The document provides descriptions and images of important artworks and architectural structures from the Renaissance period in Italy and Europe. It includes Botticelli's Birth of Venus, da Vinci's Vitruvian Man, Brunelleschi's dome for Florence Cathedral, Michelangelo's sculptures of David and Pietà, Raphael's School of Athens fresco, and Michelangelo's frescoes on the ceiling of the Sistine Chapel.

1. Sandro Botticelli. Birth of Venus. 1485–6.
Tempera on canvas, 5' 8" × 9' 1-5∕8" (1.73 × 2.79 m).
Galleria degli Uffizi, Florence, Italy. Studio Fotografico Quattrone, Florence. [Fig. 8-1]

2. Renaissance Italy.
[Map 8.1]

3. Leonardo da Vinci. Proportions of the Human Figure (“Vitruvian Man”).
Galleria dell’Accademia, Venice. © CAMERAPHOTO Arte, Venice. [Fig. 8-2]

4. Circle of Piero della Francesca, An Ideal City. Mid-15th
century.
Oil on panel. 23-1∕2" × 79" (59.7 × 200.6 cm).
Palazzo Ducale, Urbino.
Scala, Florence - courtesy of the Ministero Beni e Att. Culturali. [Fig. 8-3]

5. Michelangelo Buonarroti. Laurentian Library, San Lorenzo, Florence.
Begun 1524, staircase completed 1559. Art Resource AA382717. [Fig. 8-4]

6. Andrea del Verrocchio. Lorenzo de’ Medici. 1478-1521.
Terracotta. 25-7∕8" × 23-7∕8" (65.8 × 59.1 cm).
National Gallery of Art, Washington, D.C. Samuel H. Kress Collection 1943.4.92.
© Board of Trustees, National Gallery of Art, Washington. [Fig. 8-5]

7. Florence Cathedral (Santa Maria del Fiore). Begun 1296.
Dome by Filippo Brunelleschi, 1420–36; facade remodeled late 19th century.
Overall length 508' (154.9 m), height of dome 367' (111.9 m). Scala, Florence. [Fig. 8-
6]

8. Lorenzo Ghiberti. Gates of Paradise, east doors of the Cathedral Baptistery, Florence.
1425–52.
Gilt bronze. Height 17' (5.2 m). Scala, Florence. [Fig. 8-7]

9. Lorenzo Ghiberti. Creation of Adam and Eve, panel from the Gates of Paradise.
1425–1452.
Gilt bronze. 31-1∕4" (79 cm) square.
Cathedral Baptistery, Florence. Scala, Florence. [Fig. 8-8]

10. Brunelleschi’s double-shell design for the dome of Florence Cathedral.
Harry N Abrams Inc. [Fig. 8-9]

11. Filippo Brunelleschi. Interior of the Pazzi Chapel, Santa Croce, Florence. c. 1429–33.
akg-images/Rabatti-Domingie. [Fig. 8-10]

12. Masaccio. Holy Trinity. 1425.
Fresco (now detached from wall). 21' 9" × 9' 4" (6.67 × 3.17 m).
Santa Maria Novella, Florence. Studio Fotografico Quattrone, Florence. [Fig. 8-11]

13. Masaccio. The Tribute Money. c. 1427.
Fresco (after restoration, 1989), 8' 4" × 19' 8" (2.54 × 5.9 m).
Brancacci Chapel, Santa Maria del Carmine, Florence.
Studio Fotografico Quattrone, Florence. [Fig. 8-12]

14. Sandro Botticelli. La Primavera (Birth of Spring). c. 1478.
Tempera on panel, 6' 8" × 10' 4" (2.03 × 3.14 m).
Uffizi, Florence. Studio Fotografico Quattrone, Florence. [Fig. 8-13]

15. Pietro Perugino. Christ Giving the Keys to St. Peter. 1482.
Fresco. 11' 5-1∕2" × 18' 8-1∕2" (3.5 × 5.7 m).
Sistine Chapel, Vatican, Rome. Scala, Florence. [Fig. 8-14]

16. Perspective lines of Perugino’s Christ Giving the Keys to St. Peter. [Fig. 8-15]

17. Donatello. David. c. 1430–1432.
Bronze. Height 5' 2-1∕4" (1.58 m).
Museo Nazionale del Bargello, Florence.
Studio Fotografico Quattrone, Florence. [Fig. 8-16]

