The document presents a project report on biodiesel. It begins by acknowledging contributors to the project. It then lists the objectives of studying biodiesel as an alternative fuel and its comparative properties with petrodiesel. Several production techniques for biodiesel are described, including transesterification, the most common method. Test results from a case study of a biodiesel company show properties and production process. Comparative results from engine tests burning biodiesel-diesel blends show impacts on performance and emissions. The presentation evaluates biodiesel's potential as a sustainable fuel for India.
2. AKNOWLEDGEMENT
WE WOULD LIKE TO SINCIERELY THANK:
DR JOHN M.GEORGE –Principal ,Caarmel Engineering College.
DR BALAN K. Former MD to National Coir research and
development institute .(External Guide)
ER. KISHEN KARANAKARAN – MD , TMN Biofuels, Pvt Ltd
Coimbatore.
DR.KOCHUBABY MANJOORAN, Kochin Refinery , Kochin.
Prof: A.D POULOUSE – H.O.D Department of Mechanical
Engineering.
Er. PRAMOD GEORGE –Internal Guide .
Er SHAAN .
And all other faculty members of the Department of Mechanical
Engineering.
All our dear friends .
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3. OBJECTIVES:
Biodiesel as an alternative fuel without much
alterations in existing vehicle technologies.
Comparative study with Petro Diesel .
Biodiesel as a fuel and Industry for Emerging
India
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6. WHAT IS BIODIESEL?
Alternate environment friendly fuel.
From animal or plant source.
Made of long chain alkyl esters.
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7. BIODIESEL ON GLOBAL CONTEXT.
Production rose by 50% from2002-09.
Popular amongst developed countries or
ANNEX categorized countries(Kyoto protocol)
Criticism .
a) Impact on food security.
b) Doubt of overall +ve net Carbon balance.
Automobiles , airplanes , locomotives ,
factories, houses..etc running on Biofuel.
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9. CASE STUDY FINDINGS FROM TMN
BIOFUELS ON FEEDSTOCK:
Major feed stock is Cashew cornel rejection oil.
Its an acidified oil waste.
Imported from Indonesia from a sister concern
R&D on various other sources underway.
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10. PRODUCTION TECHNIQUES
1.Direct use and
blending
2.Microemulsions
Thermal cracking
(Pyrolysis)
Transesterification
(Alcoholysis)
Other types of
transesterification
.
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11. 1.DIRECT USE AND BLENDING:
Direct use:
o 100% biofuel with no Petro Diesel.
o B100
Blending :
o Usual varieties ; B5,B10,B20….B95.
o B10 means 10% Petro Diesel and 90%
Biodiesel .
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12. ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES OF
DIRECT USE OF VEGITABLE OILS:
ADVANTAGES
Liquid nature-portability,
Heat content (80% of
diesel fuel),
Ready availability and
Renewability.
DISADVANTAGES
Higher viscosity,
Lower volatility and
The reactivity of
unsaturated hydrocarbon
chains
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13. Known problems, probable cause and potential solutions for using
straight vegetable oil in diesels
Problem Probable cause Potential solution
Short-term
1. Cold weather starting High viscosity, low cetane,
and low flash point
of vegetable oils
Preheat fuel prior to injection.
Chemically alter fuel
to an ester
2. Plugging and gumming of
filters,
lines and injectors
Natural gums (phosphatides)
in vegetable oil.
Other ash
Partially refine the oil to
remove gums. Filter to
4-microns
3. Engine knocking Very low cetane of some oils.
Improper injection
timing.
Adjust injection timing. Use
higher compression
engines. Preheat fuel prior to
injection. Chemically
alter fuel to an ester
Long-term
4. Coking of injectors on
piston
and head of engine
High viscosity of vegetable
oil, incomplete
combustion of fuel. Poor
combustion at part
load with vegetable oils
Heat fuel prior to injection.
Switch engine to diesel
fuel when operation at part
load. Chemically alter
the vegetable oil to an ester
5. Carbon deposits on piston
and head of engine
High viscosity of vegetable
oil, incomplete
Combustion of fuel. Poor
combustion at part
load with vegetable oils
Heat fuel prior to injection.
