Decision support systems (DSS) are interactive computer-based systems that help managers solve structured, semi-structured, and unstructured decision problems. DSS use data warehouses to store integrated data from multiple sources and allow users to analyze and visualize the data. Data mining tools can then be used to discover patterns in large datasets and predict future trends to help managers make strategic decisions.
Enterprise Architecture Governance: A Framework for Successful BusinessNathaniel Palmer
Enterprise Architectures play an important role supporting business transformation initiatives. Enterprise Architecture Governance (EAG) provides a structure for defining relevant strategies and compliance processes. This Level 3 Communications case study presents a detailed framework composed of three essential components of EAG:
1) Organizational Accountability must be clearly defi ned for all EAG aspects, and executive sponsorship is essential. Level 3 formed an executive steering committee with broad representation, preventing EAG from becoming an IT-only initiative.
2) Strategy Defi nition provides the roadmap for business transformation initiatives. Architectural guiding principles defi ne values and offer input into strategies, end states define where the company is going, and roadmaps document how to get there from.
3) Compliance Processes ensure that development initiatives are in alignment with the strategic direction. Level 3 has created a framework that gives each development initiative an architecture rating that indicates its compliance level.
Choosing the right development platform may not be as obvious as it seems.
Low code application platforms accelerate app delivery by dramatically reducing the amount of hand coding required. Faster delivery is the primary benefit of these application platforms; they also help firms respond more quickly to customer feedback after initial software releases.
While to benefits are clear - this does not mean they are always the best choice for your business. Equally, it should not always be an either/or choice between one platform or another.
These slides describe some of the things to consider when choosing a development platform. Please get in touch if you would like an unbiased discussion on how to choose the best platform for your needs.
Cloud migration is the process of transferring databases, applications, and IT processes into the cloud, or from one cloud to another. Migration in cloud computing has become quite popular among organizations as it offers anytime, anywhere access. Read this practical guide to cloud migration to know more.
Decision Support System - Management Information SystemNijaz N
Refers to class of system which supports in the process of decision making and does not always give a decision itself.
Decision Support Systems supply computerized support for the decision making process.
Enterprise Architecture Governance: A Framework for Successful BusinessNathaniel Palmer
Enterprise Architectures play an important role supporting business transformation initiatives. Enterprise Architecture Governance (EAG) provides a structure for defining relevant strategies and compliance processes. This Level 3 Communications case study presents a detailed framework composed of three essential components of EAG:
1) Organizational Accountability must be clearly defi ned for all EAG aspects, and executive sponsorship is essential. Level 3 formed an executive steering committee with broad representation, preventing EAG from becoming an IT-only initiative.
2) Strategy Defi nition provides the roadmap for business transformation initiatives. Architectural guiding principles defi ne values and offer input into strategies, end states define where the company is going, and roadmaps document how to get there from.
3) Compliance Processes ensure that development initiatives are in alignment with the strategic direction. Level 3 has created a framework that gives each development initiative an architecture rating that indicates its compliance level.
Choosing the right development platform may not be as obvious as it seems.
Low code application platforms accelerate app delivery by dramatically reducing the amount of hand coding required. Faster delivery is the primary benefit of these application platforms; they also help firms respond more quickly to customer feedback after initial software releases.
While to benefits are clear - this does not mean they are always the best choice for your business. Equally, it should not always be an either/or choice between one platform or another.
These slides describe some of the things to consider when choosing a development platform. Please get in touch if you would like an unbiased discussion on how to choose the best platform for your needs.
Cloud migration is the process of transferring databases, applications, and IT processes into the cloud, or from one cloud to another. Migration in cloud computing has become quite popular among organizations as it offers anytime, anywhere access. Read this practical guide to cloud migration to know more.
Decision Support System - Management Information SystemNijaz N
Refers to class of system which supports in the process of decision making and does not always give a decision itself.
Decision Support Systems supply computerized support for the decision making process.
This guide not only helps ensure you remember to plan for everything, but if you aren’t a regular migrator (and many aren’t – large migrations, for many, tend to be a maybe once or twice in a career thing), the list also serves to highlight things that could otherwise go easily overlooked.
Cloud Center of Excellence - DatasheetTodd Erskine
Cloud Center of Excellence (CCoE) provides a programmatic approach to implement, manage, and operate the Microsoft Azure platform for onboarding projects and Azure workloads effectively.