18. Michelangelo Buonarroti. Pietà. 1498–1499.
Marble. Height 5' 9" (1.75 m).
St. Peter’s, Rome. Scala, Florence. [Fig. 8-17]

19. Michelangelo Buonarroti. David. 1501–1504.
Marble. Height 18' (5.49 m).
Accademia, Florence. Studio Fotografico Quattrone, Florence. [Fig. 8-18]

20. Page from Leonardo’s Notebooks. 1510.
Pen and ink.
Royal Collection, Windsor, © 2000 Her Majesty Queen Elizabeth II. [Fig. 8-19]

21. Great Enclosure wall and conical tower. c. 1470.
Great Zimbabwe, Zimbabwe. © Karin Duthie/Alamy. [Fig. 8-20]

22. Leonardo da Vinci. Madonna of the Rocks. c. 1485.
Oil on panel, 6' 3" × 3' 7" (1.91 × 1.09 m).
Louvre, Paris. Bridgeman Art Library, London/Giraudon. [Fig. 8-21]

23. Leonardo da Vinci. Mona Lisa. c. 1503–1505.
Oil on panel. 30" × 20" (76 × 53 cm).
Louvre, Paris. Studio Fotografico Quattrone, Florence. [Fig. 8-22]

24. Hans Burgmair. Maximilian with His Musicians, illustration from Der Weisskönig.
16th century.
Woodcut.
Private Collection, London (L/L). [Fig. 8-23]

25. Titian. Isabella d’Este. 1534–1536.
Oil on canvas. 40-1∕8" × 25-3∕16" (102 × 64.1 cm).
Kunsthistorisches Museum, Vienna. [Fig. 8-24]

26. Piero della Francesca. Federico da Montefeltro. c. 1474.
Oil on wood panel. 18-1/2" × 13 ins (47 × 33 cm).
Galleria degli Uffizi, Florence. Studio Fotografico Quattrone, Florence. [Fig. 8-25]

27. Raphael. School of Athens. 1509–1511.
Fresco. 26' × 18' (7.92 × 5.48 m).
Stanza della Segnatura, Vatican Palaces, Rome. Scala, Florence. [Fig. 8-26]

28. Raphael. Transfiguration. 1517.
Oil on panel. 15' 1" × 9' 1" (4.6 × 2.8 m).
Vatican Museums, Rome. Scala, Florence. [Fig. 8-27]

29. Michelangelo Buonarroti. Moses. 1513–15.
Marble. Height 8' 4" (2.54 m).
San Pietro in Vincoli, Rome. Scala, Florence. [Fig. 8-28]

30. Plan of the Sistine Chapel ceiling. [Fig. 8-29]

31. Michelangelo Buonarroti. Sistine Chapel ceiling. 1508–1512.
Fresco, 44" × 128' (13.41 × 39.01 m).
Vatican Palaces, Rome. The Bridgeman Art Library. [Fig. 8-30]

32. Michelangelo Buonarroti. Temptation and Expulsion from the Garden.
Detail of the Sistine Chapel ceiling. 1509–10.
Fresco.
Vatican Palaces, Rome. The Bridgeman Art Library. [Fig. 8-31]

33. Michelangelo Buonarroti. Creation of Adam. Detail of the Sistine Chapel ceiling.
1509–1510.
Fresco.
Vatican Palaces, Rome. The Bridgeman Art Library. [Fig. 8-32]

34. Donato Bramante. Tempietto, San Pietro in Montorio, Rome. 1502.
Height 46' (14 m), diameter of colonnade 29' (8.84 m).
© Vincenzo Pirozzi, Rome fotopirozzi@inwind.it. [Fig. 8-33]

35. Plans for the new St. Peter’s, Rome. 1506–1606. [Fig. 8-34]

36. Michelangelo Buonarroti. St. Peter’s, Rome, view from west. Begun 1547.
Dome completed by Giacomo della Porta. 1590.
Height of dome 452' (137.8 m). © James Morris, London. [Fig. 8-35]