Switch engine to diesel
fuel when operation at part
load. Chemically alter
the vegetable oil to an ester
6. Excessive engine wear High viscosity of vegetable
oil, incomplete
combustion of fuel. Poor
combustion at part
load with vegetable oils.
Possibly free fatty acids
in vegetable oil. Dilution of
engine lubricating
oil due to blow-by of
Heat fuel prior to injection.
Switch engine to diesel
fuel when operation at part
load. Chemically alter
the vegetable oil to an ester.
Increase motor oil
changes. Motor oil additives
to inhibit oxidation
14. 2. MICROEMULSIONS
Solves the problem of high viscosity of vegetable oils.
Are solvents live methanol, ethanol etc.
Defined as a colloidal equilibrium dispersion of
optically isotropic fluid microstructures.
Usually 1-150 nm range formed spontaneously from two
normally immiscible liquids and one or more ionic or
non-ionic amphiphiles
Improve spray characteristics by explosive vaporization
of the low boiling constituents in the micelles .
Short term performances of both ionic and non-ionic
micro emulsions of aqueous ethanol in soybean oil
nearly as good as that of No. 2 diesel, in spite of the
lower cetane number and energy content .
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15. TEST RESULTS SHOWING PROPERTIES
OF SHIPP NON -IONIC FUEL.
(SOURCE: Fangrui Ma,Milford A. Hanna, Biodiesel Production: a review , Bio
resource Technologies ,Lincon,NE ,USA 1999.)
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16. 2.1 THERMAL CRACKING(PYROLYSIS)
Conversion of one substance into another by means of heat or
by heat with the aid of a catalyst .
Heating in the absence of air or oxygen.
And cleavage of chemical bonds to yield small molecules .
First pyrolysis of vegetable oil was conducted in an attempt
to synthesize petroleum from vegetable oil.
.
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17. The process is simple and effective compared with other
cracking processes
Rapeseed oil pyrolyzed to produce a mixture of methyl
esters in a tubular reactor between 500 and 850°C and in
nitrogen.
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(SOURCE: Fangrui Ma,Milford A. Hanna, Biodiesel Production: a review ,
Bio resource Technologies ,Lincon,NE ,USA 1999.)
18. 2.2TRANSESTERIFICATION
(ALCOHOLYSIS)
The reaction of a fat or oil with an alcohol to form esters
and glycerol.
A catalyst is usually used to improve the reaction rate
and yield.
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(SOURCE: Fangrui Ma,Milford A. Hanna, Biodiesel Production: a review , Bio
resource Technologies ,Lincon,NE ,USA 1999.)
19. 2.2.1MECHANISM AND KINETICS
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(SOURCE: Fangrui Ma,Milford A. Hanna, Biodiesel Production: a review , Bio
resource Technologies ,Lincon,NE ,USA 1999.)
20. 2/4/2016 20
SOURCE: Fangrui Ma,Milford A. Hanna, Biodiesel Production: a review , Bio
resource Technologies ,Lincon,NE ,USA 1999.)
21. FACTORS AFFECTING FREE FATTY
ACIDS IN TRANS ESTERIFICATION:
Moisture.
Catalyst .
Molar ratio .
Reaction time.
Reaction temperature.
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22. THE PROCESS OF TRANSESTERIFICATION AND
DOWNSTREAM OPERATIONS
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23. OTHER TRANSESTERIFICATIONS
In-situ transesterification is taken into consideration.
Found that acid catalyzed in-situ process is better
than conventional methods .
By increasing reaction temperature and time and by
decreasing the particle size of the soybeans and the
water content of ethanol, a purer product was
obtained.
The separated glycerol reacted with triglycerides to
produce mono- and diglycerides, which are valuable
chemical intermediates for detergents and
emulsifiers
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24. PRODUCTION TECHNIQUES EMPLOYES AT
TMN BIOFUELS PVT LTD
METHODS :
1. BASIC ESTERIFICATION
2. TRANS ESTERIFICATION
TMN Biofuels Employs a combination of both .