Mass Migration Strategy - A Key Step in the Enterprise Transformation - AWS C...AWS Germany
Vortrag "Mass Migration Strategy - A Key Step in the Enterprise Transformation" von Angelo Crippa beim AWS Cloud Web Day für Mittelstand und Großunternehmen. Alle Videos und Präsentationen finden Sie hier: http://amzn.to/1VUJZsT
Cloud Migration Cookbook: A Guide To Moving Your Apps To The CloudNew Relic
The process of building new apps or migrating existing apps to a cloud-based platform is complex. There are hundreds of paths you can take and only a few will make sense for you and your business. Get a step-by-step guide on how to plan for a successful app migration.
The ability to deliver software is no longer a differentiator. In fact, it is a basic requirement for survival. Companies that embrace cloud native patterns of software delivery will survive; companies that don’t - will not.
In this webinar, we will:
- Look at the common patterns that distinguish cloud native companies and the architectures that they employ.
- Discover that an opinionated platform, one that stretches from the infrastructure all the way to the application framework, rather than ad-hoc automation, is an essential component to an enterprise's cloud native journey.
- Show that the combination of Pivotal Cloud Foundry and Spring is the complete cloud native platform.
Speaker:
Faiz Parkar
DIRECTOR OF PRODUCT MARKETING
As Director of Product Marketing for Pivotal in the Europe, Middle East and Africa region, Faiz Parkar loves working at the intersection of cloud native platforms, big data/analytics and agile application development to help organisations deliver compelling data-driven software experiences for their customers. With more than 25 years experience in the IT industry, Faiz has helped organisations large and small to take advantage of technology transitions from proprietary systems to client/server, from physical infrastructure to virtual, and from virtual infrastructure to cloud. His mission now is to help organisations accelerate their digital transformation journey and reinvent themselves as the digital leaders of the future.
Training Slides of Decision Support System, discussing how the system as an interactive computer-based system that is being effectively used in communications technologies.
Some keypoints:
- The Decision Support Paradigm
- Basic Concepts of DSS
- Examples of DSS
For further information regarding the course, please contact:
info@asia-masters.com
A Day in the Life of an Enterprise Architect (Role Play Exercise) 2016Daljit Banger
During Nov 2016 the BCS EA SIG ran a session entitled "Enterprise Architecture Practitioners Day / Hackathon" in London - These are my slides for my sesion at the event.
Migrating Legacy Applications to AWS Cloud: Strategies and ChallengesOSSCube
To reduce the TCO of application infrastructure and to make them more scalable and resilient it is advisable to migrate on-premise legacy applications to AWS cloud. In this webinar, you will learn the benefits, key challenges and strategies to mitigate them. It will also talk about leveraging the cloud infrastructure to further modernize the application.
Key Take Away:
Opportunities and challenges while migrating premise application to cloud.
Identifying the applications
Assessing cloud architecture and costs
Data migrations strategies and options
Strategies for migration applications
Leveraging the cloud and optimization
In this presentation we will discuss the planning considerations as well as some applicable methodologies and tools involved in the development and execution of a large AWS migration strategy.
Where to Begin? Application Portfolio Migration - Miha Kralj, Principal Consultant, AWS
Application portfolio assessment is a technique used at the beginning of enterprise application migration process. It helps migration team to gather, analyse and understand their app portfolio before deciding on priorities and sequences of application migration. This session will present the app assessment process, the most common migration strategies and tools, and the placement of application portfolio migration in a complete IT Transformation process.
Organization’s success depends on quality of managers’ decisions
When decisions involve large amounts of data and complex processing, a DSS is a valuable tool
When decision making involves many uncertainties and/or lots of alternatives a DSS is needed
Is your organization considering migrating an existing data center over to AWS to reduce cost, improve reliability, security, and operational performance of your IT operations? If so, join us for a webinar on how to plan and execute your migration to the cloud from classification of applications, assessing your application needs, identifying the target applications and other various migration strategies.
Analyze key aspects to be considered before embarking on your cloud journey. The presentation outlines the strategies, approach, and choices that need to be made, to ensure a smooth transition to the cloud.
Your Challenge
Infrastructure, by focusing on the reliability, availability, and serviceability of existing platforms, is perceived as a cost center rather than a business enabler.
Business stakeholders look to external vendors, rather than Infrastructure, to exploit emerging technologies. This leads to duplication of effort, inconsistent standards, and ineffective IT governance.
Infrastructure directors are unable to draw a line showing how their activities directly support the overall business goals.
Our Advice
Critical Insight
Think of the roadmap as a service, not a product. Its value is inversely proportional to the time since its last update.
