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![Open Area
Not to windy
Access for truck deliveries
Exhaust won’t disturb
people or livestock
Low Tech Methods for Making Biochar
Metal Needed Method
1 Drum Drum
2 GI or tin cans Stoves- gasifier/rocket
3 GI Sheet/steel plates
Metal cone - Clean Kiln Designs -FC flame cap / flame
curtain (FC) -Top Fed Open Draft FC units
4 Drums/GI Furnace/ ovens/ retorts
5 Steel matting/cage Top Light Up Draft Cage [TLUD]
6 Optional Open Rice Hull (Ipa) Piles
7 None Peter Hirst's Conservation Burn technique [Also TLUD]](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/char2-100825205745-phpapp02/85/Bio-Char-Options-1-320.jpg)
![Biochar is the result of
Pyrolysis
[fire – separating]](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/char2-100825205745-phpapp02/85/Bio-Char-Options-2-320.jpg)
![Pyrolysis is a thermochemical
decomposition of organic material
at elevated temperatures in the
absence of oxygen. It involves the
simultaneous change of chemical
composition and physical phase,
and is irreversible. The word is
coined from the Greek-derived
elements pyro "fire" and lysis
"separating".
Biochar is the result of
Pyrolysis
[fire – separating]](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/char2-100825205745-phpapp02/85/Bio-Char-Options-16-320.jpg)
![Terra Preta
1. Typically, the ability of soils to retain cations
in an exchangeable and thus plant-available
form (cation exchange capacity [CEC])
increases in proportion to the amount of soil
organic matter
• Biochar has an even greater ability
than other soil organic matter to adsorb
cations per unit carbon due to its
greater surface area,
• greater negative surface charge
• greater charge density
2. Biochar appears to be able to strongly
adsorb phosphate, even though it is an
anion, although the mechanism for this
process is not fully understood.
3. These properties make biochar a unique
substance, retaining exchangeable and
therefore plant-available nutrients in the soil,
and offering the possibility of improving crop
yields while decreasing environmental
pollution by nutrients considerably
Radically transforms soils
I.R.R.I.
PhilRice](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/char2-100825205745-phpapp02/85/Bio-Char-Options-145-320.jpg)
![Fertilizer/Feed-Grain Terms
Grade Name Filipino Waste Source Carbon/Nitrogen
• [D4] Rice Hull Ipa, From high -
Labhang Dehusking carbon
• [D3] Crushed Rice Magaspang from beltway high carbon/
Hull some nitrogen
• [D2] Rice Bran Darak from cleaning some carbon/
some nitrogen
• [D1] Rice Bran Tiki Tiki from polishing high protein-
nitrogen
D1
for feed
$
$$
$$$
$$$$
D4
for uling](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/char2-100825205745-phpapp02/85/Bio-Char-Options-149-320.jpg)
![[D 2] is inferior to
[D1] but can be
supplemented with
more fish meal
Feed-Grain Selection
[D 1] [D 3]
[D 4][D 2]
Puting
Bigas –
white rice
Pinawa –
Unpolished
rice
[D 4]
[D 2]
Kanin –
white rice
Palay
PalaySmall
Mill
Large
Mill
Small Mill
Remedy
You can lose
many Pesos
without the
right feed
stock](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/char2-100825205745-phpapp02/85/Bio-Char-Options-151-320.jpg)
![ Open Area
Not to windy
Access for truck deliveries
Exhaust won’t disturb
people or livestock
Low Tech Methods for Making Biochar
Metal Needed Method
1 Drum Drum
2 GI or tin cans Stoves
3 GI Sheet/steel plates Metal cone - Clean Kiln Designs
4 Drums/GI Furnace/ ovens/ retorts
5 Steel matting Top Light Up Draft Cage [TLUD]
6 Optional Open Rice Hull (Ipa) Piles
7 None Peter Hirst's Conservation Burn technique [Also TLUD]](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/char2-100825205745-phpapp02/85/Bio-Char-Options-239-320.jpg)
Uploaded byAloha House
Bio Char Options
The document discusses various low-tech methods for producing biochar including: 1) Using metal drums, tin cans, steel sheets, or metal cones to contain fires and facilitate pyrolysis. 2) Top Light Up Draft (TLUD) systems that use draft to control oxygen flow and maximize biochar yield. 3) Open piles can also be used to produce biochar through slow pyrolysis.
