1. The document discusses three major climate zones - tropical, polar, and temperate - which determine the types of plants and animals that can live in different areas based on factors like temperature and precipitation.
2. It describes the major terrestrial biomes like deserts, grasslands, and forests, explaining the three subtypes of each based on climate differences.
3. Human activities are degrading many terrestrial ecosystems by disturbing lands through activities like agriculture and deforestation.
1. Climate patterns determine the types and locations of biomes like deserts, grasslands, and forests on Earth.
2. Terrestrial ecosystems provide important ecological services and economic value.
3. Human activities are degrading many terrestrial ecosystems and disrupting the services they provide.
This document discusses ecoregional landscape design and how understanding ecosystem patterns within a region can inspire sustainable landscape designs. It explains that ecoregion maps divide areas into identifiable regions based on recurring ecosystem patterns. These patterns are linked to ecological and cultural processes. Ecoregional design applies this regional understanding to design in a way that maintains functional integrity, such as using native plants suited to the local climate and draining stormwater naturally. The document provides examples of how understanding a region's ecoregion can guide appropriate plant selection and landscape design.
This document discusses how climate affects biomes. It defines climate and biomes, and explains how temperature, precipitation, and other climate factors help determine the type of biome that exists in a given region. Specific climate conditions, like tropical vs. cold temperatures, and wet vs. dry conditions, influence the plants and other species able to survive in an area. The document then provides examples of different biomes in South Africa and how their climates shape the native vegetation and wildlife. It concludes by explaining how climate influences plant growth, soil quality, biodiversity, and which types of organisms can thrive in different climatic zones.
Climate, parent material and soil, topography, and natural disturbances are the four major abiotic factors that influence grassland ecosystems. Climate, which includes temperature and precipitation patterns, is the most important factor determining grassland types. Grasslands occur in areas with varying temperatures and precipitation levels, from tropical regions with over 60 inches of rain annually to montane regions with under 30 inches. Topography such as elevation, slope and aspect also impact grassland ecosystems by affecting temperature, drainage and wildfire patterns. Natural disturbances like flooding and lightning-caused fires further contribute to grassland diversity.
The document describes the local climate conditions and asks a series of questions about temperature, precipitation, snowfall, and factors that affect climate where the reader lives. It asks when the lowest and highest temperatures occur, how often it rains versus snows, and the heaviest snowfall remembered. It also asks the reader to define predation and competition based on their own experiences and give examples of each.
The tropical rainforest is a hot, moist biome where it rains all year long. It is known for its dense canopies of vegetation that form three different layers. The top layer or canopy contains giant trees that grow to heights of 75 m (about 250 ft) or more.
1. Climate patterns determine the types and locations of biomes like deserts, grasslands, and forests on Earth.
2. Terrestrial ecosystems provide important ecological services and economic value.
3. Human activities are degrading many terrestrial ecosystems and disrupting the services they provide.
This document discusses ecoregional landscape design and how understanding ecosystem patterns within a region can inspire sustainable landscape designs. It explains that ecoregion maps divide areas into identifiable regions based on recurring ecosystem patterns. These patterns are linked to ecological and cultural processes. Ecoregional design applies this regional understanding to design in a way that maintains functional integrity, such as using native plants suited to the local climate and draining stormwater naturally. The document provides examples of how understanding a region's ecoregion can guide appropriate plant selection and landscape design.
This document discusses how climate affects biomes. It defines climate and biomes, and explains how temperature, precipitation, and other climate factors help determine the type of biome that exists in a given region. Specific climate conditions, like tropical vs. cold temperatures, and wet vs. dry conditions, influence the plants and other species able to survive in an area. The document then provides examples of different biomes in South Africa and how their climates shape the native vegetation and wildlife. It concludes by explaining how climate influences plant growth, soil quality, biodiversity, and which types of organisms can thrive in different climatic zones.
Climate, parent material and soil, topography, and natural disturbances are the four major abiotic factors that influence grassland ecosystems. Climate, which includes temperature and precipitation patterns, is the most important factor determining grassland types. Grasslands occur in areas with varying temperatures and precipitation levels, from tropical regions with over 60 inches of rain annually to montane regions with under 30 inches. Topography such as elevation, slope and aspect also impact grassland ecosystems by affecting temperature, drainage and wildfire patterns. Natural disturbances like flooding and lightning-caused fires further contribute to grassland diversity.
The document describes the local climate conditions and asks a series of questions about temperature, precipitation, snowfall, and factors that affect climate where the reader lives. It asks when the lowest and highest temperatures occur, how often it rains versus snows, and the heaviest snowfall remembered. It also asks the reader to define predation and competition based on their own experiences and give examples of each.
The tropical rainforest is a hot, moist biome where it rains all year long. It is known for its dense canopies of vegetation that form three different layers. The top layer or canopy contains giant trees that grow to heights of 75 m (about 250 ft) or more.
The document summarizes different biomes and aquatic ecosystems. It describes 9 major biomes: tundra, taiga, temperate rainforest, temperate deciduous forest, grasslands, chaparral, deserts, savanna, and tropical rainforests. It also discusses various environmental factors that influence aquatic ecosystems such as temperature, light, salinity, currents, dissolved oxygen, and zonation. Finally, it notes some human impacts on aquatic ecosystems like water contamination from pharmaceuticals and agricultural runoff.
Looks at the question of:
HOW MANY BIOMES?
There is no clear answer and the powerpoint goes through the possible answers.
It concludes to five basic biomes that include ‘sub-biomes’.
You need to download PowerPoint in order to view animations.