Alignment perception issues can be addressed by having the infrastructure practice formally engage and communicate with business stakeholders.
Shadow IT can provide business-ready initiatives that need only to be tweaked to align with Infrastructure’s internal goals.
Impact and Result
This blueprint will help you build:
A formal channel and way of communicating value bottom-up and top-down between IT and the executive team.
A methodology to prioritize and create projects that generate business value.
A tool that can produce multiple outputs of value for different audiences using the same data.
An ongoing roadmap process, rather than a static document, that is able to adjust and react to evolving business circumstances.
This guide not only helps ensure you remember to plan for everything, but if you aren’t a regular migrator (and many aren’t – large migrations, for many, tend to be a maybe once or twice in a career thing), the list also serves to highlight things that could otherwise go easily overlooked.
Cloud Center of Excellence - DatasheetTodd Erskine
Cloud Center of Excellence (CCoE) provides a programmatic approach to implement, manage, and operate the Microsoft Azure platform for onboarding projects and Azure workloads effectively.
Mass Migration Strategy - A Key Step in the Enterprise Transformation - AWS C...AWS Germany
Vortrag "Mass Migration Strategy - A Key Step in the Enterprise Transformation" von Angelo Crippa beim AWS Cloud Web Day für Mittelstand und Großunternehmen. Alle Videos und Präsentationen finden Sie hier: http://amzn.to/1VUJZsT
Cloud Migration Cookbook: A Guide To Moving Your Apps To The CloudNew Relic
The process of building new apps or migrating existing apps to a cloud-based platform is complex. There are hundreds of paths you can take and only a few will make sense for you and your business. Get a step-by-step guide on how to plan for a successful app migration.
The ability to deliver software is no longer a differentiator. In fact, it is a basic requirement for survival. Companies that embrace cloud native patterns of software delivery will survive; companies that don’t - will not.
In this webinar, we will:
- Look at the common patterns that distinguish cloud native companies and the architectures that they employ.
- Discover that an opinionated platform, one that stretches from the infrastructure all the way to the application framework, rather than ad-hoc automation, is an essential component to an enterprise's cloud native journey.
- Show that the combination of Pivotal Cloud Foundry and Spring is the complete cloud native platform.
Speaker:
Faiz Parkar
DIRECTOR OF PRODUCT MARKETING
As Director of Product Marketing for Pivotal in the Europe, Middle East and Africa region, Faiz Parkar loves working at the intersection of cloud native platforms, big data/analytics and agile application development to help organisations deliver compelling data-driven software experiences for their customers. With more than 25 years experience in the IT industry, Faiz has helped organisations large and small to take advantage of technology transitions from proprietary systems to client/server, from physical infrastructure to virtual, and from virtual infrastructure to cloud. His mission now is to help organisations accelerate their digital transformation journey and reinvent themselves as the digital leaders of the future.
Training Slides of Decision Support System, discussing how the system as an interactive computer-based system that is being effectively used in communications technologies.
Some keypoints:
- The Decision Support Paradigm
- Basic Concepts of DSS
- Examples of DSS
For further information regarding the course, please contact:
info@asia-masters.com
A Day in the Life of an Enterprise Architect (Role Play Exercise) 2016Daljit Banger
During Nov 2016 the BCS EA SIG ran a session entitled "Enterprise Architecture Practitioners Day / Hackathon" in London - These are my slides for my sesion at the event.
Migrating Legacy Applications to AWS Cloud: Strategies and ChallengesOSSCube
To reduce the TCO of application infrastructure and to make them more scalable and resilient it is advisable to migrate on-premise legacy applications to AWS cloud. In this webinar, you will learn the benefits, key challenges and strategies to mitigate them. It will also talk about leveraging the cloud infrastructure to further modernize the application.
Key Take Away:
Opportunities and challenges while migrating premise application to cloud.
Identifying the applications
Assessing cloud architecture and costs
Data migrations strategies and options
Strategies for migration applications
Leveraging the cloud and optimization
In this presentation we will discuss the planning considerations as well as some applicable methodologies and tools involved in the development and execution of a large AWS migration strategy.
Where to Begin? Application Portfolio Migration - Miha Kralj, Principal Consultant, AWS
Application portfolio assessment is a technique used at the beginning of enterprise application migration process. It helps migration team to gather, analyse and understand their app portfolio before deciding on priorities and sequences of application migration. This session will present the app assessment process, the most common migration strategies and tools, and the placement of application portfolio migration in a complete IT Transformation process.