More Related Content
Bio Char Options
- 1. Open Area Notto windy Access for truck deliveries Exhaust won’t disturb people or livestock Low Tech Methods for Making Biochar Metal Needed Method 1 Drum Drum 2 GI or tin cans Stoves- gasifier/rocket 3 GI Sheet/steel plates Metal cone - Clean Kiln Designs -FC flame cap / flame curtain (FC) -Top Fed Open Draft FC units 4 Drums/GI Furnace/ ovens/ retorts 5 Steel matting/cage Top Light Up Draft Cage [TLUD] 6 Optional Open Rice Hull (Ipa) Piles 7 None Peter Hirst's Conservation Burn technique [Also TLUD]
- 2. Biochar is theresult of Pyrolysis [fire – separating]
- 3. Terra Preta Dark Earth AmazonianDark Earths "Terra Preta de Indio" Indian Black Earth is the local name for certain dark earths in the Brazilian Amazon region. Unknown methods of biochar production where utilized via pyrolysis in the forest: some form of “sustainable” slash and char developed huge areas for food production. These dark earths occur in several countries in South America and Europe and Eastern USA. In the Amazon it was created by pre-Columbian Indians from 500 to 2500 years B.P. and abandoned after the invasion of Europeans.
- 4. 1658 Johann RudolfGlauber confirmed that the acid contained in pyroligneous water was the same acid contained in vinegar (Emrich, 1985; Klark, 1925). 1661 The separation of a spirituous liquid from volatile products of wood distillation was described by Robert Boyle (Klark, 1925).
- 5. To build orto dig…
- 6. To build orto dig…
- 7.
- 8. LIGNIN The complex amorphousorganic component of wood that acts as the binder between cells and is responsible for its rigidity. It decomposes very slowly by microbial action.
- 9. Wood that hasbeen seasoned for 9-12 months still contains about 20-25% moisture, most of which is wood resins. These resins play an important part in the three stages of wood combustion.
- 10. Wood that hasbeen seasoned for 9-12 months still contains about 20-25% moisture, most of which is wood resins. These resins play an important part in the three stages of wood combustion. Stage 1 - the kindling fire warms up the fresh load of wood and any remaining water content is removed by evaporation and vaporization. Seasoned Wood
- 11. Wood that hasbeen seasoned for 9-12 months still contains about 20-25% moisture, most of which is wood resins. These resins play an important part in the three stages of wood combustion. Stage 1 - the kindling fire warms up the fresh load of wood and any remaining water content is removed by evaporation and vaporization. Stage 2 - As the wood reaches 500 degrees the resins begin to break down chemically, and volatile gases are released which squirt out through the wood fiber and ignite, boosting the temperature of the fire to around 1,100 degrees and producing 50-60% of the heat value from that load of wood. Seasoned Wood
- 12. Wood that hasbeen seasoned for 9-12 months still contains about 20-25% moisture, most of which is wood resins. These resins play an important part in the three stages of wood combustion. Stage 1 - the kindling fire warms up the fresh load of wood and any remaining water content is removed by evaporation and vaporization. Stage 2 - As the wood reaches 500 degrees the resins begin to break down chemically, and volatile gases are released which squirt out through the wood fiber and ignite, boosting the temperature of the fire to around 1,100 degrees and producing 50-60% of the heat value from that load of wood. Stage 3 - As the gases burn away, the flames finally attack the wood fiber itself, and extract the remaining heat value through the process known as charcoaling. Seasoned Wood Heat + charcoal
- 13. Wood that hasbeen seasoned for 9-12 months still contains about 20-25% moisture, most of which is wood resins. These resins play an important part in the three stages of wood combustion. Stage 1 - the kindling fire warms up the fresh load of wood and any remaining water content is removed by evaporation and vaporization. Stage 2 - As the wood reaches 500 degrees the resins begin to break down chemically, and volatile gases are released which squirt out through the wood fiber and ignite, boosting the temperature of the fire to around 1,100 degrees and producing 50-60% of the heat value from that load of wood. Stage 3 - As the gases burn away, the flames finally attack the wood fiber itself, and extract the remaining heat value through the process known as charcoaling. Seasoned Wood Heat + charcoal More heat + ash
- 14. If your firewoodhas dried to the point where it has lost its resin content, your fire will go directly from Stage 1 (warming up to combustion temperature) to Stage 3 (charcoaling), skipping Stage 2 and missing out on 50-60% of the heat (and burn time) you'd expect to get from that load of wood
- 15. A. C. A.P. Biochar: Activated Charged Aged Piled (or bagged)
- 16. Pyrolysis is athermochemical decomposition of organic material at elevated temperatures in the absence of oxygen. It involves the simultaneous change of chemical composition and physical phase, and is irreversible. The word is coined from the Greek-derived elements pyro "fire" and lysis "separating". Biochar is the result of Pyrolysis [fire – separating]
- 17. 1792 England commercializedluminating gas manufactured from wood (Klark, 1925). 1812 Taylor showed that methyl alcohol was present in the liquid obtained from the distillation of pyroligneous water (Klark, 1925). 1819 The first pyrolysis oven to transfer heat through its metal walls was designed by Carl Reichenbach (Klark, 1925).