One of a kind .
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28. SECONDARY PRODUCTION
Combination of esterification and trans esterification.
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Biodiesel from different grade of oils at TMN Biofuels Pvt Ltd.
29. TERTIARY PRODUCTION
ALGAL SYNTHESIS
Third generation process
Costly and time consuming.
Other includes fungal cultivated biodiesels and
biodiesels from coffee ground beans .(under R&D)
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30. SEQUENTIAL PROCESS IN MAKING BIODIESEL
FROM ALGAE
(SOURCE: ECOGENICS RESEARCH CENTRE)
FIGURE (A) –MICRO-ALGAE AT LABS FOR
SYNTHESIS
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31. FIGURE(B) – MICRO-ALGAE AT LAB BEFORE
DRYING
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34. STORAGE,HANDLING AND TRANSPORT
STABILITY
•LONG TERM STORAGE STABILITY
•STABILITY AT HIGHER TEMPERATURE AND
PRESSURE
•OXIATION STABILITY
•HIGHER LEVEL OF UNSTURATION MORE
OXIDATION OCCUR
• METAL SUCH AS COOPER, BRASS,LEAD, WILL
ACCELARATE OXIDATION PROCESS TO FORM
SEDIMENTS.
35. STORAGE
COMMERCIALEY DONE BY
PROVIDING NITROGEN BLANKETS
ON STORAGE TANKS.
AVOID CONTACT WITH OXYGEN.
USE OF ANTIOXIDENTS.
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36. MICROBIAL CONTAMINATION
AEROBIC FUNGUS, BACTERIAAND
YEST, MICROORGANISAM USUALLY
GROW AT FUEL BY WATER
CONTAMINATION.
SULFUR FROM ALGAE REACTION
ON THE TANK SURFACE COUSES
CORROSION.
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37. STORAGE TANK DISPENCING EQUIPMENT AND
MATERIAL COMPATIBILITY
THERE IS NO REACTION WITH MOST OF THE
METALS
FAVORABLE METALS- AL,STEEL,FLURINATED
POLY ETHYLINE,TEFLON ETC….
METALS LIKE BRASS, BRONZE, COPPER CAUSE
REACTIONS.
38. TRANSPORTATION
TO AVOID CONTAMINATION DURING
TRANSPORT ENSURE THE FOLLOWING:
TRUCKS ARE CONSTRUCTED OF
ALUMINIUM,CARBON STEEL.
THERE IS NO RESIDUAL WATER IN TANK.
PROPER INSPECTION OR WASH OUT BEFORE
LOADING.
40. EXPERIMENT #1
(SOURCE :Jurgan kahl, Alex Munak , Olaf Scrader, Hendrik stein ; Comparison of
biodiesel with different diesel fuels regarding exhaust gas emissions and health
effects,2008)
A 493 CC single cylinder, indirect injection diesel
engine equipped with one hole injector nozzle of
diameter 0.5 mm was used for performance tests
Biodiesel from refined palm oil stearin and biodiesel
from crude coconut oil blended with diesel at various
mixing ratio.
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45. GRAPH 2. THE RELATION BETWEEN
VISCOSITY AT 40 C Vs CONVENTRATION OF
BIODIESEL BLENDS
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46. GRAPH 3. THE RELATION OF POUR POINT
Vs CONCENTRATION OF BIODIESEL
BLENDS
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47. GRAPH 4. THE RELATION OF FLASH POINT
Vs CONCENTRATION OF BIODIESEL
BLENDS
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48. GRAPH 5. THE RELATION OF FIREPONT Vs
CONCENTRATION OF BIODIESEL BLENDS .
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49. GRAPH 6. THE RELATION OF HEATING
VALUE Vs CONCENTRATION OF BIODIESEL
BLENDS
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50. 2/4/2016 50
I .SPRAY ANGLE OF
DIESEL OIL .
