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Agriculture waste into wealth
- 1. RAVI SHANKAR VERMA Department of Business Management CCS HAU HISAR
- 2. Doubling the farmers income by 2022
- 3. Waste 3 Any material which cannot be used in the form in which it is produced is called a Waste. It is no longer needed by us because it has lost its value. If it is thrown around, it can cause soil, air or water pollution. It also poses a serious threat to normal life, plants, animals and human beings.
- 4. Any material which is not needed by the owner, producer or processor. 4
- 5. Classification of Waste • Domestic waste • Factory waste • E-waste • Construction waste • Agricultural waste • Food processing waste • Bio-medical waste • Nuclear waste 5
- 7. WHAT IS AGRICULTURAL WASTE? ?? Expanding agricultural production has naturally resulted in increased quantities of livestock waste, agricultural crop residues and agro-industrial by-products. Agricultural waste is collective term which is use for all the non economical substance produce by agricultural operations such as roots , crop residue ,live stock waste etc . It is waste produced as a result of various agricultural operations.(Straw, Bagasse, Roots, Peels etc.) It includes manure and other wastes from farms, poultry houses and slaughter houses, etc.
- 8. 8 Agricultural wastes include both 1.natural (organic) and 2.non-natural wastes.
- 9. Wealth
- 10. Classification of Agricultural Solid Wastes Field Wastes Weeds Straws , Leaves Animal Wastes Animal excreta , Urine Litter Waste feed Agro-Industrial Wastes Sugar cane: Molasses, Peals Bagasse Roots Poultry waste Fishery waste Potato peals Processing plant waste
- 11. Wealth from Agro waste Agro-Wastes Bio-fuel Leather Industries Bio-fertilizer Biogas Pulp and Paper Phosphorus and calcium Alcohol production Energy
- 12. 1.Energy from Organic Waste - Pelleting - Biogas 2.Nutrient recycling from Organic Waste -Composting 3.Power alcohol from Organic Waste Wealth from Agro waste
- 14. Energy from Organic Waste Enhancing The Energy Value Chain from Agriculture Waste
- 15. Compacted uniform in size, shape, moisture, density and energy content. • The moisture content is substantially lower (4% to 8% water–compared to • 20% to 60% for raw biomass • The density of fuel is substantially higher than raw biomass • They are more easily and predictably handled. • Their uniform shape and size allows for a smaller and simpler feed system that reduces costs Pellet
- 16. Biomass pellets are sustainable renewable energy alternative to gas, oil and electricity ❖ It is a biomass product made of renewable substances – generally recycled wood waste, straw, organic matter etc. ❖ Biomass is renewable. ❖ Pellets burn is consistent and efficient ❖ It produces a fraction of the particulate emissions of raw biomass. Pellet
- 17. Process to convert Agro waste into Pellet- briquette press
- 18. 1.The changefromAnimal Manure to Fertilizer Pellet- Example- The Changes of Features as Fertilizer The Change Process from Manure to Pellets The Changes of Physical Properties
- 19. 2.Make Biomass Pellets from Sugarcane Bagasse Advantages to process bagasse into biomass pellets: Make great profits Reduce environmental pollution Change properties of bagasses Improve energy shortage situation
- 20. 3.Straw Pellet Production Why Pressing Straws into Straw Pellets 1. Better to be burn. straw pellet has high calorific value, low moisture content and ash content after pressing, which makes it better to be burn while providing high combustion efficiency. 2. Environmental friendly. Straw pellets are carbon-neutral which causes zero CO2 emission. Straw pellets burning will return carbon dioxide to the atmosphere to be reused by the next biomass growth. 3. Economical benefit. Straw pellets production make use of agricultural wastes such as rice straw, wheat straw and corn straw. Besides the ash after pellets burning can also be used as a mineral fertilizer for the high content of elements that are beneficial for plants growing. 4. Easy to store and transport. Density of pellets are higher than straws, so it can reduce transport cost and become easy to store at your site while providing more energy.