- 18. “A Dictionary OfModern Gardening”, by George William Johnson, David Landreth, 1847. Charcoal Soot, a chief constituent of which is charcoal, has long been known as a very effective fertilizer; https://turkeysong.wordpress.com/2012/05/18/some-citations-on-biochar-in-europe-and-america-in-the-19th-century/
- 19.
- 20. 1835 Methyl alcohol,an isolated product of crude wood spirit, was discovered by Jean Baptiste Andre Dumas and Eugene Peligot which confirmed Taylor’s ideas on the nature of pyroligneous acid (Klark, 1925). 1850 Horizontal retorts (1 meter diameter, and 3 meters long) were used mainly by Germany, England, and Austria, while the French were becoming more inclined to the use of vertical retorts made portable by Robiquete (Klark, 1925). 1856 An increase in demand for methyl alcohol was a result of Sr. William H. Perkin’s patent on aniline purple (Klark, 1925). 1864 The discovery of iodine increased the demand for wood spirits (Klark, 1925). 1870 Early investigations performed by Tobias Lowitz resulted in a new, chemically pure acetic acid (Klark, 1925).
- 21. The American wheatculturist: a practical treatise on the culture of wheat … 1868 Charcoal Dust As A Fertilizer. Charcoal is composed almost entirely of pure carbon; and when small fragments are exposed to the influences of the weather, they undergo very little change during a long term of years. Still the roots of growing plants will lay hold of the small pieces of charcoal, and appropriate the substance contained in the coal to the growth and development of the stems, leaves, and seeds of grain, fruit, and vegetables. Experienced chemists assure us, charcoal, and particularly charcoal dust, has the power of attracting and fixing large quantities of ammonia, a substance which enters largely into the formation of useful plants, and of retaining this fertilizing material when buried in the soil, until the fine fibres of the roots of growing plants require it for promoting their growth. https://turkeysong.wordpress.com/2012/05/18/some-citations-on-biochar-in-europe-and-america-in-the-19th-century/
- 22. 1870 The riseof the celluloid industry and the manufacture of smokeless powder increased the demand for acetone (Klark, 1925). 1880 The wood distillation industry began to expand (Klark, 1925). 1920-1950 The rise of the petroleum industry caused a decline in wood distillation (Klark, 1925). 1970 Oil Crisis gave rise to the need for alternative liquid fuels. 1970-90s Development of new pyrolysis reactors occurred side by side with the understanding of the fundamentals of biomass pyrolysis reactions (Boroson et al., Bridgwater et al., 1994; 1989 a, b; Evans et al., 1987 a, b; Mottocks, 1981, Piskortz et al., 1988a, b; Scott et al., 1984, 1988).
- 23. Thai Charcoal Kiln CharcoalAs A Manure 1860……….. Liebig gives the results of a series of experiments by Lukas on the use of charcoal as a manure, which seem to corroborate his opinion. From the facts which these chemists, however, adduce, it is evident that the beneficial action of charcoal, as a fertilizer, depends upon the presence of other substances besides carbon. Liebig notes (Organic Chem., p. 62) that “plants thrive in powdered charcoal, and may be brought to blossom, and bear fruit, if exposed to the influence of the rain and the atmosphere. Plants do no not, however, attain maturity under ordinary circumstances in charcoal powder when they are moistened with pure distilled water instead of rain or river water. Rain water must, therefore, contain within it one of the essentials of vegetable life; and it has been shown that this is the presence of a compound containing nitrogen; the exclusion of which entirely deprives humus and charcoal of their influence on vegetation. It is ammonia, to https://turkeysong.wordpress.com/2012/05/18/some-citations-on-biochar-in-europe-and-america-in-the-19th-century/
- 24.
