely they can move. Changes in temperature or pressure can cause changes in a substance's state, such as melting, boiling, condensation, and sublimation.
This document provides information on the properties of various cryogenic liquids including liquid methane, neon, nitrogen, oxygen, argon, air, hydrogen, helium, and helium-3. It discusses their normal boiling points, densities, common uses as refrigerants and rocket fuels. Specific phenomena associated with liquid helium such as superfluidity below 2.17K, the lambda transition, third and fourth sound propagation, and thermo-mechanical effects are also summarized.
Kinetic particle theory states that all matter is made up of tiny particles in constant, random motion. The rate of particle vibration determines the state of matter. As heat is added, particles vibrate faster and can change the state from solid to liquid to gas. The reverse processes of freezing and condensation occur as heat is removed and particles slow down. Changes of state are reversible phase transitions that occur at characteristic melting and boiling points as heat is absorbed or released during the transition.
This document discusses the states of matter and properties of matter. It defines matter as anything that has mass and takes up space. There are five main states of matter: solid, liquid, gas, plasma and superfluid. The state of matter depends on temperature and pressure. Solids have a fixed shape and volume, liquids have a fixed volume but not shape, and gases have no fixed shape or volume. Phase changes between states are also discussed, such as melting, freezing, vaporization and condensation. Gas laws including Boyle's law, Charles' law and the ideal gas law are summarized. The concept of latent heat, which is the energy required for phase changes, is also introduced.
The document outlines a unit on matter and its interactions. It includes modules on the behavior of gases, chemical reactions, and biomolecules. The gases module covers properties of gases, gas laws including Boyle's law, Charles' law, Gay-Lussac's law, the combined gas law, and the ideal gas law. It also discusses the kinetic molecular theory and differences between ideal and real gases.
This document discusses heat and energy transfer. It explains the kinetic molecular theory of matter and how heat and temperature differ. Heat is the transfer of energy between objects due to a temperature difference, while temperature is a measure of the average kinetic energy of a substance's particles. The document also covers concepts like specific heat capacity, which is the energy required to change an object's temperature, and latent heat of fusion/vaporization, which is the energy absorbed during phase changes with no temperature change. Heat transfer occurs through conduction, convection and radiation.
Introduces the concept of covalent bonding with macro-molecules and simple covalent molecules.
Next, it covers inter-molecular attraction but explaining how temporary dipoles form
Finally, heating and cooling curves together with an explanation for how energy is absorbed or given out during boiling or freezing
The document discusses the importance of teaching students how to learn effectively and efficiently. It states that students should be taught strategies for organizing information, retaining knowledge, and applying concepts rather than just memorizing facts. These skills will help students become independent, self-motivated learners who are able to continually acquire new information throughout their lives.
There are five states of matter: solid, liquid, gas, plasma, and Bose-Einstein condensate (BEC). Plasma is common among stars but not on Earth, while BEC only forms at extremely low temperatures near absolute zero when atoms lose kinetic energy and clump together. Gases are characterized by diffusion, the movement from high to low concentration, and effusion, movement through a small pore. Several gas laws describe gas behavior, including Boyle's law relating pressure and volume, Charles' law relating volume and temperature, Avogadro's law of equal volumes containing equal molecules, and Dalton's law of partial pressures. Real gases deviate from the ideal gas model due to intermolecular forces
This document defines key terms related to fire chemistry and behavior. It explains that the three necessary elements for a fire are heat, fuel, and an oxidizing agent (usually oxygen from air). Fires start when these elements come together in the proper proportions. Fuels must be in gaseous form to burn, requiring solids and liquids to undergo pyrolysis or vaporization first when heated. Heat is then transferred between objects via conduction, convection or radiation to allow the fire to spread.
This document discusses thermal properties of matter including heat capacity, specific heat capacity, and changes of state. It defines heat capacity as the amount of energy required to change an object's temperature by a given amount. Specific heat capacity is the amount of energy required to raise the temperature of 1 kg of a material by 1°C. Methods for determining specific heat capacity include direct calorimetry of liquids and solids or the indirect method of mixtures. Phase changes occur when substances gain enough energy to overcome intermolecular forces, changing between solid, liquid, and gas states. Latent heat is the energy required for phase changes without a change in temperature.
chemistry GCSE chapter 6 Chemical Energetics.pptxAnumToqueer
Chemical Energetics, Energy changes in reaction ,Exothermic and Endothermic reaction
Reaction profile ,Activation energy Bond and energy change
bond energy calculation
1. the particulate nature of matter igcse version 1HishamMahmoud17
The document discusses the kinetic theory and properties of the three states of matter - solids, liquids, and gases. It explains that:
- Solids have strong intermolecular forces keeping particles packed closely together in a fixed pattern. Particles can only vibrate.