Organization’s success depends on quality of managers’ decisions
When decisions involve large amounts of data and complex processing, a DSS is a valuable tool
When decision making involves many uncertainties and/or lots of alternatives a DSS is needed
Is your organization considering migrating an existing data center over to AWS to reduce cost, improve reliability, security, and operational performance of your IT operations? If so, join us for a webinar on how to plan and execute your migration to the cloud from classification of applications, assessing your application needs, identifying the target applications and other various migration strategies.
Analyze key aspects to be considered before embarking on your cloud journey. The presentation outlines the strategies, approach, and choices that need to be made, to ensure a smooth transition to the cloud.
Your Challenge
Infrastructure, by focusing on the reliability, availability, and serviceability of existing platforms, is perceived as a cost center rather than a business enabler.
Business stakeholders look to external vendors, rather than Infrastructure, to exploit emerging technologies. This leads to duplication of effort, inconsistent standards, and ineffective IT governance.
Infrastructure directors are unable to draw a line showing how their activities directly support the overall business goals.
Our Advice
Critical Insight
Think of the roadmap as a service, not a product. Its value is inversely proportional to the time since its last update.
Alignment perception issues can be addressed by having the infrastructure practice formally engage and communicate with business stakeholders.
Shadow IT can provide business-ready initiatives that need only to be tweaked to align with Infrastructure’s internal goals.
Impact and Result
This blueprint will help you build:
A formal channel and way of communicating value bottom-up and top-down between IT and the executive team.
A methodology to prioritize and create projects that generate business value.
A tool that can produce multiple outputs of value for different audiences using the same data.
An ongoing roadmap process, rather than a static document, that is able to adjust and react to evolving business circumstances.
This PPT Covers the following topics:
Decision Making as a Component of Problem Solving, Problem Solving Factors, Characteristics of a DSS, Example of DSS, Integration of TPS, MIS, Web-Based Decision Support Systems, Components of a DSS, Advantages and Disadvantages of Modeling, Group Decision Support System, Executive Support System, Characteristics of ESS.
A decision support system (DSS) is a computer-based information system that supports business or organizational decision-making activities. DSSs serve the management
TDWI Solution Summit San Diego 2014 Advanced Analytics at Macys.comDaqing Zhao
Big data analytics and traditional BI
Challenges and solutions of big data predictive modeling
Macy’s Advanced Analytics Team
Our analytics projects
Personalized site recommendations
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Decision Support Systems: Concept, Constructing a DSS, Executive Information ...Ashish Hande
Decision Support Systems: Concept, Constructing a DSS,
Executive Information System, (EIS), Artifical Intelligence
System (AIS), knowledge Based Expert System (KBES),
Enterprise Management System (EMS), Decision Support
Management System (DSMS).
The world of search engine optimization (SEO) is buzzing with discussions after Google confirmed that around 2,500 leaked internal documents related to its Search feature are indeed authentic. The revelation has sparked significant concerns within the SEO community. The leaked documents were initially reported by SEO experts Rand Fishkin and Mike King, igniting widespread analysis and discourse. For More Info:- https://news.arihantwebtech.com/search-disrupted-googles-leaked-documents-rock-the-seo-world/
Cracking the Workplace Discipline Code Main.pptxWorkforce Group
Cultivating and maintaining discipline within teams is a critical differentiator for successful organisations.
Forward-thinking leaders and business managers understand the impact that discipline has on organisational success. A disciplined workforce operates with clarity, focus, and a shared understanding of expectations, ultimately driving better results, optimising productivity, and facilitating seamless collaboration.
Although discipline is not a one-size-fits-all approach, it can help create a work environment that encourages personal growth and accountability rather than solely relying on punitive measures.
In this deck, you will learn the significance of workplace discipline for organisational success. You’ll also learn
• Four (4) workplace discipline methods you should consider
• The best and most practical approach to implementing workplace discipline.
• Three (3) key tips to maintain a disciplined workplace.
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Affordable Stationery Printing Services in Jaipur | Navpack n PrintNavpack & Print
Looking for professional printing services in Jaipur? Navpack n Print offers high-quality and affordable stationery printing for all your business needs. Stand out with custom stationery designs and fast turnaround times. Contact us today for a quote!