- 21. Pressing Straws into Straw Pellets
- 22. BIOGAS • Biogas is a clean and efficient Fuel • It is a Mixture of . Methane (CH4 ) Carbon dioxide (CO2 ) Hydrogen (H2 ) and Hydrogen Sulphide (H2S) • Produced by anaerobic digestion of organic matter. • The chief constituent of biogas is methane(65%)
- 23. Types • Fixed dome type • Floating drum type Production of Biogas –The biogas plant
- 25. Electrical and/or thermal energy Biofertilizer Organic wastes Anaerobic digestion Biogas Solar energy Animal husbandry Crop harvesting Industrial processing Human consumption Photosynthesis H2O CO2 Biogas Cycle Energy crops
- 27. Composting . Nutrient recycling from Organic Waste
- 28. Compost is organic matter that has been decomposed and recycled as a fertilizer and soil amendment. In nature , nothing is considered as a waste--- everything is food for something else. Compost The controlled biological decomposition of organic materials
- 29. S. No. Parameters Quantity 1. Organic matter 70 % 2. pH 7.5 3. Organic carbon 33.11% 4. Nitrogen 1.82 % 5. Phosphorus 1.29 % 6. Potassium 1.25 % 7. Fe (ppm) 1019 8. Mn (ppm) 111 9. Cu (ppm) 180 10. Zn (ppm) 280 Nutrient profile of Compost Compost
- 30. Mechanism of Composting Composting is a biochemical process in which aerobic and anaerobic microorganism decomposes organic matter into valuable manure called as compost. Temp 55-60o c Organic matter Release heat (Thermophilic state, which helps to destroy pathogens) Organic matter compost (Mesophilic state , promote mesophilic microbes for rapid decomposition ) Temp. 25-30o c
- 31. Bio-fertilizers production Agro-wastes Biogas Bio-Fertilizers Vermiculture Dugging with various microorganisms Cyanobacteria and other nitrogen fixating MO
- 32. Material required for Composting Farm refuses • Weeds • Stubbles bhusa • Crop residues • Remnants of fodder • Hedge clipping Town refuse • Night soil • Street refuse • Municipal fuse Animal dung • Cow dung • Buffalo dung • Poultry dung Enriched composting is done by adding different feed stocks like crop residues, poultry litter, cattle wastes, agro-industrial wastes, urban wastes, low-grade rock phosphate and pyrites to improving compost quality
- 33. Methods of recycling of organic wastes Composting Pit method Heap method Indore, Bangalore and NADEP method Efficient composting techniques Vermicomposting P-enriched vermicomposting Phosphocomposting Phospho-sulpho-nitro-composting Microbial enriched composting Biogas slurry
- 34. Heap size: 2 m × 2 m × 1.5 m 20 cm layer cover with leaves, straw, sawdust, chopped corn stalks, etc. 10 cm cover with nitrogenous material such as cow dung, legumes, etc. Pile cover with soil It is turned at 6 and 12 wks intervals Process takes about 4 months to complete. Heap method composting
- 35. Vermicomposting Selection of earthworm sp. Size of pit: 2 m x 1 m x 1 m Preparation of vermibed Organic layering Harvesting of vermicompost Parameters Vermi-compost C/N 12-14.3 N (%) 1.90-2.50 P2O5 (%) 1.5-2.05 K2O (%) 1.5-2.0 Chemical composition of vermicompost Singh et al., 2005
- 36. Benefits of Compost In addition to, nitrogen, phosphorous, and potassium, certain micronutrients viz. manganese, copper, iron, and zinc also found in compost which helps them to control diseases and insects. Compost improves the quality of soil, and for this reason it is considered as a soil conditioner. Compost improves the structure and texture of the soil enable them to retain nutrients, moisture, and air for the betterment of growth of plants. It contains a variety of the basic nutrients required for healthy growth of plants. Compost
- 37. Power Alcohol from Agricultural Waste Power alcohol is the mixture of ethyl alcohol and petrol in the ratio of 20:80 + Small quantity of Benzene. Raw material used for the manufacture of the Power alcohol or the ethyl alcohol are saccharine materials (such as Sugarcane, molasses), starchy materials (potatoes, cereal grain etc), cellulose materials, and hydrocarbons. Ethyl alcohol is the main component of the Power Alcohol and its main advantage is that it can also be prepared from the agricultural waste.