- Liquids have weaker forces, allowing particles to move past each other and flow freely but retain a fixed volume.
- Gases have no intermolecular forces and particles move quickly in random directions, colliding to create pressure. Gases have no fixed volume.
It then discusses processes that change between these states - melting, boiling, freezing, evaporation, condensation, and sublimation - and how kinetic theory
Matter in our surroundings_Class 9 CBSEJagrat Patel
The document discusses the topic of matter. It defines matter as anything that occupies space and has mass. Matter exists in three main states - solid, liquid, and gas. The state of matter depends on how closely packed the particles are and the strength of attraction between them. Changing temperature or pressure can cause a substance to change states from solid to liquid to gas or vice versa. The document provides examples and characteristics of each state of matter. It also discusses phase changes like melting, boiling, condensation, and sublimation.
This document provides an overview of the key topics in the chapter on matter from a 9th grade science textbook. It defines matter as anything that occupies space and has mass. It describes the three common states of matter - solid, liquid, and gas - and their characteristic properties. It also discusses less common states like plasma and Bose-Einstein condensate. The document outlines various processes by which matter can change states, like melting, boiling, sublimation, and evaporation. It explains how temperature and pressure can affect a substance's state and cause changes between solid, liquid, and gas. In closing, it reviews the factors that influence the rate of evaporation.
Melting Point determination- Acetanilide, Benzoic Acid and Salicylic Acidmariela sanota
This document describes a laboratory experiment to determine the melting points of acetanilide, benzoic acid, and salicylic acid. Small samples of each compound were placed in sealed capillary tubes and heated in an oil bath. The temperatures at which each sample began melting and fully melted were recorded. Salicylic acid had the highest melting point between 140-150°C, while acetanilide had the lowest between 105-114°C. Melting points can be used to identify compounds and assess purity, as pure substances have sharp melting points over a narrow range.
This document discusses the kinetic molecular theory and the states of matter. It explains that matter exists in three states - solids, liquids, and gases - depending on the structure and movement of particles. The movement of particles in liquids and gases causes diffusion and Brownian motion. Forces between particles are strongest in solids, weaker in liquids, and weakest in gases. Matter can change states by adding or removing energy, usually in the form of heat, during phase changes like melting, boiling, and condensation. The kinetic molecular theory is then described, explaining the behavior of particles in each state.
Physics is the study of matter, forces, energy and motion. The document discusses the key topics in physics including the three states of matter (solid, liquid, gas), molecules and intermolecular forces, properties of matter, heat, temperature, thermal expansion, gas laws, and types of thermometers. It provides definitions and examples to explain these core physics concepts in a clear and concise manner.
PPT FOR CBSE, ICSE BOARD,
CHAPTER 1: MATTER IN OUR SURROUNDING
MATTER, PROPERTIES OF MATTER, CHARACTERISTICS OF MATTER, DIFFUSION, EVAPORATION, SUBLIMATION, KEY OINTS, NOTES.
EXPERIMENTS: PARTICLES OF MATTER ARE VERY SMALL
PARTICLES OF MATTER ARE ALWAYS MOVING
PARTICLES OF MATTER HAVE SPACE BETWEEN THEM.
POTASSIUM PERMANGANATE EXPERIMENT
This document summarizes key concepts about the states of matter and phase changes from Chemistry Lab 1. It discusses the particle properties of solids, liquids, and gases and how phase changes require energy to either break or form intermolecular attractions. Specific heat transfer calculations are shown for melting ice and boiling water. The document also covers vapor pressure, phase equilibrium, and the decomposition and synthesis of water.
Matter is made up of tiny particles that are too small to be seen, even with a microscope. Experiments show that matter is composed of particles that can move and be transferred. Particles of matter have space between them, are continuously moving, and attract each other. The three common states of matter are solids, liquids, and gases, which have different characteristic properties depending on the strength of attraction between particles and how freely they can move. Changes in temperature or pressure can cause changes in a substance's state, such as melting, boiling, condensation, and sublimation.