37. Lucas Cranach the Elder. Portrait of Martin Luther (detail). c. 1526.
Oil on wood. 15" × 19" (38 × 24 cm).
Uffizi, Florence. Scala, Florence - courtesy of the Ministero Beni e Att. Culturali. [Fig. 9-
1]

38. Western Europe during the Reformation. c. 1560.
[Map 9.1]

39. Quentin Massys. Moneychanger and His Wife. 1514.
Oil on wood. 28" × 26-3∕4" (71 × 68 cm).
Louvre, Paris. Reunion Des Musees Nationaux, Paris. [Fig. 9-2]

40. Jean Clouet (?). Francis I. c. 1525–1530.
Tempera and oil on wood. 37-3∕4" × 29-1∕8" (96 × 74 cm).
Louvre, Paris. Scala, Florence. [Fig. 9-3]

41. Hans Holbein the Younger. Allegorical Portrait of Jean de Dinteville and Georges de Selve
(The Ambassadors). 1533.
Oil and tempera on wood. 6' 9-1∕8" × 6' 10-1∕4" (2.06 × 2.09 m).
National Gallery, London. [Fig. 9-4]

42. Château de Chambord, France.
Begun 1529 to the designs of Domenico da Cortona and Trinqueau: façade.
Bridgeman Art Library, London/Giraudon. [Fig. 9-5a]

43. Château de Chambord, France.
Begun 1529 to the designs of Domenico da Cortona and Trinqueau: plan.
Bridgeman Art Library, London/Giraudon. [Fig. 9-5b]

44. French school, The Lady and the Unicorn: “To my only desire.” Late 15th century.
Wool and silk. 12' 5-3∕5" × 15' 1-2∕3" (3.8 × 4.64 m).
Musée National du Moyen Âge et des Thermes de Cluny, Paris.
Bridgeman Art Library, London. [Fig. 9-6]

45. Sinan. Selimiye Mosque, Edirne, Turkey. 1568–1574.
© Images & Stories/Alamy. [Fig. 9-7]

46. Hubert and Jan van Eyck. The Ghent Altarpiece (open). Completed 1432.
Tempera and oil on panel. Approx. 11' × 15' 1" (3.35 × 4.6 m).
Cathedral of St. Bavo, Ghent, Belgium. © Lukas - Art in Flanders VZW Photo: Hugo
Maertens / The Bridgeman Art Library. [Fig. 9-8]

47. Jan van Eyck. Adam and Eve, detail of the Ghent Altarpiece. Completed 1432.
Tempera and oil on panel. Each panel 6' 8" × 18" (204 × 32 cm).
Cathedral of St. Bavo, Ghent, Belgium. © Lukas - Art in Flanders VZW Photo: Hugo
Maertens / The Bridgeman Art Library. [Fig. 9-9]

48. Jan van Eyck. Portrait of Giovanni (?) Arnolfini and his Wife. 1434.
Oil on panel. 33" × 22-1∕2" (82 × 60 cm).
National Gallery, London. Bridgeman Art Library, London. [Fig. 10]

49. Hieronymus Bosch. The Creation of Eve: The Garden of Earthly Delights: Hell (triptych).
c. 1510–15.
Oil on wood. 7' 2-5∕8" × 6' 4-3∕4" (219 × 77 cm) (center panel).
7' 2-5∕8" × 3' 2-1∕4" (219 × 97 cm) (each side panel).
Prado, Madrid. Museo del Prado, Madrid. [Fig. 9-11]

50. Matthias Grunewald.̈ Crucifixion, exterior panel from the Isenheim Altarpiece.
Completed 1515.
Oil on panel. 8' × 10' 1" (2.44 × 3.07 m).
Musée d’Unterlinden, Colmar, Germany. Giraudon/The Bridgeman Art Library. [Fig. 9-12]

51. Albrecht Durer.̈ Self-portrait in a Fur-collared Robe. 1500.
Oil on panel. 26-1∕4" × 19-1∕4" (67 × 49 cm).
Alte Pinakothek, Munich. © Blauel/Gnamm – ARTOTHEK. [Fig. 9-13]

52. Albrecht Durer.̈ Knight, Death, and the Devil. 1513.
Engraving. 9-3∕4" × 7-1∕2" (25 × 19 cm).
Private Collection, L/L. [Fig. 9-14]