II .SPRAY ANGLE OF
BIODIESEL OIL (REFINED
PALM OIL STEARIN)
51. III. SPRAY ANGLE OF BIODIESEL OIL (CRUDE
COCONUT OIL)
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52. ENGINE CHARECTERSTICS
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I. Comparison of brake power vs. engine speed for concentration of
biodiesels from refined palm oil stearin blend.
53. 2/4/2016 53
II Comparison of brake power vs. engine speed for concentration of
biodiesels from crude coconut oil blend.
56. VI Comparison of bsfc vs. engine speed for
type of fuel.
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57. VII Comparison of smoke emission vs. engine
speed for type of fuel.
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58. EXPERIMENT#2
(SOURCE :Oelmühle Leer Connemann GmbH & Co,Comparison of biodiesel with different diesel
fuels regarding exhaust gas emissions and health effectsM, Hanover, Germany ,2007)
Swedish low sulfur diesel fuel MK1, according to the
Swedish standard SS 15 54 35, obtained from Saybolt
Sweden AB, Gothenburg, Sweden,
German biodiesel (rapeseed oil methylester; RME),
according to German standard E DIN 51!606, obtained
from Oelmühle Leer Connemann GmbH & Co, fossil
diesel fuel (DF) according to the European standard DIN
EN 590, obtained from Louis Dreyfus & Cie Mineralöl
GmbH, Hanover, Germany,
a low sulfur diesel fuel with high aromatic compounds
content and flatter boiling characteristics,
according to the European standard DIN EN 590,
obtained from Röling System Logistic Service GmbH,
Buchholz, Germany. This diesel fuel is referred to as
DF05.
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69. 2/4/2016 69
1.Particle emissions stratified
for solid and soluble fraction
.2. Mutagenic effects of the
particle extracts with (+S9)
and without (-S9) metabolic
activation
70. Conclusions to comparison :
Biodiesel has close agreements with diesel
characteristics in a CI engine.
Biodiesel has positive and negative effects on
the emissions
Biodiesel from refined palm oil stearin can be
used as alternative diesel fuel for small CI
engine without any modifications.
The mutagenicity of RME emissions is much
lower compared to fossil fuels indicating a
reduced health risk from cancer.
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71. INDIAN PERSPECTIVE ON BIODIESEL:
Different from biofuel activities in many
other countries of the world .
Based on the use of non-edible oils
Oil-bearing trees that can grow on less
fertile land
Portrays the biodiesel sector first
describes the biodiesel value chain in
India, laying special emphasis on the
feedstock and resulting from this – the
type of land needed for production
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75. POTENTIAL USE OF BIODIESEL IN
INDIA
Energy security in remote villages.
National energy security and reduction of
crude oil imports.
Reduction od Co2 emissions .
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80. MANI FINDINGS ON INDIAN
BIODIESEL PERSPECTIVE
Only a few states encouraging
biodiesels cultivation (TBO based)
Lack of favorable policies .
Lack of awareness on biodiesels.
Consumers and farmers reluctant.
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81. A promising fuel for developing India
and a source of income for the
agricultural sector.
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82. RECOMMENDATIONS :
Consumption of biodiesel should be favored
over fossil diesel, provided the energy and
carbon balance of biodiesel production is
positive.
Demand-side incentives are crucial to get the
biodiesel sector going and make investment
risks more calculable.
A considerable research effort is needed to
increase knowledge about TBO-based biodiesel
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83. Contd…
Government should facilitate the productive use
of lands that are owned by various government
departments but remain unutilized
Government should provide soft loans to
support private biofuel farming.
Oil-bearing trees can be used among other
species in areas where forest land is assigned for
afforestation.
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84. Government should preferably support ways of
cultivation that integrate oil-bearing trees into
rural production systems in a way that does not
threaten food production.
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85. CONCLUSIONS:
Biodiesels is a significant sustainable
energy resource and is used all over the
world.
Biodiesel can be used as an alternative
fuel without any modification to the
present diesel engine
Promising alternate fuel.
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86. Scope :
To do an experiment that satisfies the
concerns in India about biodiesels
being a promising alternative fuel.
And to conduct further research on
biodiesels and new possible
feedstock.
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