This document provides information on the properties of various cryogenic liquids including liquid methane, neon, nitrogen, oxygen, argon, air, hydrogen, helium, and helium-3. It discusses their normal boiling points, densities, common uses as refrigerants and rocket fuels. Specific phenomena associated with liquid helium such as superfluidity below 2.17K, the lambda transition, third and fourth sound propagation, and thermo-mechanical effects are also summarized.
Kinetic particle theory states that all matter is made up of tiny particles in constant, random motion. The rate of particle vibration determines the state of matter. As heat is added, particles vibrate faster and can change the state from solid to liquid to gas. The reverse processes of freezing and condensation occur as heat is removed and particles slow down. Changes of state are reversible phase transitions that occur at characteristic melting and boiling points as heat is absorbed or released during the transition.
This document discusses the states of matter and properties of matter. It defines matter as anything that has mass and takes up space. There are five main states of matter: solid, liquid, gas, plasma and superfluid. The state of matter depends on temperature and pressure. Solids have a fixed shape and volume, liquids have a fixed volume but not shape, and gases have no fixed shape or volume. Phase changes between states are also discussed, such as melting, freezing, vaporization and condensation. Gas laws including Boyle's law, Charles' law and the ideal gas law are summarized. The concept of latent heat, which is the energy required for phase changes, is also introduced.
The document outlines a unit on matter and its interactions. It includes modules on the behavior of gases, chemical reactions, and biomolecules. The gases module covers properties of gases, gas laws including Boyle's law, Charles' law, Gay-Lussac's law, the combined gas law, and the ideal gas law. It also discusses the kinetic molecular theory and differences between ideal and real gases.
This document discusses heat and energy transfer. It explains the kinetic molecular theory of matter and how heat and temperature differ. Heat is the transfer of energy between objects due to a temperature difference, while temperature is a measure of the average kinetic energy of a substance's particles. The document also covers concepts like specific heat capacity, which is the energy required to change an object's temperature, and latent heat of fusion/vaporization, which is the energy absorbed during phase changes with no temperature change. Heat transfer occurs through conduction, convection and radiation.
Introduces the concept of covalent bonding with macro-molecules and simple covalent molecules.
Next, it covers inter-molecular attraction but explaining how temporary dipoles form
Finally, heating and cooling curves together with an explanation for how energy is absorbed or given out during boiling or freezing
The document discusses the importance of teaching students how to learn effectively and efficiently. It states that students should be taught strategies for organizing information, retaining knowledge, and applying concepts rather than just memorizing facts. These skills will help students become independent, self-motivated learners who are able to continually acquire new information throughout their lives.
There are five states of matter: solid, liquid, gas, plasma, and Bose-Einstein condensate (BEC). Plasma is common among stars but not on Earth, while BEC only forms at extremely low temperatures near absolute zero when atoms lose kinetic energy and clump together. Gases are characterized by diffusion, the movement from high to low concentration, and effusion, movement through a small pore. Several gas laws describe gas behavior, including Boyle's law relating pressure and volume, Charles' law relating volume and temperature, Avogadro's law of equal volumes containing equal molecules, and Dalton's law of partial pressures. Real gases deviate from the ideal gas model due to intermolecular forces
This document defines key terms related to fire chemistry and behavior. It explains that the three necessary elements for a fire are heat, fuel, and an oxidizing agent (usually oxygen from air). Fires start when these elements come together in the proper proportions. Fuels must be in gaseous form to burn, requiring solids and liquids to undergo pyrolysis or vaporization first when heated. Heat is then transferred between objects via conduction, convection or radiation to allow the fire to spread.