53. Pieter Bruegel the Elder. Hunters in the Snow (Winter). 1565.
Oil on panel. 3' 10" × 5' 3-3∕4" (1.17 × 1.62 m).
Kunsthistorisches Museum, Vienna. AKG-images/Erich Lessing. [Fig. 9-15]

54. Albrecht Durer.̈ Erasmus of Rotterdam. 1526.
Engraving. 9-3∕4" × 7-1∕2".
Private collection, L/L. [Fig. 9-16]

55. George Gower. Elizabeth I (Armada Portrait). c. 1588.
Oil on panel.
Woburn Abbey, Bedfordshire, UK. © The Gallery Collection/Corbis. [Fig. 9-17]

56. Globe Theater, London. 1599–1613.
Reconstruction drawing by C. Walter Hodges, Shakespeare and the players, London
1948, pp. 62-3. [Fig. 9-18]

57. Frontispiece of the First Folio of Shakespeare’s plays. 1623.
Bridgeman Art Library, London. [Fig. 9-19]

58. Nicholas Hilliard. A Youth Leaning Against a Tree with Roses. c. 1590.
Parchment. 5-3∕8 × 2-3∕4" (14 × 7 cm).
Victoria & Albert Museum, London. © V&A Images. All rights reserved. [Fig. 9-20]

59. Andrea Palladio and Vincenzo Scamozzi. Teatro Olimpico, interior.
Vicenza, Italy. 1580–1584.
© 2007 De Agostini Picture Library/Scala, Florence. [Fig. 9-21]

60. A commedia dell’arte performance at the French court. c. 1670.
Collection Comédie Française, Paris.
Bridgeman Art Library/Jean-Loup Charmet, Paris. [Fig. 9-22]

61. Paolo Veronese. Marriage at Cana. c. 1560.
Oil on canvas. 21' 10" × 32' 6" (6.65 × 9.88 m).
Louvre, Paris. Reunion Des Musees Nationaux, Paris. [Fig. 9-23]

62. Andrea Palladio. Villa Rotonda (Villa Capra). Vicenza, Italy. Begun 1550.
80' (24.38 m) square, height of dome 70' (21.34 m).
Bridgeman Art Library/Merilyn Thorold. [Fig. 9-24]

63. Plan of the Villa Rotonda, Vicenza, Italy. Begun 1550.
From Palladio’s Quattro libri dell’architettura (Four Books of Architecture). 1570.
[Fig. 9-25]

64. Giorgione. Tempest. c. 1505.
Oil on canvas. 32-1∕4" × 28-3∕4" (82 × 73 cm).
Galleria dell’Accademia, Venice.
Cameraphoto Arte Venezia / The Bridgeman Art Library. [Fig. 9-26]

65. Titian. Bacchus and Ariadne. c. 1520.
Oil on canvas. 5' 8" × 6' 7∕8" (1.73 × 1.85 m).
National Gallery, London. Scala, Florence. [Fig. 9-27]

66. Sofonisba Anguissola. The Artist’s Family: Minerva, Amilcare, and Asdrubale.
c. 1557–1558. Oil on canvas. 61-3∕4" × 48" (157 × 122 cm).
Nivaagards Malerisamling, Niva, Denmark. The Bridgeman Art Gallery. [Fig. 9-28]

67. Parmigianino. Madonna with the Long Neck. 1534–1540.
Oil on panel. 7' 1" × 4' 4" (2.16 × 1.32 m).
Uffizi, Florence. Studio Fotografico Quattrone, Florence. [Fig. 9-29]

68. Jacopo Pontormo. Deposition. c. 1528.
Oil on wood. 10' 3" × 6' 4" (3.13 × 1.92 m).
Santa Felicità, Florence. Studio Fotografico Quattrone, Florence. [Fig. 9-30]

69. Jacopo Tintoretto. Last Supper. 1592–1594.
Oil on canvas. 12' × 18' 8" (3.65 × 5.7 m).
San Giorgio Maggiore, Venice. © Cameraphoto, Venice. [Fig. 9-31]

70. El Greco. The Burial of Count Orgaz. 1586.
Oil on canvas. 16' × 11' 10" (4.88 × 3.61 m).
Santo Tomé, Toledo, Spain. Scala, Florence. [Fig. 9-32]