Memorandum Of Association Constitution of Company.pptseri bangash
www.seribangash.com
A Memorandum of Association (MOA) is a legal document that outlines the fundamental principles and objectives upon which a company operates. It serves as the company's charter or constitution and defines the scope of its activities. Here's a detailed note on the MOA:
Contents of Memorandum of Association:
Name Clause: This clause states the name of the company, which should end with words like "Limited" or "Ltd." for a public limited company and "Private Limited" or "Pvt. Ltd." for a private limited company.
https://seribangash.com/article-of-association-is-legal-doc-of-company/
Registered Office Clause: It specifies the location where the company's registered office is situated. This office is where all official communications and notices are sent.
Objective Clause: This clause delineates the main objectives for which the company is formed. It's important to define these objectives clearly, as the company cannot undertake activities beyond those mentioned in this clause.
www.seribangash.com
Liability Clause: It outlines the extent of liability of the company's members. In the case of companies limited by shares, the liability of members is limited to the amount unpaid on their shares. For companies limited by guarantee, members' liability is limited to the amount they undertake to contribute if the company is wound up.
https://seribangash.com/promotors-is-person-conceived-formation-company/
Capital Clause: This clause specifies the authorized capital of the company, i.e., the maximum amount of share capital the company is authorized to issue. It also mentions the division of this capital into shares and their respective nominal value.
Association Clause: It simply states that the subscribers wish to form a company and agree to become members of it, in accordance with the terms of the MOA.
Importance of Memorandum of Association:
Legal Requirement: The MOA is a legal requirement for the formation of a company. It must be filed with the Registrar of Companies during the incorporation process.
Constitutional Document: It serves as the company's constitutional document, defining its scope, powers, and limitations.
Protection of Members: It protects the interests of the company's members by clearly defining the objectives and limiting their liability.
External Communication: It provides clarity to external parties, such as investors, creditors, and regulatory authorities, regarding the company's objectives and powers.
https://seribangash.com/difference-public-and-private-company-law/
Binding Authority: The company and its members are bound by the provisions of the MOA. Any action taken beyond its scope may be considered ultra vires (beyond the powers) of the company and therefore void.
Amendment of MOA:
While the MOA lays down the company's fundamental principles, it is not entirely immutable. It can be amended, but only under specific circumstances and in compliance with legal procedures. Amendments typically require shareholder
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What might I learn?
A way to engage all in creating Inclusive Excellence. Lessons from the US military and their parallels to the story of Harry Potter. How belt systems and CI teams can destroy inclusive practices. How leadership language invites people to the party. There are three things leaders can do to engage everyone every day: maximizing psychological safety to create environments where folks learn, contribute, and challenge the status quo.
Who might benefit? Anyone and everyone leading folks from the shop floor to top floor.
Dr. William Harvey is a seasoned Operations Leader with extensive experience in chemical processing, manufacturing, and operations management. At Michelman, he currently oversees multiple sites, leading teams in strategic planning and coaching/practicing continuous improvement. William is set to start his eighth year of teaching at the University of Cincinnati where he teaches marketing, finance, and management. William holds various certifications in change management, quality, leadership, operational excellence, team building, and DiSC, among others.
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Digital Transformation and IT Strategy Toolkit and TemplatesAurelien Domont, MBA
This Digital Transformation and IT Strategy Toolkit was created by ex-McKinsey, Deloitte and BCG Management Consultants, after more than 5,000 hours of work. It is considered the world's best & most comprehensive Digital Transformation and IT Strategy Toolkit. It includes all the Frameworks, Best Practices & Templates required to successfully undertake the Digital Transformation of your organization and define a robust IT Strategy.
Editable Toolkit to help you reuse our content: 700 Powerpoint slides | 35 Excel sheets | 84 minutes of Video training
This PowerPoint presentation is only a small preview of our Toolkits. For more details, visit www.domontconsulting.com
2. Learning Objectives
• Decision Making
• Decision Models
• Types of Decision Making
• Decision Support Systems (DSS)
• Types of DSS
• Group Decision Support Systems (GDSS)
• Data Warehousing
• Data Analysis using Data Warehouse
• Data Mining
• Data Mining Tools
3. Decision Making
• Decision making is the study of identifying and
choosing alternatives based on the values and
preferences of the decision maker.
• Decision making is the process of sufficiently
reducing uncertainty and doubt about
alternatives to allow a reasonable choice to be
made.
4. Styles of Decision Making
• Optimizing: This helps in selecting the best possible
alternative for a decision problem. This style involves:
– Identification of a problem
– Generating alternatives
– Selecting the best alternative
– Implementing the best alternative
– Feedback
• Satisficing
• Organizational
• Political
• Maximax
• Maximin
5. Decision Making Procedure
• Identify the decision problem keeping the
goals in mind.