- 38. Waste Materials used for manufacturing The waste material used for manufacturing ethyl alcohol are: 1) Wastes of Sugarcane(Molasses, Mixture of sucrose, glucose and fructose) 2) Wastes of Corn 3) Wastes of Potato peels 4) Wastes of Cereals and grains 5) Wastes of Cellulose (Sulphite liquor)
- 39. Power Alcohol from Sugarcane (Molasses) Molasses is a dark colored viscous liquid left after the crystallization of cane sugar from sugar cane. It contains 50-55% total sugar, of which 35-40% is the Sucrose (C12H22O11).
- 40. Ethyl Alcohol from Sulphite liquor Waste sulphite liquor is a by-product of the wood pulp industry For every ton of cellulose about 10 tons of the liquor are produced. After distillation alcohol is obtained.
- 41. Ethyl Alcohol form Corn Corn Dry Milling/ Wet Milling Fermentation Distillation Ethyl Alcohol Ethyl Alcohol is produced from corn by fermentation, chemical processing and distillation.
- 42. Ethyl Alcohol from Potato peels • The peels of potato are taken.Potato Peel • The potato peels are thoroughly washed, sun dried and powered using food processor. • The powder collected and stored in air tight containers. Milling • Distilled water is added in the powder and cooked for some time in autoclave. • The solution is stirred well in stirrer. Liquefaction • The content is further fermented with the addition of the yeast.Fermentation • After fermentation distillation was carried out around 70 C to facilitate the evaporation of ethanol.Distillation • After distillation Ethyl alcohol is obtained.Ethyl Alcohol
- 43. Advantages Power Alcohol has high octane number which possess better anti- knock properties There is no starting difficulties with Power Alcohol. Air required for complete combustion is less. It has the ability to absorb trace of moisture Ability to burn completely.
- 44. BENEFIT FROM AGRICULTURAL WASTE • Reduce indiscriminate disposal or burning of waste products which cause both soil, water and air pollution. • Can maintaining the fertility of the soil • Conversion of all forms of vegetable and animal waste into organic matter suitable for the needs of the growing crop.
- 45. BENEFIT FROM AGRICULTURAL WASTE • To reduce the dependence on chemicals and to move towards more natural and healthier methods of food production • Can help the farmer to increase their sosio-economic and also country income • Able to reduce the cost of animal feeding
- 46. BENEFIT FROM AGRICULTURAL WASTE • For productive use • To ensure the success of the project, environmental and economic gain for the country
Editor's Notes
- Animated countdown timer on textured background (Difficult) Tip: Some shape effects on this slide are created with the Combine Shapes commands. To access this command, you must add it to the Quick Access Toolbar, located above the File tab. To customize the Quick Access Toolbar, do the following: Click the arrow next to the Quick Access Toolbar, and then under Customize Quick Access Toolbar click More Commands. In the PowerPoint Options dialog box, in the Choose commands from list, select All Commands. In the list of commands, click Combine Shapes, and then click Add. To reproduce the donut shape effects on this slide, do the following: On the Home tab, in the Slides group, click Layout, and then click Blank. On the Insert tab, in the Illustrations group, click Shapes, and then under Basic Shapes click Donut. On the slide, drag to draw a donut. Drag the yellow sizing handle so that the donut is roughly 0.25” in thickness. Select the donut. Under Drawing Tools, on the Format tab, in the Size group, in the Height box enter 5” and in the Width box enter 5”. Also under Drawing Tools, on the Format tab, in the Shape Styles group, click Shape Outline and then click No Outline. On the Insert tab, in the Illustrations group, click Shapes, and then under Rectangles click Rectangle. On the slide, drag to draw a rectangle. Select the rectangle. Under Drawing Tools, on the Format tab, in the Size group, in the Height box enter 5.5” and in the Width box enter 0.08”. Also under Drawing Tools, on the Format tab, in the Shape Styles group, click Shape Outline and then click No Outline. Select the rectangle. On the Home tab, in the Clipboard group, click the arrow to the right of Copy, and then click Duplicate. Repeat this process this process 7 times for a total of 9 thin rectangles. Select a duplicate rectangle. Under Drawing Tools, on the Format tab, in the Size group, click the Size and Position dialog box launcher. In the Format Shape dialog box, click Size in the left pane, and in the Size pane, under Size and rotate, in the Rotation box enter 10. Select another duplicate rectangle. Under Drawing Tools, on the Format