This document discusses thermal properties of matter including heat capacity, specific heat capacity, and changes of state. It defines heat capacity as the amount of energy required to change an object's temperature by a given amount. Specific heat capacity is the amount of energy required to raise the temperature of 1 kg of a material by 1°C. Methods for determining specific heat capacity include direct calorimetry of liquids and solids or the indirect method of mixtures. Phase changes occur when substances gain enough energy to overcome intermolecular forces, changing between solid, liquid, and gas states. Latent heat is the energy required for phase changes without a change in temperature.
chemistry GCSE chapter 6 Chemical Energetics.pptxAnumToqueer
Chemical Energetics, Energy changes in reaction ,Exothermic and Endothermic reaction
Reaction profile ,Activation energy Bond and energy change
bond energy calculation
1. the particulate nature of matter igcse version 1HishamMahmoud17
The document discusses the kinetic theory and properties of the three states of matter - solids, liquids, and gases. It explains that:
- Solids have strong intermolecular forces keeping particles packed closely together in a fixed pattern. Particles can only vibrate.
- Liquids have weaker forces, allowing particles to move past each other and flow freely but retain a fixed volume.
- Gases have no intermolecular forces and particles move quickly in random directions, colliding to create pressure. Gases have no fixed volume.
It then discusses processes that change between these states - melting, boiling, freezing, evaporation, condensation, and sublimation - and how kinetic theory
Chemistry GCSE Chapter 8 Acid bases and Salts .pptxAnumToqueer
This document discusses acids, bases, and salts. It defines acids as substances that produce hydrogen ions in aqueous solution and bases as substances that produce hydroxide ions in aqueous solution. Examples of strong acids and weak acids are provided. The document also discusses the properties of acids and bases, including their reactions with metals, metal hydroxides, metal carbonates to form salts. It introduces the pH scale for measuring acidity and alkalinity and discusses acid-base indicators. Various types of oxides such as basic, acidic, amphoteric, and neutral oxides are also defined.
The document summarizes key concepts related to electrochemistry including electrolysis, electrolysis of molten and aqueous ionic compounds, electroplating, and hydrogen fuel cells. Electrolysis is the decomposition of ionic compounds using electricity. During electrolysis, ions are discharged at the electrodes. For molten compounds, the metal and non-metal products form. For aqueous solutions, the products depend on ion and metal reactivity. Electroplating coats objects with metal through electrolysis. Hydrogen fuel cells use hydrogen and oxygen to produce electricity and water.
Cholesterol is a hydrophobic compound that is synthesized by most human tissues, especially the liver, intestine, adrenal cortex, and reproductive tissues. It consists of four fused hydrocarbon rings called the steroid nucleus, with an eight carbon chain attached. Cholesterol synthesis is an endergonic process that utilizes 3 ATP molecules for energy. The rate-limiting enzyme, HMG CoA reductase, is subject to various regulatory mechanisms including gene expression control and enzyme degradation. Cholesterol is eliminated from the body through conversion to bile acids or solubilization in bile, and some is reduced by gut bacteria.
Carbohydrates and its classification..pptxAnumToqueer
Carbohydrates are compounds that contain large quantities of hydroxyl groups. They are classified as monosaccharides, disaccharides, or polysaccharides depending on their size. Monosaccharides are single sugar units that cannot be broken down further, while disaccharides contain two monosaccharide units and polysaccharides are polymers of monosaccharides. Carbohydrates serve important biochemical functions such as energy storage, structural support of cells, and regulation of blood sugar levels. They are also involved in processes like DNA/RNA synthesis and immune responses. Due to their diverse roles, carbohydrates are essential biomolecules for living organisms.
The document provides information on stoichiometry, including:
- Relative atomic mass is the average mass of atoms of an element taking into account isotopes, measured on a scale where carbon-12 is 12.
- Relative formula mass is the sum of the relative atomic masses of all the atoms in a chemical formula.
- A mole is the amount of a substance containing 6.02x10^23 particles like atoms or molecules. This allows for easy calculation of amounts in chemical reactions.
- Stoichiometry uses molar ratios from balanced chemical equations to calculate amounts of reactants and products in terms of moles and masses. The mole concept and molar ratios allow for determining reacting masses and dedu
Chemistry GCSE chapter3 part 2 Chemical bonding.pptxAnumToqueer
This document provides an overview of chemical formulas, ionic compounds, polymers, and alloys according to the IGCSE chemistry syllabus. It defines chemical symbols and explains how to determine formulas based on element valences. Rules for naming ionic and molecular compounds with multiple elements are presented. Polymers are described as large molecules formed from monomers linked by covalent bonds. Alloys are defined as mixtures of metals that are stronger and harder than pure metals due to distortions in their metallic structures.