• Get the facts.
• Develop alternatives.
• Evaluate each alternative.
• Rate the risk of each alternative.
• Make the decision.
6. The Modeling Process
Analysis
Model Results
Interpretation
Abstraction
Symbolic World
Real World
Management Intuition
Decisions
Situation
7. Modeling Characteristics
• A model is a simplified representation of a real-world
situation.
• The advantages of a model are:
– The cost of modeling is less
– Models enable compression of time
– Manipulation of model is much simpler and easier
– Testing a model is easier
– It is easy for the decision-maker to understand
– There is less risk when experimenting with a model than
with the real system.
– Mathematical models enables testing of large data sets
8. Types of Models
Model Type Characteristics Examples
Tangible
Easy to Comprehend
Car or Aero plane or
Physical Model Difficult to Duplicate and Share
House or Building Models
Difficult to Modify and Manipulate
Limited Scope of Use
Intangible
Tough to Comprehend
Road Map, Speedometer,
Analog Model Easy to Duplicate and Share
Bar or Pie Chart
Easy to Modify and Manipulate
Wider Scope of Use
Intangible
Tough to Comprehend Simulation Model,
Symbolic Model Easy to Duplicate and Share Algebraic Model,
Easy to Modify and Manipulate Spreadsheet Model
Widest Scope of Use
9. Types of Decision Making
• Business decision making is mainly of three
types:
– Decisions taken under conditions of certainty
(Structured Decisions)
– Decisions taken under conditions of risk (Semi-
Structured Decisions)
– Decisions taken under conditions of uncertainty
(Un-structured Decisions)
10. Characteristics of Decision Types
The decision-making environment
Characteristics Certainty Risk Uncertainty
Controllable variables Known Known Known
Uncontrollable variable Known Probabilistic Unknown
Type of model Deterministic Probabilistic Non-probabilistic
Type of decision Best Informed Uncertain
Information type Quantitative Quantitative and Qualitative Qualitative
Mathematical tools Linear Statistical methods; Decision analysis;
Programming Simulation Simulation
11. Decision Support Systems (DSS)
• Decision Support System (DSS) is an
interactive computer-based information
system that supports a decision.
• The primary function of a DSS is to assist
managers in solving unstructured, semi-
structured and structured decision problems.
• DSS primarily supports analytical, quantitative
type of work using modeling techniques.
12. Characteristics of DSS
• The major characteristics of DSS would include:
• For semi-structured and Unstructured decisions
• For managers at different levels
• For groups and individuals
• For Adaptable and flexible decisions
• Effectiveness, not efficiency the focus
• Humans control the machine
• Modeling & Knowledge based
– Communication DSS
– Data-Driven DSS
– Document-Driven DSS
– Knowledge-Driven DSS
– Model-Driven DSS
14. Group Decision Support Systems
• GDSS is an interactive computer-based system
that facilitates solution of unstructured
decision problems by decision makers working
as group.
• Organizations decision making process is
individual or group driven.
• DSS systems are widely used by individuals
and the GDSS is meant to be used by the
Group decision processes.
15. Advantages of Group Decision Process
• Increased participation
• Improved pre-planning
• Open, collaborative atmosphere
• Idea generation free of criticism
• Groups are better than individuals at understanding
problems
• People are accountable for decisions that they are
participating in
• Group has more information (Knowledge) than individual
• Group members will have their egos embedded in the
decision
• Better and easy implementation
16. Problems of Group Decision Process
• Time consuming and slow process
• Lack of coordination
• Poor planning of meetings
• Inappropriate influence of group dynamics like
fear to speak
• Tendency toward compromised solutions of poor
quality
• Tendency to repeat what already was said
• Larger cost of making decision
• Inappropriate representation in the group
17. Data Warehouse
• A data warehouse is a subject-oriented,
integrated, time-variant and non-volatile
collection of data in support of management's
decision making process.
• Data warehousing provides architectures and
tools for business executives to systematically
organize, understand, and use their data to
make strategic decisions.
18. Components of Data Warehouse
• Subject-oriented.
• Integrated.
• Time-variant.
• Nonvolatile.