tab, in the Size group, click the Size and Position dialog box launcher. In the Format Shape dialog box, click Size in the left pane, and in the Size pane, under Size and rotate, in the Rotation box enter 20. Select another duplicate rectangle. Under Drawing Tools, on the Format tab, in the Size group, click the Size and Position dialog box launcher. In the Format Shape dialog box, click Size in the left pane, and in the Size pane, under Size and rotate, in the Rotation box enter 30. Select another duplicate rectangle. Under Drawing Tools, on the Format tab, in the Size group, click the Size and Position dialog box launcher. In the Format Shape dialog box, click Size in the left pane, and in the Size pane, under Size and rotate, in the Rotation box enter 40. Select another duplicate rectangle. Under Drawing Tools, on the Format tab, in the Size group, click the Size and Position dialog box launcher. In the Format Shape dialog box, click Size in the left pane, and in the Size pane, under Size and rotate, in the Rotation box enter 50. Select another duplicate rectangle. Under Drawing Tools, on the Format tab, in the Size group, click the Size and Position dialog box launcher. In the Format Shape dialog box, click Size in the left pane, and in the Size pane, under Size and rotate, in the Rotation box enter 60. Select another duplicate rectangle. Under Drawing Tools, on the Format tab, in the Size group, click the Size and Position dialog box launcher. In the Format Shape dialog box, click Size in the left pane, and in the Size pane, under Size and rotate, in the Rotation box enter 70. Select the last duplicate rectangle. Under Drawing Tools, on the Format tab, in the Size group, click the Size and Position dialog box launcher. In the Format Shape dialog box, click Size in the left pane, and in the Size pane, under Size and rotate, in the Rotation box enter 80. Press and hold CTRL, and then select all of the small thin rectangles. On the Quick Access Toolbar, click Combine Shapes, and then click Shape Union. Also on the Home tab, in the Clipboard group, click Copy, and then click Duplicate. Select the duplicate group of rectangles. On the Home tab, in the Drawing group, click Arrange, point to Rotate, and then click Rotate Right 90°. On the Home tab, in the Edit group, click Select, and then click Select All. Also on the Home tab, in the Drawing group, click Arrange, point to Align, and then do the following: Click Align to Slide. Click Align Middle. Click Align Center. Press and hold CTRL, select the donut shape, and then select the first group of rectangles. On the Quick Access Toolbar, click Combine Shapes, and then click Shape Subtract. Press and hold CTRL, select the donut shape, and then select the second group of rectangles. On the Quick Access Toolbar, click Combine Shapes, and then click Shape Subtract. On the Insert tab, in the Illustrations group, click Shapes, and then under Basic Shapes click Donut. On the slide, drag to draw a donut. Drag a sizing handle so that the donut is roughly 0.5” in thickness. Select the second donut. Under Drawing Tools, on the Format tab, in the Size group, in the Height box enter 5.21” and in the Width box enter 5.21”. Also under Drawing Tools, on the Format tab, in the Shape Styles group, click Shape Outline, and then click No Outline. Press and hold CTRL, select the second donut, and then select the first, segmented donut. On the Quick Access Toolbar, click Combine Shapes, and then click Shape Subtract. Select the remaining donut. Under Drawing Tools, on the Format tab, in the Shape Styles group, click the Format Shape dialog box launcher. In the Format Shape dialog box, click Fill in the left pane, in the Fill pane, click Gradient fill, and then do the following: Click the button next to Preset colors and then click Silver. In the Type list, select Linear. Also in the Format Shape dialog box, click Line Color in the left pane, and then in the Line Color pane click No line. Also in the Format Shape dialog box, click Shadow in the left pane, in the Shadow pane, click the button next to Presets, and then under Outer click Offset Center. Also in the Format Shape dialog box, click 3-D Format in the left pane, in the 3-D Format pane, under Bevel, click the button next to Top and then click Slope. On the Insert tab, in the Illustrations group, click Shapes, and then under Basic Shapes click Donut. On the slide, drag to draw a donut. Drag a sizing handle so that the donut is roughly 0.25” in thickness. Select the new donut. Under Drawing Tools, on the Format tab, in the Shape Styles group, click the Format Shape dialog box launcher. In the Format Shape dialog box, click Fill in the left pane, in the Fill