Chemistry gcse chapter 3 chemical bonding.pptxAnumToqueer
This document provides an overview of different types of bonding found in chemistry including ionic bonding, covalent bonding, metallic bonding and giant covalent structures. It discusses how ions are formed through the transfer of electrons between metals and nonmetals. Covalent bonding is explained for both simple molecules involving single bonds and more complex molecules with double or triple bonds. The document also covers ionic vs covalent bonding and how to determine which type is present through practical tests. Giant covalent structures like diamond and graphite are mentioned.
chemistry gcse Particles and Purification.pptxAnumToqueer
The document discusses various methods of separating mixtures and determining purity, including paper chromatography, distillation, crystallization, filtration, and decanting. Paper chromatography can separate pigments in a mixture using their differing solubilities and attractions to filter paper. Distillation and fractional distillation can separate liquids based on their different boiling points. The purity of a substance can be determined by its sharp melting or boiling point compared to a mixture which melts or boils over a range. Methods like filtration and crystallization are used to purify mixtures by separating solids from liquids.
Introduction to chemistry
lecture for pre GCSE ,GCSE ,Secondary level students and teachers. Gave generalized dsecription of basic science skills ,scientific notation,Dimentional Analysis,S.I units and derivativesand significant figures etc.
Travis Hills' Endeavors in Minnesota: Fostering Environmental and Economic Pr...Travis Hills MN
Travis Hills of Minnesota developed a method to convert waste into high-value dry fertilizer, significantly enriching soil quality. By providing farmers with a valuable resource derived from waste, Travis Hills helps enhance farm profitability while promoting environmental stewardship. Travis Hills' sustainable practices lead to cost savings and increased revenue for farmers by improving resource efficiency and reducing waste.
ESPP presentation to EU Waste Water Network, 4th June 2024 “EU policies driving nutrient removal and recycling
and the revised UWWTD (Urban Waste Water Treatment Directive)”
Phenomics assisted breeding in crop improvementIshaGoswami9
As the population is increasing and will reach about 9 billion upto 2050. Also due to climate change, it is difficult to meet the food requirement of such a large population. Facing the challenges presented by resource shortages, climate
change, and increasing global population, crop yield and quality need to be improved in a sustainable way over the coming decades. Genetic improvement by breeding is the best way to increase crop productivity. With the rapid progression of functional
genomics, an increasing number of crop genomes have been sequenced and dozens of genes influencing key agronomic traits have been identified. However, current genome sequence information has not been adequately exploited for understanding
the complex characteristics of multiple gene, owing to a lack of crop phenotypic data. Efficient, automatic, and accurate technologies and platforms that can capture phenotypic data that can
be linked to genomics information for crop improvement at all growth stages have become as important as genotyping. Thus,
high-throughput phenotyping has become the major bottleneck restricting crop breeding. Plant phenomics has been defined as the high-throughput, accurate acquisition and analysis of multi-dimensional phenotypes
during crop growing stages at the organism level, including the cell, tissue, organ, individual plant, plot, and field levels. With the rapid development of novel sensors, imaging technology,
and analysis methods, numerous infrastructure platforms have been developed for phenotyping.
The debris of the ‘last major merger’ is dynamically youngSérgio Sacani
The Milky Way’s (MW) inner stellar halo contains an [Fe/H]-rich component with highly eccentric orbits, often referred to as the
‘last major merger.’ Hypotheses for the origin of this component include Gaia-Sausage/Enceladus (GSE), where the progenitor
collided with the MW proto-disc 8–11 Gyr ago, and the Virgo Radial Merger (VRM), where the progenitor collided with the
MW disc within the last 3 Gyr. These two scenarios make different predictions about observable structure in local phase space,
because the morphology of debris depends on how long it has had to phase mix. The recently identified phase-space folds in Gaia
DR3 have positive caustic velocities, making them fundamentally different than the phase-mixed chevrons found in simulations
at late times. Roughly 20 per cent of the stars in the prograde local stellar halo are associated with the observed caustics. Based
on a simple phase-mixing model, the observed number of caustics are consistent with a merger that occurred 1–2 Gyr ago.