19. Creating Data Warehouse
• Source Data/System Identification
• Data Warehouse Design and Creation
• Data Acquisition
• Data Cleansing
• Data Aggregation
20. BI Tools for Data Analysis
• Business Intelligence (BI) is a very broad field,
which contains technologies such as:
• Decision Support Systems (DSS)
• Executive Information Systems (EIS)
• On-Line Analytical Processing (OLAP)
• Relational OLAP (ROLAP)
• Multi-Dimensional OLAP (MOLAP)
• Hybrid OLAP (HOLAP, a combination of MOLAP
and ROLAP)
21. Components of BI Tool
• Multi-dimensional Analysis Tools: Tools that allow the user to look
at the data from a number of different "angles". It helps the user to
have a 360 degree view of data. These tools often use a multi-
dimensional database referred to as a "cube".
• Query tools: Tools that allow the user to use SQL (Structured Query
Language) queries against the warehouse and get a result.
• Data Mining Tools: Tools that automatically search for patterns in
data. These tools are usually driven by complex statistical formulas.
The easiest way to distinguish data mining from the various forms
of OLAP is that OLAP can only answer questions you know to ask,
data mining answers questions that one may not be aware of.
• Data Visualization Tools: Tools that show graphical representations
of data, including complex three-dimensional data pictures. The
theory is that the user can "see" trends more effectively in this
manner than when looking at complex statistical graphs.
22. ROLAP Vs. MOLAP
Characteristic ROLAP MOLAP
Schema Uses star schema Uses data cubes
Additional dimensions can be Additional dimensions require
added dynamically re-creation of the data cube
Database size Medium to large Small to medium
Architecture Client/server Client/server
Standards-based Proprietary
Open
Access Supports ad hoc requests Limited to predefined
Unlimited dimensions dimensions
Resources High Very high
Flexibility High Low
Scalability High Low
Speed Good with small data sets; Faster for small to medium
average for medium to large data sets; average for large
data sets data sets
23. Data Warehouse Structures
• Data warehouse uses the star schema as a data-
modeling technique The basic star schema has
four components:
– Facts: Facts are numeric measurements (values) that
represent a specific business aspect or activity.
– Dimensions: Dimensions are qualifying characteristics
that provide additional perspectives to a given fact.
– Attributes: Each dimension table contains attributes.
Attributes are often used to search, filter, or classify
facts.
– Attribute Hierarchies: Attributes within dimensions
can be ordered in a well-defined attribute hierarchy.
24. Data Mining
• Data mining tools predict future trends and
behaviors, allowing businesses to make
proactive, knowledge-driven decisions.
• The purpose of data mining is to discover
previously unknown data characteristics,
relationships, dependencies, or trends.
• Data mining is described as a methodology
designed to perform knowledge-discovery
expeditions over the database data with minimal
end user intervention during the actual
knowledge-discovery phase.
25. Data Preparation Stages
• Data preparation
• Data analysis and classification
• Knowledge acquisition
• Prognosis
26. Data Mining Tools
• Classes: Stored data is used to locate data in predetermined
groups. For example, a retail chain could mine customer purchase
data to determine when customers visit and what they typically
buy. This information could be used to increase traffic by having
special offers for the day.
• Clusters: Data items are grouped according to logical relationships
or customer preferences. For example, data can be mined to
identify market segments or customer affinities.
• Associations: Data can be mined to identify associations between
the buying patterns. The bread-butter or beer-nuts are examples of
associative mining. This helps in doing market-basket analysis.
• Sequential patterns: Data is mined to anticipate behavior patterns
and trends. It helps in identifying the sequence of purchase. For
example, if a customer buys a pen what probability that he/she is
going to buy a notebook as its next item.
27. Data Mining Tools
• Decision trees: A structure that can be used to divide up a large collection of records into
successively smaller sets of records by applying a sequence of simple decision rules. A
decision tree model consists of a set of rules for dividing a large heterogeneous population
into smaller, more homogeneous groups with respect to a particular target variable.
• Artificial Neural Networks (ANN): Non-linear predictive models that learn through training
and resemble biological neural networks in structure. When applied in well-defined
domains, their ability to generalize and learn from data “mimics” a human’s ability to learn
from experience.
• Nearest Neighbor method: In order to predict the prediction value for an unclassified
record is, look for similar records and use the prediction value of the record that is nearest
to the unclassified record. Records that are near each other will have similar prediction
values.
• Clustering: Used to segment a database into clusters based on a set of attributes. Clustering
governed by measurement of proximity. Members belong to a cluster if they have proximity
to each other. The process of grouping data into clusters so that records within a cluster
have high similarity in comparison to one another.