pane, click the button next to Color, click More Colors, and then in the Colors dialog box, on the Custom tab, enter values for Red: 194, Green: 10, and Blue: 6. Also in the Format Shape dialog box, click Line Color in the left pane, and then in the Line Color pane click No line. Also in the Format Shape dialog box, click Size in the left pane, in the Size pane, under Size and rotate, in the Height box enter 5.14” and in the Width box enter 5.14”. Select the new donut. On the Home tab, in the Drawing group, click Arrange, and then click Send Backward. Press and hold CTRL, and then select the two donuts. On the Home tab, in the Drawing group, click Arrange, point to Align, and then do the following: Click Align Selected Objects. Click Align Center. Click Align Middle. With both donuts selected, drag the donuts so that the top edge is roughly 1” from the top edge of the slide. To reproduce the other shape effects on this slide, do the following: On the Insert tab, in the Illustrations group, click Shapes, and then under Rectangles click Rectangle. On the slide, drag to draw a rectangle. Select the rectangle. On the Home tab, in the Drawing tab, click the Format Shape dialog box launcher. In the Format Shape dialog box, click Fill in the left pane, in the Fill pane, click Gradient fill, and then do the following: In the Type list, select Linear. In the Angle box, enter 90. Under Gradient stops, click Add gradient stop or Remove gradient stop until three stops appear in the slider, then customize the gradient stops as follows: Select the first stop in the slider, and then do the following: In the Position box, enter 0%. Click the button next to Color, and then under Theme Colors click Black, Text 1 (first row, first option from the left). In the Transparency box, enter 75%. Select the next stop in the slider, and then do the following: In the Position box, enter 35%. Click the button next to Color, and then under Theme Colors click Black, Text 1 (first row, first option from the left). In the Transparency box, enter 0%. Select the last stop in the slider, and then do the following: In the Position box, enter 100%. Click the button next to Color, and then under Theme Colors click Black, Text 1 (first row, first option from the left). In the Transparency box, enter 100%. Also in the Format Shape dialog box, click Line Color in the left pane, and then in the Line Color pane click No line. Also in the Format Shape dialog box, click Size, and in the Height box enter 7.5, and in the Width box enter 2.83. On the slide, select the rectangle. On the Home tab, in the Drawing group, click Arrange, and then click Send Backward. Also on the Home tab, in the Drawing group, click Arrange, point to Align, and then click Align Middle and Align Center. To reproduce the text effects on this slide, do the following: On the Insert tab, in the Text group, click Text Box. On the slide, drag to draw a text box. Type “3” in the text box, and then select the text. On the Home tab, in the Font group, select Lucida Bright from the Font list, select White, Background 1 from the Font Color list, and then select 96 pt. from the Font Size list. Select the text box. On the Home tab, in the Clipboard group, click the arrow next to Copy, and then click Duplicate. Select the second text box. Change the text to “2.” Select the text box. On the Home tab, in the Clipboard group, click the arrow next to Copy, and then click Duplicate. Select the third text box. Change the text to “1.” Press and hold CTRL, and then select all three text boxes. On the Home tab, in the Drawing group, click Arrange, point to Align, and then do the following: Click Align Selected Objects. Click Align Middle. Click Align Center. With all three text boxes selected, position the text boxes in the center of the two donuts. To reproduce the animation effects on this slide, do the following: On the Home tab, in the Editing group, click Select, and then click Selection Pane. On the slide, select the silver, segmented donut. On the Animations tab, in the Advanced Animation group, click Add Animation, and then under Entrance click Grow & Turn. Also on the Animations tab, in the Timing group, do the following: In the Start list, select With Previous. In the Duration box, enter 1.00. On the slide, select the gradient-fill rectangle. On the Animations tab, in the Advanced Animation group, click Add Animation, and then click More Entrance Effects. In the Add Entrance Effect dialog box, under Subtle, click Expand. Also on the Animations tab, in the Timing group, do the following: In the Start list, select With Previous. In the Duration box, enter 1.00. On the slide, select the red, solid donut. On the Animations tab, in