We also compare the observed phase-space distribution to FIRE-2 Latte simulations of GSE-like mergers, using a quantitative
measurement of phase mixing (2D causticality). The observed local phase-space distribution best matches the simulated data
1–2 Gyr after collision, and certainly not later than 3 Gyr. This is further evidence that the progenitor of the ‘last major merger’
did not collide with the MW proto-disc at early times, as is thought for the GSE, but instead collided with the MW disc within
the last few Gyr, consistent with the body of work surrounding the VRM.
The technology uses reclaimed CO₂ as the dyeing medium in a closed loop process. When pressurized, CO₂ becomes supercritical (SC-CO₂). In this state CO₂ has a very high solvent power, allowing the dye to dissolve easily.
Current Ms word generated power point presentation covers major details about the micronuclei test. It's significance and assays to conduct it. It is used to detect the micronuclei formation inside the cells of nearly every multicellular organism. It's formation takes place during chromosomal sepration at metaphase.
The ability to recreate computational results with minimal effort and actionable metrics provides a solid foundation for scientific research and software development. When people can replicate an analysis at the touch of a button using open-source software, open data, and methods to assess and compare proposals, it significantly eases verification of results, engagement with a diverse range of contributors, and progress. However, we have yet to fully achieve this; there are still many sociotechnical frictions.
Inspired by David Donoho's vision, this talk aims to revisit the three crucial pillars of frictionless reproducibility (data sharing, code sharing, and competitive challenges) with the perspective of deep software variability.
Our observation is that multiple layers — hardware, operating systems, third-party libraries, software versions, input data, compile-time options, and parameters — are subject to variability that exacerbates frictions but is also essential for achieving robust, generalizable results and fostering innovation. I will first review the literature, providing evidence of how the complex variability interactions across these layers affect qualitative and quantitative software properties, thereby complicating the reproduction and replication of scientific studies in various fields.
I will then present some software engineering and AI techniques that can support the strategic exploration of variability spaces. These include the use of abstractions and models (e.g., feature models), sampling strategies (e.g., uniform, random), cost-effective measurements (e.g., incremental build of software configurations), and dimensionality reduction methods (e.g., transfer learning, feature selection, software debloating).
I will finally argue that deep variability is both the problem and solution of frictionless reproducibility, calling the software science community to develop new methods and tools to manage variability and foster reproducibility in software systems.
Exposé invité Journées Nationales du GDR GPL 2024
Or: Beyond linear.
Abstract: Equivariant neural networks are neural networks that incorporate symmetries. The nonlinear activation functions in these networks result in interesting nonlinear equivariant maps between simple representations, and motivate the key player of this talk: piecewise linear representation theory.
Disclaimer: No one is perfect, so please mind that there might be mistakes and typos.
dtubbenhauer@gmail.com
Corrected slides: dtubbenhauer.com/talks.html
The use of Nauplii and metanauplii artemia in aquaculture (brine shrimp).pptxMAGOTI ERNEST
Although Artemia has been known to man for centuries, its use as a food for the culture of larval organisms apparently began only in the 1930s, when several investigators found that it made an excellent food for newly hatched fish larvae (Litvinenko et al., 2023). As aquaculture developed in the 1960s and ‘70s, the use of Artemia also became more widespread, due both to its convenience and to its nutritional value for larval organisms (Arenas-Pardo et al., 2024). The fact that Artemia dormant cysts can be stored for long periods in cans, and then used as an off-the-shelf food requiring only 24 h of incubation makes them the most convenient, least labor-intensive, live food available for aquaculture (Sorgeloos & Roubach, 2021). The nutritional value of Artemia, especially for marine organisms, is not constant, but varies both geographically and temporally. During the last decade, however, both the causes of Artemia nutritional variability and methods to improve poorquality Artemia have been identified (Loufi et al., 2024).
Brine shrimp (Artemia spp.) are used in marine aquaculture worldwide. Annually, more than 2,000 metric tons of dry cysts are used for cultivation of fish, crustacean, and shellfish larva. Brine shrimp are important to aquaculture because newly hatched brine shrimp nauplii (larvae) provide a food source for many fish fry (Mozanzadeh et al., 2021). Culture and harvesting of brine shrimp eggs represents another aspect of the aquaculture industry. Nauplii and metanauplii of Artemia, commonly known as brine shrimp, play a crucial role in aquaculture due to their nutritional value and suitability as live feed for many aquatic species, particularly in larval stages (Sorgeloos & Roubach, 2021).
