This document provides images and descriptions of various architectural structures and artworks from ancient Rome and other parts of the Roman Empire between the 2nd century BCE to the 3rd century CE. It includes colosseums, temples, forums, arches, columns, and sculptures that showcase the artistic and architectural achievements during the rise and reign of the Roman Empire. Maps are also included to illustrate the geographic scope of Roman influence and the spread of Buddhism.

1. Colosseum, Rome. c. 72–80 CE.
Long axis 620' (189 m), short axis 513' (156 m), height 160' (49 m).
© BL Images Ltd / Alamy. [Fig. 4-1]

2. Scale model of ancient Rome.
Museo della Civiltà, Rome. Scala, Florence. [Fig. 4-2]

3. Apollo, from the Portonaccio Temple, Veii. c. 520–500 BCE.
Terracotta. Height 5' 9" (1.75 m).
Museo Nazionale di Villa Giulia, Rome. Bridgeman Art Library, London. [Fig. 4-3]

4. The Roman Empire
[Map 4.1]

5. Arch of Trajan, Benevento. 114–117.
Marble. Height 51' (15.55 m).
Scala, Florence. [Fig. 4-4]

6. Augustus of Primaporta. c. 20 BCE.
Marble. Height 6' 8" (2.03 m).
Vatican Museums, Rome. Scala, Florence. [Fig. 4-5]

7. Ara Pacis Augustae (Altar of Augustan Peace), Rome. 13–9 BCE.
Marble, 36 × 33' (11 × 10 m). Andrea Jemelo AKG-Images. [Fig. 4-6]

8. Imperial Procession, detail of the Ara Pacis Augustae, Rome. 13–9 BCE.
Marble relief. Height approx. 5' 3" (1.6 m).
Andrea Jemelo AKG-Images. [Fig. 4-7]

9. Plan of the imperial forums, Rome. [Fig. 4-8]

10. Apollodorus of Damascus, Basilica Ulpia, Forum of Trajan, Rome. 113.
Restored perspective view of the central hall.
James E Packer. [Fig. 4-9]

11. Apollodorus of Damascus, Column of Trajan. 106–13.
Marble. Height of base 18' (5.5 m), height of column 97' (29.6 m).
Rome. © Vincenzo Pirozzi. [Fig. 4-10]

12. Trajan Addressing His Troops (the Adlocutio), detail of Trajan’s Column. 113.
Height of figures approx. 27-1∕2" (70 cm).
DAI, Rome. [Fig. 4-11]

13. Temple of Portunus (also known as Temple of Fortuna Virilis). Late 2nd century BCE.
Rome. © Vincenzo Pirozzi. [Fig. 4-12]

14. Pont du Gard, near Nîmes, France. Late 1st century BCE.
Stone. Height 162' (49.4 m).
Photo © Paul M. R. Maeyaert, Mont de l'Enclus (Orroir), Belgium. [Fig. 4-13]

15. The arch and its applications. [Fig. 4-14]

16. Basilica of Constantine (or Maxentius). c. 306–13.
Brick and concrete.
Rome. Scala, Florence. [Fig. 4-15]

17. Pantheon, Rome. c. 120.
Height of portico 59' (18 m).
© Vincenzo Pirozzi. [Fig. 4-16]

18. Pantheon, Rome. Plan and cross-section. [Fig. 4-17]

19. Cutaway view of the Pantheon. [Fig. 4-18]

20. Portrait of the Baker Terentius Neo and His Wife (formerly known as Portrait of a
Magistrate and His Wife). Pompeii, Italy. Mid-1st century.
Fresco on plaster. 22-7∕8" × 20-1∕2" (58 × 52 cm).
National Archaeological Museum, Naples. Fotografica Foglia. [Fig. 4-19]

21. Plan and reconstruction drawing, House of the Silver Wedding. Early 1st century CE.
Pompeii, Italy. [Fig. 4-20]

22. Bust of Cicero. 1st century BCE.
Marble. Life-size.
Uffizi, Florence. Scala. [Fig. 4-21]

23. The Dionysian Mysteries (detail), Villa of the Mysteries. c. 60 BCE.
Pompeii, Italy. Scala, Florence. [Fig. 4-22]

24. Sosus, Unswept Floor (detail), Roman copy of Hellenistic original. 2nd
century BCE.
Mosaic.
Vatican Museums, Rome. Scala, Florence. [Fig. 4-23]

25. Plan of the Theater of Marcellus, Rome. 23–13 BCE. [Fig. 4-3]

26. An ancient Roman theater (with modern restoration) at Sabratha, Libya. c. 180.
Robert F. Sisson/Getty Images. [Fig. 4-25]

27. Gladiatorial contest, accompanied by orchestra.
Mosaic from villa near Zilten, North Africa. c. 70.
Museum of Antiquities, Tripoli. © Roger Wood/CORBIS. [Fig. 4-26]

28. Death of the Buddha, detail of relief from Gandhara, Kushan.
Late 2nd century to early 3rd century.
Dark gray-blue slate. Height 26-3∕8" (67 cm).
Freer Gallery of Art, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, D.C. [Fig. 4-27]

29. The Spread of Buddhism.
[Map 4.2]

30. Great Stupa at Sanchi, India. Mid-3rd century BCE.
Scala, Florence. [Fig. 4-28]

31. Equestrian statue of Marcus Aurelius (ruled 161–180).
Gilded bronze. Height 16' 8" (5.1 m).
Capitoline Museums, Rome. Canali Photobank. [Fig. 4-29]