the Advanced Animation group, click Add Animation, and then under Entrance click Fade. Also on the Animations tab, in the Timing group, do the following: In the Start list, select After Previous. In the Duration box, enter 0.25. In the Selection and Visibility pane, select the “3” text box. On the Animations tab, in the Advanced Animation group, click Add Animation, and then under Entrance click Fade. Also on the Animations tab, in the Timing group, in the Duration box enter 0.50. Select the red, solid donut. On the Animations tab, in the Advanced Animation group, click Add Animation, and then under Exit click Wheel. Also on the Animations tab, in the Timing group, do the following: In the Start list, select With Previous. In the Duration box, enter 1.00. In the Selection and Visibility pane, select the “3” text box. On the Animations tab, in the Advanced Animation group, click Add Animation, and then under Exit click Fade. Also on the Animations tab, in the Timing group, do the following: In the Start list, select With Previous. In the Duration box, enter 0.50. In the Delay box, enter 0.50. In the Selection and Visibility pane, select the solid red donut. On the Animations tab, in the Advanced Animation group, click Add Animation, and then under Entrance click Fade. Also on the Animations tab, in the Timing group, do the following: In the Start list, select With Previous. In the Duration box, enter 0.25. In the Delay box, enter 1.00. In the Selection and Visibility pane, select the “2” text box. On the Animations tab, in the Advanced Animation group, click Add Animation, and then under Entrance click Fade. Also on the Animations tab, in the Timing group, do the following: In the Start list, select With Previous. In the Duration box, enter 0.50. In the Delay box, enter 1.00. Select the red, solid donut. On the Animations tab, in the Advanced Animation group, click Add Animation, and then under Exit click Wheel. Also on the Animations tab, in the Timing group, do the following: In the Start list, select With Previous. In the Duration box, enter 1.00. In the Selection and Visibility pane, select the “2” text box. On the Animations tab, in the Advanced Animation group, click Add Animation, and then under Exit click Fade. Also on the Animations tab, in the Timing group, do the following: In the Start list, select With Previous. In the Duration box, enter 0.50. In the Delay box, enter 1.50. In the Selection and Visibility pane, select the “1” text box. On the Animations tab, in the Advanced Animation group, click Add Animation, and then under Entrance click Fade. Also on the Animations tab, in the Timing group, do the following: In the Start list, select With Previous. In the Duration box, enter 0.50. In the Delay box, enter 1.50. In the Selection and Visibility pane, select the solid red donut. On the Animations tab, in the Advanced Animation group, click Add Animation, and then under Entrance click Fade. Also on the Animations tab, in the Timing group, do the following: In the Start list, select With Previous. In the Duration box, enter 0.25. In the Delay box, enter 1.00. In the Selection and Visibility pane, select the “1” text box. On the Animations tab, in the Advanced Animation group, click Add Animation, and then under Exit click Fade Also on the Animations tab, in the Timing group, do the following: In the Start list, select With Previous. In the Duration box, enter 0.50. In the Delay box, enter 2.00. Select the red, solid donut. On the Animations tab, in the Advanced Animation group, click Add Animation, and then under Exit click Wheel. Also on the Animations tab, in the Timing group, do the following: In the Start list, select With Previous. In the Duration box, enter 2.00. To reproduce the background effects on this slide, do the following: On the Insert tab, in the Illustrations group, click Shapes, and then under Rectangles click Rectangle. On the slide, drag to draw a rectangle. Select the rectangle. Under Drawing Tools, on the Format tab, in the Shape Styles group, click the Format Shape dialog box. In the Format Shape dialog box, click Fill in the left pane, in the Fill pane, click Picture or texture fill, and then do the following: Click the button next to Texture and select Brown Marble (fourth row, first option from the left). Clear the Tile picture as texture box. Also in the Format Picture dialog box, click Line Color in the left pane, and in the Line Color pane, click No line. Also in the Format Picture dialog box, click Picture Corrections in the left pane, and in the Picture Corrections pane, under Brightness and contrast, do the following: In the Brightness box, enter -42%. In the Contrast Box, enter -28%. Also in the