When I was asked to give a companion lecture in support of ‘The Philosophy of Science’ (https://shorturl.at/4pUXz) I decided not to walk through the detail of the many methodologies in order of use. Instead, I chose to employ a long standing, and ongoing, scientific development as an exemplar. And so, I chose the ever evolving story of Thermodynamics as a scientific investigation at its best.
Conducted over a period of >200 years, Thermodynamics R&D, and application, benefitted from the highest levels of professionalism, collaboration, and technical thoroughness. New layers of application, methodology, and practice were made possible by the progressive advance of technology. In turn, this has seen measurement and modelling accuracy continually improved at a micro and macro level.
Perhaps most importantly, Thermodynamics rapidly became a primary tool in the advance of applied science/engineering/technology, spanning micro-tech, to aerospace and cosmology. I can think of no better a story to illustrate the breadth of scientific methodologies and applications at their best.
2. 1.PARTICLES AND
PURIFICATION
PART 1
1.1 SOLIDS, LIQUID, GASES
1.2 DIFFUSION
1.3 APPARATUS FOR
MEASURING
PART 2
1.4 PAPER CHROMATOGRAPHY
1.5 PURITY OF SUBSTANCE
1.6 METHOD OF PURIFICATION
3. • MATTER
ALL MATTER IS MADE UP OF PARTICLES .THREE TYPES
OF PARTICLES MAKE UP THE MOST MATTER
• ATOM IT IS THE SMALLEST PARTICLES THAT CANNOT BE BROWKEN DOWN BY CHEMICAL MEANS.
• MOLECULES IT IS PARTICLE OF TWO OR MORE ATOMS JOINED TOGETHER.
• ION IT IS AN ATOM OR GROUP OF ATOMS THAT CARRIES AN ELECTRICAL CHARGE.
• THE KINETIC PARTICLE THEORY OF MATTER IS A MODEL THAT DESCRIBES THE ARRANGEMENT,
MOVEMENT AND ENERGY OF PARTICLES IN A SUBSTANCE. THE MODEL IS USED TO EXPLAIN THE
PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF SOLIDS, LIQUIDS AND GASES.
Core content
4. 1.1 SOLIDS,LIQUID AND GASES
THERE ARE THREE STATES OF MATTER
SOLID; A solids has a definite shape and volume
but cannot flow.
LIQUID; A liquid has a definite volume but takes
the shape of its container .It can flow
GASES A gas has no definite
volume it can spread every where throughout
its container.
5. WE CAN EXPLAIN, THE PROPERTIES OF SOLID
,LIQUID AND GASES BY LOOKING AT THEIR
PARTICLES,ARRANGEMENT,MOVEMENT AND
PROXIMITY
Arrangement:fixed
Movement:vibrational only
Proximity:close together
Arrangement:random,
Movement:slide past each
other
Proximity:close together
Arrangement:random
Movement:move
everywhere rapidly
Proximity:far apart
6. CHANGING STATE
Explaining change of state
Melting, evaporating and boiling
Energy must be transferred, by heating, to a substance for
these changes of state to happen. During these changes
the particles gain energy, which is used to break or
overcome:
1. some of the bonds between particles during melting
2. all the remaining bonds between particles during
evaporating or boiling
Evaporation can take place below the boiling point of a
substance. This is why damp clothes dry when they are
hung from a washing line. Boiling happens at the boiling
point, when the rate of evaporation is at its maximum.
Condensing and freezing
Energy must be transferred from a substance to the
environment for condensation and freezing to happen.
During these changes of state, the particles lose energy as
bonds form between the particles.
7. CHANGING STATE
Some substances can change directly from solid to gas, or
from gas to solid, without becoming a liquid in between.
This is called sublimation. Solid carbon dioxide ('dry ice')
and iodine can sublime.
Comparison Predicted state
Given temperature < melting point Solid
Given temperature is between melting
and boiling points Liquid
Given temperature > boiling point Gas
Question
The melting point of oxygen is -218°C and its boiling point
is -183°C. Predict the state of oxygen at -200°C.
Oxygen will be in the liquid state at -200°C (because this is
between its melting and boiling points).