- 25. Clean Kiln Designs Top FedOpen Draft FC units
- 26. Clean Kiln Designs AppropriateTechnology Top Fed Open Draft FC units
- 27. Clean Kiln Designs TopFed Open Draft FC units
- 28. Clean Kiln Designs TopFed Open Draft FC units
- 29.
- 30.
- 31.
- 33. To build orto dig…
- 34. Top Light UpDraft TLUD Pile Lumber yard waste
- 35.
- 36. Clean Kiln Designs Bentand bolted GI sheet Top Fed Open Draft FC units
- 37. Clean Kiln Designs TopFeed Metal Cone Top Fed Open Draft FC units
- 38. Clean Kiln Designs TopFeed Metal Cone Top Fed Open Draft FC units
- 39. Clean Kiln Designs TopFeed Metal Cone Top Fed Open Draft FC units
- 40. Clean Kiln Designs TopFeed Metal Cone Top Fed Open Draft FC units
- 41. Clean Kiln Designs TopFeed Metal Cone Top Fed Open Draft FC units
- 42. Clean Kiln Designs TopFeed Metal Cone Top Fed Open Draft FC units
- 43. Clean Kiln Designs TopFeed Metal Cone Top Fed Open Draft FC units
- 44. T.L.U.D. Top Light UpDraft Peter Hirst's Conservation Burn technique Appropriate Technology T.L.O.B. Top Light Open Burn
- 45. T.L.U.D. Top Light UpDraftAppropriate Technology Make Fuel Cube H = L = W
- 46. T.L.U.D. Top Light UpDraft Wind baffle
- 47. T.L.U.D. Top Light UpDraft Water moisture removal
- 48.
- 49.
- 50.
- 51.
- 52. T.L.U.D. Top Light UpDraft Harvest
- 53. T.L.U.D. Top Light UpDraft PeterHirst's Conservation Burn technique Appropriate Technology T.L.O.B. Top Light Open Burn Make Fuel Cube H = L = W
- 54. T.L.U.D. Top Light UpDraft PeterHirst's Conservation Burn technique
- 56. Details of thisBioChar Burn: Material: young douglas fir and ponderosa pine saplings 2-5” in diameter Moisture content: estimated 20-50%. Sat on ground for one year. Date burned: May 4, 2014 Size of pile: about 5 feet square cube, estimated 2000 lb Biochar yield: about 60 gallons(8 cu ft) http://www.technorcalnotes.com/biochar Peter Hirst's Conservation Burn technique
- 57. Cut and carrygoat feed Legume trees and shrubs
- 58. Cut and carrygoat feed
- 59. Cut and carrygoat feed
- 60. Cut and carrygoat feed
- 61. Cut and carrygoat feed
- 62. Cut and carrygoat feed
- 63. Cut and carrygoat feed Low smoke, high yield: 1. Uniform diameter 2. Uniform length 3. Cubical (H = L = W) 4. Keep fire on top
- 64. Cut and carrygoat feed
- 65.
- 66. Cut and carrygoat feed
- 67. T.L.U.D. Top Light UpDraft Conservationburn T.L.O.B. Top Light Open Burn
- 68. Peter Hirst's ConservationBurn technique T.L.U.D. Top Light UpDraft Conservation burn Very little smoke T.L.O.B. Top Light Open Burn
- 69. T.L.U.D. Top Light UpDraft Conservationburn Very little smoke T.L.O.B. Top Light Open Burn
- 70. Still very littlesmoke T.L.O.B. Top Light Open Burn
- 71. Douse with water T.L.O.B. TopLight Open Burn
- 72.
- 73. 10:02 AM TLOB Migratory PyrolyticFront (MPF)
- 74. 10:13 AM TLOB Migratory PyrolyticFront (MPF)
- 75. Pyrolysis @ 700ºC 10:25 AM TLOB Migratory Pyrolytic Front (MPF)
- 76. Pyrolysis @ 700ºC 10:32 AM TLOB Migratory Pyrolytic Front (MPF)
- 77.
- 78.
- 79. Charging with EMand compost tea 10:58 AM
- 80. Bagged and readyfor raised beds 11:10 AM 1 cu M dead fall wood 280 L biochar
- 81.
- 82.