Format Picture dialog box, click Picture Color in the left pane, and in the Picture Color pane, under Recolor, click the button next to Presets and then click Grayscale. Also in the Format Picture dialog box, click Artistic Effects in the left pane, and in the Artistic Effects pane, do the following: Click the button next to Artistic Effects and then click Blur. In the Radius box, enter 7. Also in the Format Picture dialog box, click Size in the left pane, and then under Size and rotate do the following: In the Height box, enter 7.5. In the Width box, enter 10. On the slide, select the rectangle. On the Home tab, in the Drawing group, click Arrange, point to Align, and then click Align Middle and Align Center. On the Home tab, in the Clipboard group, click the arrow to the right of Copy, and then click Duplicate. Select the second, duplicate rectangle. Under Drawing Tools, on the Format tab, in the Shape Styles group, click the Format Shape dialog box launcher. In the Format Shape dialog box, click Fill in the left pane, in the Fill pane, in the Transparency box, enter 90%. Also in the Format Picture dialog box, click Picture Corrections in the left pane, and in the Picture Corrections pane, under Brightness and contrast, do the following: In the Brightness box, enter 12%. In the Contrast Box, enter 44%. Also in the Format Picture dialog box, click Artistic Effects in the left pane, and in the Artistic Effects pane, do the following: Click the button next to Artistic Effects and then click Blur. In the Radius box, enter 9. On the slide, select the rectangle. On the Home tab, in the Drawing group, click Arrange, point to Align, and then click Align Middle and Align Center. On the Home tab, in the Clipboard group, click the arrow to the right of Copy, and then click Duplicate. Select the third, duplicate rectangle. Under Picture Tools, on the Format tab, in the Adjust group, click Reset Picture. Also under Picture Tools, on the Format tab, in the Picture Styles group, click the Format Picture dialog box launcher. In the Format Picture dialog box, click Fill in the left pane, and then in the Fill pane, do the following: Click the button next to Texture and then click Granite. Select Tile picture as texture. In the Transparency box, enter 94%. Also in the Format Picture dialog box, click Picture Corrections in the left pane, in the Picture Corrections pane, under Brightness and contrast, do the following: In the Brightness box, enter 2%. In the Contrast box, enter 70%. Also in the Format Picture dialog box, click Artistic Effects in the left pane, and then in the Artistic Effects pane, do the following: Click the button next to Artistic Effect and then click Photocopy. In the Detail box, enter 9. On the slide, select the third rectangle. On the Home tab, in the Drawing group, click Arrange, point to Align, and then click Align Middle and Align Center. On the Home tab, in the Clipboard group, click the arrow to the right of Copy, and then click Duplicate. Select the fourth, duplicate rectangle. On the Home tab, in the Drawing group, click the Format Shape dialog box launcher. In the Format Picture dialog box, click Fill in the left pane, in the Fill pane, click Gradient fill, and then do the following: In the Type list, select Radial. In the Direction list, select From Center. Under Gradient stops, click Add gradient stop or Remove gradient stop until two stops appear on the slider. Customize the gradient stops as follows: Select the first stop in the slider, and then do the following: In the Position box, enter 0%. Click the button next to Color, and then under Theme Colors click Black, Text 1 (first row, second option from the left). In the Transparency box, enter 100%. Select the last stop in the slider, and then do the following: In the Position box, enter 100%. Click the button next to Color, and then under Theme Colors click Black, Text 1 (first row, second option from the left). In the Transparency box, enter 50%. On the slide, select the fourth rectangle. On the Home tab, in the Drawing group, click Arrange, point to Align, and then click Align Middle and Align Center. Also on the Home tab, in the Editing group, click Select, and then click Select All. Also on the Home tab, in the Drawing group, click Arrange, and then click Group. On the slide, select the grouped rectangles. Also on the Home tab, in the Clipboard group, click Cut. Also on the Home tab, in the Clipboard group, click the arrow below Paste, and select Paste Special. In the Paste Special dialog box, select Paste, and then under As, select Picture (PNG). Also on the Home tab, in the Drawing group, click Arrange, point to Align and then click Align Middle and Align Center.