8. A HEATING CURVE OF SYALICYLIC ACID
• A SOLID CALLED SALICYLIC ACID IS HEATED AT A
CONSTANT RATE.WE CAN RECORD ITS TEMPRATURE
AT INTERVALS.A GRAPH OF TEMPRATURE AGAINST
TIME SHOWS THAT THE TEMPRATURE DOES NOT
INCREASE STEADILY ALL THE WAY
• IN THE HEATING CURVE ,THE HORIZONTAL PART OF
THE GRAPH IS WHERE THE SOLID IS CHANGING TO
LIQUID.THIS IS ITS MELTING POINT.
9. 1.2 DIFFUSION
WHAT IS DIFFUSION
• THE RANDOM MOVEMENT OF DIFFERENT PARTICLES
SO TYHEY GET MIXED UP IS CALLED
DIFFUSION.DIFFUSION RESULTS IN THE PARTICLES
SPREADING THROUGHOUT THE SPACE
AVAILABLE.THE OVERALL DIRECTION OF THE
MOVEMENT IS FROM WHERE THE PARTICLES ARE
CONCENTRATED TO WHERE THEY ARE LESS
CONCENTRATED HOW EVER THE PARTICLES ARE
MOVING RANDOMLY SO SOME ARE MOVING FROM
LESS CONCENTATED TO MORE CONCENTRATED
AREA.
11. DESCRIBE AND EXPLAN DEPENDENCE OF RATE OF
DIFFUSSION ON MOLECULAR MASS
• GASES DONT DIFFUSE AT THE SAME RATE EVERY TIME. IT DEPENDS ON THESE TWO FACTORS:
1. THE MASS OF THE PARTICLES
THE LOWER THE MASS OF THE GAS PARTICLES, THE FASTER IT WILL DIFFUSE BECAUSE THE LIGHTER PARTICLES
WILL BOUNCE FURTHER THAN THE HEAVIER ONES AFTER IT COLLIDES WITH OTHER PARTICLES. SO WE CAN SAY
THAT THE LOWER ITS RELATIVE MOLECULAR MASS, THE FASTER A GAS WILL DIFFUSE.
2. THE TEMPERATURE
WHEN A GAS IS HEATED, ITS PARTICLES TAKE IN HEAT ENERGY WHICH MAKES THEM MOVE FASTER. THEY WILL
BE ABLE TO COLLIDE WITH MORE ENERGY AND BOUNCE FURTHER AWAY. THIS MAKES THE GAS DIFFUSE FASTER.
SO WE CAN SAY THAT THE HIGHER THE TEMPERATURE, THE FASTER A GAS WILL DIFFUSE.
12. BROWNIAN MOTION
• EVIDENCE FOR THE MOVEMENT OF PARTICLES CAME TO LIGHT
IN 1827 WHEN THE BOTANIST,ROBERT BROWN OBSERVED
THAT FINE POLLON GRAINS ON THE SURFACE OF WATER WERE
NOT STATIONARY.
• IT WAS 96 YEARS LATER,IN 1923 THAT SCIENTIST CALLED
NORBET WIENER EXPLAINED WHAT BROWN OBSERVED.HE SAID
THAT THE POLLEN GRAIN WAS MOVING BECAUSE THE MUCH
SMALLER AND FASTER MOVING WATER PARTICLES WERE
CONSANTLY COLLIDING WITH THEM.
• THIS RANDOM MOTION OF VISIBLE PARTICLE (POLLEN GRAIN)
CAUSED BY MUCH SMALLER,INVISIBLE ONES (WATER PARTICLE)
IS CALLED BROWNIAN MOTION.
Core
+supplement
13. APPARATUS FOR MEASURING
MASS TIME AND TEMPRATURE MEASURING VOLUME
• FOR LIQUIDS
VOLUMES CEMTIMETER CUBE /DECIMETER
CUBE
• 1 DM3=1000CM3
• MEASURING CYLINDER
• VOLUMETRIC PIPETTE
• BURETTE VOLUMETRIC FLASK
• FOR GASES
• GAS SYRINGE
• MASS KILOGRAM KG /GRAM G
• BALANCE TOP PAN BALANCE/DIGITAL BALANCE
• TIME SECONDS S
• STOP WATCH STOPWATCH /DIGITAL STOP
WATCH
• TEMPRATURE DEGREE CELSIUS C
TERMOMETER MERCURY
THERMOMETER/DIGITAL THERMOMETER