- 83. Wigwam method fortermite infested wood cuts
- 84. Wigwam method fortermite infested wood cuts
- 85. Wigwam method fortermite infested wood cuts
- 86. Wigwam method fortermite infested wood cuts
- 87. Wigwam method fortermite infested wood cuts
- 88. Peter Hirst's ConservationBurn technique 1. Similar size materials 2. Top Light Up Draft 3. Proportional dimensions
- 89.
- 90. Top Light UpDraft TLUD Cage Migratory Pyrolytic Front (MPF)
- 91. Top Light UpDraft TLUD Cage High carbon Crop residues Migratory Pyrolytic Front (MPF)
- 92. Top Light UpDraft TLUD Cage Migratory Pyrolytic Front (MPF)
- 93. Top Light UpDraft TLUD Cage High carbon Crop residues
- 94. Top Light UpDraft TLUD Cage High carbon Crop residues
- 95. Top Light UpDraft TLUD Cage High carbon Crop residues
- 96. You can pyrolizeanything
- 97.
- 99. Top Light UpDraft TLUD Cage Coco Husk
- 100. Top Light UpDraft TLUD Cage Coco Husk
- 101. Top Light UpDraft TLUD Cage Coco Husk
- 102. Top Light UpDraft TLUD Cage Coco Husk
- 103. Top Light UpDraft TLUD Cage Coco Husk
- 104. Top Light UpDraft TLUD Cage Coco Husk
- 105. Top Light UpDraft TLUD Cage Coco Husk
- 106. Top Light UpDraft TLUD Cage Coco Husk
- 107. Top Light UpDraft TLUD Cage Coco Husk
- 108. Top Light UpDraft TLUD Cage Coco Husk
- 109. Top Light UpDraft TLUD Cage Coco Husk
- 110. Top Light UpDraft TLUD Cage Coco Husk char
- 111.
- 112. Top light w/newspaper
- 113.
- 114. Top Light UpDraft TLUD Pile Coconut leaves/waste
- 115.
- 116. Top Light UpDraft TLUD Pile Bamboo waste
- 117. Top Light UpDraft TLUD Pile Roofing waste
- 118. Top Light UpDraft TLUD Pile Cut and carry waste From goat farm
- 119. Traditional method: The nightlySweep n’ Smolder 1. Wasteful 2. Inefficient 3. Legal
- 120. Illegal Squatter Pile 1.Wasteful 2. Inefficient 3. Illegal
- 121. Traditional method: Mound kiln 1.Wasteful 2. Inefficient 3. Labor intensive 4. Legal
- 122.
- 123.
- 124.
- 125.
- 126.
- 127. 1. Wasteful 2. Inefficient 3.Legal Landfill method
- 128. Top Light UpDraft TLUD Pile Lumber yard waste
- 129.
- 130. Top Light UpDraft TLUD Pile Clean kiln design
- 131. Top Light UpDraft TLUD Pile Clean kiln design
- 132. Fertilizer from lumberyard waste
- 133. Sustainable agriculture: theefficient conversion of land’s by-products back into food.
- 134. “Modern agriculture: theuse of land to convert petroleum into food.”
- 135.
- 137.
- 138. Terra Preta Dark Earth AmazonianDark Earths "Terra Preta de Indio" Indian Black Earth is the local name for certain dark earths in the Brazilian Amazon region. These dark earths occur in several countries in South America and Europe and Eastern USA. In the Amazon it was created by pre- Columbian Indians from 500 to 2500 years B.P. and abandoned after the invasion of Europeans.
- 139. Pyrolysis is a thermochemical decompositionof organic material at elevated temperatures in the absence of oxygen (or any halogen). It involves the simultaneous change of chemical composition and physical phase, and is irreversible. The word is coined from the Greek-derived elements pyro "fire" and lysis "separating".
- 140. More CO andCO2 than biochar Appropriate Technology?
- 141.
- 142. The sketch, ofa small portion of the plateau, shows how the qochas were linked to one another, through an extensive network of canals. Twin circles are 'mother qochas'. (from: Erickson, 2000)
- 143.