• Genetic algorithms: Optimization techniques that use process such as genetic combination,
mutation, and natural selection in a design based on the concepts of natural evolution.
• Rule induction: The extraction of if-then rules from data based on statistical significance.
• Data visualization: The visual interpretation of complex relationships in multidimensional
data. Graphics tools are used to illustrate data relationships.
28. Summary
• Decision making process is a systematic means of arriving at a decision. It is a way of organizing data with the purpose of
presenting or displaying it to the decision maker in such a way that is more obvious than simply making a list of the
alternatives.
• There are two major approaches to decision making in an organization, the authoritarian method in which an executive
figure makes a decision for the group and the group method in which the group decides what to do. Within these two
broader approaches, decision makers follow their own style of generating alternatives and taking decisions.
• Some of the common styles of decision making include: Optimizing; Satisficing, Organizational, Political, Maximax and
Maximin.
• Optimizing way of taking decision is the best approach as it helps the decision maker to take the decision in a structured
manner.
• The three types of models that are popularly being used by decision makers include: physical; analog; and symbolic.
• Models created by architect about new building is referred to a physical’ models. Physical models are three-dimensional
representations of real-world objects. There are also scaled-down versions of the models which are more suited to
computers include (i) analog or graphical models, which use lines, curves, and other symbols to produce flow charts, pie
charts, bar charts, scatter diagrams, etc. and (ii) symbolic or mathematical models which use formulae and algorithms to
represent real-world situations.
• Business decision making is mainly of three types: Decisions taken under conditions of certainty (Structured Decisions);
Decisions taken under conditions of risk (Semi-Structured Decisions); and Decisions taken under conditions of uncertainty
(Un-structured Decisions).
• Decision Support System (DSS) is an interactive computer-based information system that supports a decision. The primary
function of a DSS is to assist managers in solving unstructured, semi-structured and structured decision problems.
• Typical information that a decision support application might gather and present would be, (a) Accessing all information
assets, including legacy and relational data sources; (b) Comparative data figures; (c) Projected figures based on new data
or assumptions; (d) Consequences of different decision alternatives, given past experience in a specific context.
• The major components that a DSS system would include are User-interface; DSS Data Base; DSS Model Base; and
Knowledge Base.
29. Summary
• Five types of DSS includes: data-driven DSS; Model-driven DSS; Communications-driven DSS; Document-driven DSS;
and knowledge-driven DSS.
• GDSS is an interactive computer-based system that facilitates solution of unstructured decision problems by decision
makers working as group. Organizations decision making process is individual or group driven.
• A data warehouse is a subject-oriented, integrated, time-variant and non-volatile collection of data in support of
management's decision making process. Data warehousing provides architectures and tools for business executives to
systematically organize, understand, and use their data to make strategic decisions.
• Once the warehouse has been built and populated, it becomes possible to extract meaningful information from it that
will provide a competitive advantage and a return on investment. This is done using Business Intelligence (BI) tools. BI
is a very broad field, which contains technologies such as Decision Support Systems (DSS), Executive Information
Systems (EIS), On-Line Analytical Processing (OLAP), Relational OLAP (ROLAP), Multi-Dimensional OLAP (MOLAP),
Hybrid OLAP (HOLAP, a combination of MOLAP and ROLAP), and more.
• Data warehouse uses the star schema as a data-modeling technique. It is also used to map multidimensional decision
support data into a relational database. The basic star schema has four components: facts, dimensions, attributes, and
attribute hierarchies.
• Online Analytical Processing (OLAP), create an advanced data analysis environment that supports decision making,
business modeling, and operations research activities. OLAP systems share the following characteristics: Use
multidimensional data analysis techniques; Provide advanced database support; Provide easy-to-use end user
interfaces; and Support client/server architecture. Multidimensional data analysis refers to the processing of data
such that data are viewed as part of a multidimensional structure.
• Data mining is a powerful technological tool that helps organization in extracting hidden predictive information from
large databases. Data mining tools predict future trends and behaviors, allowing businesses to make proactive,
knowledge-driven decisions.
• Data mining software analyzes relationships and patterns in stored transaction data based on open-ended user
queries. Several types of analytical software are available: statistical, machine learning, and neural networks etc.
Generally, while mining the data one or more of four types of relationships are sought: classes; clusters; association;
and sequencing. Different kind of tools that are popularly being used are: Decision tree; artificial neural network;
nearest neighbor; cluster analysis; genetic algorithm; rule induction; and data visualization.