To examine exergy values of empty fruit bunches (OPEFB), it’s pelletized and torrefied (torrefaction) derivatives. To evaluate the effect of physicochemical and thermal properties on the chemical exergy values.

1. Chemical Exergy Analysis of Oil Palm Waste and its
Pelletized Derivatives
- Bemgba Bevan Nyakuma -
5th Conference on Emerging Energy and Process Technology
(CONCEPT2016)
7th - 8th December 2016
Ancasa Residences, Port Dickson, Malaysia

2. 2
Arshad Ahmad, Anwar Johari, Tuan Amran T.
Abdullah, Olagoke Oladokun, Habib Alkali
Co-authors

3. • Introduction
• Experimental
• Results
• Conclusion
3
Contents

4. 4
Introduction

5. 5
• Malaysia  2nd Largest producer &
exporter of Palm Oil
• 5 Million hectares,
• 75 million tons of Fresh Fruit
Bunches (FFB),
• 400 palm oils mills.
• Crude Palm Oil (CPO) >>
• Feedstock/Raw material for
food, confectionary, biodiesel
• Palm Oil Industry  Foreign
exchange, National Pride
Introduction
www.palmoilhealth.org
http://bit.ly/2gaTMeA

6. 6
Solid Waste >> Empty Fruit Bunch (EFB), Palm Kernel Shell
(PKS),Mesocarp Fibre (MCF), Palm Fronds, Palm Kernel Cake, Trunks

7. 7
• CPO production generates
large quantities of waste >>
• 1 kg CPO >> 4 kg of Solid
Waste, 12.4 kg of CO2
• Classification of Oil Palm
Wastes;
• Liquid (POME),
• Solid Biomass Waste
• Solid Wastes >>
Oil Mill and Plantation
www.mpoc.org.my

8. 8
http://bit.ly/2fgR4Fchttp://bit.ly/2fI22Ep
http://bit.ly/2fgSBLshttp://bit.ly/2g8mL53

9. 9
• National Biomass Strategy 2020 est. in 2013
>> NBS-2020.
• 20 million tonnes of OPW by 2020 into higher-value
products and national income GNI by RM 30 billion
• NBS2020 >> meet its renewable energy target and
reduce GHG emissions
Introduction

10. 10
• 200 Million Metric tons of wastes generated
between year 2010 – 2015
• Current conversion technologies – open air burning,
incineration, land filling, boiler fuel
• Inefficient, outdated, hazardous, unsustainable and
expensive
• Increased GHGs, Loss of Biodiversity and
Environmental challenges; eutrophication, leaching
http://bit.ly/2fgR4Fc

11. 11
Pre-Treatment & Valorisation of
Oil Palm EFB 
Largest stock with low Value,
High moisture,
High Alkali, &
Low Bulk Density
Introduction
Drying
Shredding
Pelletization
Torrefaction
Fresh Oil Palm
Fruit Bunches
Pelletized Oil Palm Empty
Fruit Bunches (OPEFB)
Oil Palm Empty fruit
Bunches (OPEFB)

12. 12
Study Objective

13. 13
To examine exergy values of empty fruit bunches (OPEFB), it’s
pelletized and torrefied (torrefaction) derivatives.
To evaluate the effect of physicochemical and thermal
properties on the chemical exergy values.

14. 14
Experimental

15. 15
Experimental
Acquisition of pelletized OPEFB
(Felda Semenchu Oil Palm Mill in Johor.
Pulverization, Characterization & Torrefaction
(Ultimate, proximate and calorific Analysis)
Chemical Exergy Analysis
(Elemental analysis and heating values)
Comparison with other OPEFB Fuels in literature
(Elemental analysis and heating values)

16. 16
Experimental
Where the terms
β = Mass Fraction
ECH, = Chemical Exergy
LHV and HHV, = Heating Value
H, O, N, = Hydrogen, Oxygen and Nitrogen.
𝐸 𝐶𝐻 = 𝛽 × 𝐻𝐻𝑉
𝛽 = 1.0438 + 0.00158
𝐻
𝐶
+ 0.0813
𝑂
𝐶
+ 0.0471
𝑁
𝐶
𝐸 𝐶𝐻
= 1.08𝐻𝐻𝑉 − 22.62𝐻 − 0.86𝑂 + 4.02𝑁
Exergy Equations

17. 17
Results

18. 18
Results
Fuel Properties Results

19. 19
Results
Chemical Exergy Results

20. 20
Conclusion

21. 21
Conclusions
The paper examined the physicochemical, thermal and
chemical exergy values of oil palm empty fruit bunches
(OPEFB) and its torrefied product.
The result showed that torrefaction improved the fuel
properties of the raw feedstock and theoretical useful
energy available for bioenergy applications.

22. 22
The End
Terima kasih
(Thank you)

23. 23
Acknowledgement
The authors wish to acknowledge the
financial support from Universiti Teknologi
Malaysia through the Research University
Grants; Q.J130000.2509.07H12 and
Q.J130000.2509.13H95.

24. 24
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