- 145. Terra Preta 1. Typically,the ability of soils to retain cations in an exchangeable and thus plant-available form (cation exchange capacity [CEC]) increases in proportion to the amount of soil organic matter • Biochar has an even greater ability than other soil organic matter to adsorb cations per unit carbon due to its greater surface area, • greater negative surface charge • greater charge density 2. Biochar appears to be able to strongly adsorb phosphate, even though it is an anion, although the mechanism for this process is not fully understood. 3. These properties make biochar a unique substance, retaining exchangeable and therefore plant-available nutrients in the soil, and offering the possibility of improving crop yields while decreasing environmental pollution by nutrients considerably Radically transforms soils I.R.R.I. PhilRice
- 147. Industrial Biochar 50% of50% is virtually permanent carbon fixation
- 148. SiteRice Hull OpenArea Not too windy Access for truck deliveries Exhaust won’t disturb people or livestock 4 Low Tech Methods to Making Biochar 1. Open Rice Hull (Ipa) Piles 2. Stoves 3. Furnace ovens 4. Drum
- 149. Fertilizer/Feed-Grain Terms Grade NameFilipino Waste Source Carbon/Nitrogen • [D4] Rice Hull Ipa, From high - Labhang Dehusking carbon • [D3] Crushed Rice Magaspang from beltway high carbon/ Hull some nitrogen • [D2] Rice Bran Darak from cleaning some carbon/ some nitrogen • [D1] Rice Bran Tiki Tiki from polishing high protein- nitrogen D1 for feed $ $$ $$$ $$$$ D4 for uling
- 151. [D 2] isinferior to [D1] but can be supplemented with more fish meal Feed-Grain Selection [D 1] [D 3] [D 4][D 2] Puting Bigas – white rice Pinawa – Unpolished rice [D 4] [D 2] Kanin – white rice Palay PalaySmall Mill Large Mill Small Mill Remedy You can lose many Pesos without the right feed stock
- 152. Cooking charcoal as aby-product
- 153. CRH Production • Startcore fire with wood
- 154. CRH Production • Startcore fire with wood • Add rice hull to smother
- 157.
- 158.
- 159. CRH Production • Startcore fire with wood • Add rice hull to smother • Watch for venting
- 163. CRH Production • Startcore fire with wood • Add rice hull to smother • Watch for venting • Smother blackened hulls
- 164. CRH Production • Startcore fire with wood • Add rice hull to smother • Watch for venting • Smother blackened hulls
- 165.
- 167. HARVESTING • Start corefire with wood • Add rice hull to smother • Watch for venting • Smother blackened hulls • Harvest by spraying water through pile
- 173.
- 179. Natural Rice HullVinegar
- 180.
- 181.
- 195.
- 199.
- 200. Operation of Charcoal Oven 14.Install bamboo pipe with wet cloth 15. Collect vinegar
- 201.
- 203. We know ofno readily available in-field pyrolyzers that meet our specs. Warm Heart offers two: FU2: 3.4 m3 capacity, Type I or II feed stocks; moved and assembled by 2 men; fits in small pickup with room for quenching water tank and biochar; burn time corn stalk 15 minutes, cob 80 minutes; yield 18% FU3 prototype: Actual will have 7.7 m3 capacity, assumed to be Type II only, moved and assembled by 3 men; fits in pickup; anticipated yield, 25% Type II pyrolyzers
- 204. USES • Potting soil •Bokashi • Soil amendment • Livestock bedding • Livestock feed • Bokashi Bombs (Mud Balls) • Vermiculture Feedstock (They produce a natural pelletized Terra Preta)
- 205. Ancient Inoculation Method SustainableAgriculture
- 206. Inoculation Comparison • Takesadvanced management and time • No guarantee of results • Cultures can have contamination • P 60/ backpack sprayer • Simple management • Little time • Guaranteed results • Cultures will be pure • P 1/ backpack sprayer
- 207.
- 213. Soil Blocks •Save space •Minimizetransplant shock
- 229.
- 231. Universal Mix 1/4 Soil 1/4Sand 1/4 Vermicast 1/4 Uling na ipa
- 232.
- 234.
- 235. BOKASHI: Fermented Rice HullCharcoal (EM, Kitchen Waste, etc)
- 236. Vermiculture Feedstock (They producea natural pelletized Terra Preta)
- 238. Vermicast close up Vermiculture:The African Night crawler produces a natural pelletized Terra Preta
- 239. Open Area Not to windy Access for truck deliveries Exhaust won’t disturb people or livestock Low Tech Methods for Making Biochar Metal Needed Method 1 Drum Drum 2 GI or tin cans Stoves 3 GI Sheet/steel plates Metal cone - Clean Kiln Designs 4 Drums/GI Furnace/ ovens/ retorts 5 Steel matting Top Light Up Draft Cage [TLUD] 6 Optional Open Rice Hull (Ipa) Piles 7 None Peter Hirst's Conservation Burn technique [Also TLUD]