There is a WORKSHEET that accompanies this POWERPOINT at:
http://www.slideshare.net/yaryalitsa/biomes-worksheet
Biomes are large ecosystems defined by their climate and organisms. A biome's location is determined by latitude, altitude, and climatic conditions like solar radiation, seasons, atmospheric circulation, and the ratio of precipitation to evaporation. These factors influence biome temperature and precipitation, which act as limiting factors for what types of communities can exist in different parts of the world.
The document discusses key concepts relating to the environment and ecosystems. It covers different environmental factors like climate, elevation, depth and moisture levels. It also describes ecosystem components like producers, consumers, food chains and food webs. Biogeography and how limiting factors influence species distribution is summarized. Different life habitats based on location and environment are outlined. Components of the atmosphere like its composition and circulation patterns are briefly covered.
Science 7 notes gb lab 01 which biome where 2012 20 13MrCool3
This document provides an overview of biomes and ecosystems, including key terms, characteristics of major land and aquatic biomes, and supporting concepts like adaptation, dormancy, hibernation, and migration. It aims to help students differentiate between ecosystems and biomes, investigate and understand the characteristics of terrestrial, marine, and freshwater biomes, and compare and contrast the biotic and abiotic features of these major biomes.
Temperate grasslands are located between the Tropics and include prairies, steppes, and pampas. They have hot summers and cold winters with 10-35 inches of annual precipitation. The soil is nutrient-rich due to deep grass roots. Characteristic plants include grasses like needlegrass and foxtail grass that support herbivores like bison and deer, which are preyed on by carnivores like cheetahs and badgers. Humans have converted much of the land to agriculture, damaging the ecosystem, but conservation efforts include restricting development and restoring degraded areas.
Temperate grasslands have sparse trees and extensive grasses and herbs. They experience hot summers and cold winters with average annual precipitation of 20-35 inches. Common biotic factors include various grasses, flowers, rabbits, deer, snakes, birds, and insects. Abiotic factors include rolling hills and valleys at elevations usually between 2,000-10,000 feet with fertile soil and average wind speeds of 15-20 mph. Wildfires play an important role in maintaining biodiversity by preventing tree overgrowth and stimulating new plant growth.
Derek Arndt - Water Crisis March 11, 2013Celia Perkins
This document discusses drought and climate change. It notes that drought is a natural part of the climate in some regions, but that climate change is exacerbating drought conditions. As the global water cycle intensifies with climate change, dry areas are expected to become drier and wet areas wetter. The data and climate models support this trend. The document also explains that drought is defined by insufficient water to meet demands, with both natural and human factors influencing supply and demand. High temperatures from climate change act as an additional stress. The author argues that communities must prepare comprehensive plans to manage drought risks.
Climate is defined as the average weather in a region over a long period of time, typically 30 years. It is influenced by factors like latitude, altitude, proximity to bodies of water and oceans, and vegetation. There are several classification systems for climates, most commonly the Köppen system which categorizes climates as tropical, temperate, or polar. Tropical climates have high temperatures year-round, temperate climates have distinct seasons with moderate temperature changes, and polar climates are very cold with no warm summers. Paleoclimatology studies past climates through proxies like sediments and tree rings since direct observations are only available recently.
This PowerPoint is one small part of the Weather and Climate unit from www.sciencepowerpoint.com. This unit consists of a five part 2500+ slide PowerPoint roadmap, 14 page bundled homework package, modified homework, detailed answer keys, 19 pages of unit notes for students who may require assistance, follow along worksheets, and many review games. The homework and lesson notes chronologically follow the PowerPoint slideshow. The answer keys and unit notes are great for support professionals. The activities and discussion questions in the slideshow are meaningful. The PowerPoint includes built-in instructions, visuals, and review questions. Also included are critical class notes (color coded red), project ideas, video links, and review games. This unit also includes four PowerPoint review games (110+ slides each with Answers), 38+ video links, lab handouts, activity sheets, rubrics, materials list, templates, guides, and much more. Also included is a 190 slide first day of school PowerPoint presentation.
Areas of Focus within The Weather and Climate Unit: -What is weather?, Climate, Importance of the Atmosphere, Components of the Atmosphere, Layers of the Atmosphere, Air Quality and Pollution, Carbon Monoxide, Ozone Layer, Ways to Avoid Skin Cancer, Air Pressure, Barometer, Air Pressure and Wind, Fronts, Wind, Global Wind, Coriolis Force, Jet Stream, Sea Breeze / Land Breeze, Mountain Winds, Mountain Rain Shadow, Wind Chill, Flight, Dangerous Weather Systems, Light, Albedo, Temperature, Thermometers, Seasons, Humidity / Condensation / Evaporation, Dew Points, Clouds, Types of Clouds, Meteorology, Weather Tools, Isotherms, Ocean Currents, Enhanced Global Warming, Greenhouse Effect, The Effects of Global Warming, Biomes, Types of Biomes. Difficulty rating 8/10.
This unit aligns with the Next Generation Science Standards and with Common Core Standards for ELA and Literacy for Science and Technical Subjects. See preview for more information
If you have any questions please feel free to contact me. Thanks again and best wishes. Sincerely, Ryan Murphy M.Ed www.sciencepowerpoint@gmail.com
1. The document discusses different aspects of climate including temperature, precipitation, atmospheric pressure, wind, and the Earth's main climate zones.
2. Key factors that affect temperature are latitude, altitude, and distance from the sea. Temperature and climate are closely related, with different climate zones based on average temperatures.
3. The document provides information on different types of precipitation, winds, reading weather maps, interpreting climate graphs, and the relationship between climate and human activity like air pollution.
This document discusses land resources and soil types in India. It covers the different types of land under relief features like plains, mountains, and plateaus. The main land uses are agriculture, forests, and wastelands. The document also discusses the major soil types in India like alluvial, black, red and yellow soils. It provides details on the composition and characteristics of different soils. Land degradation and conservation measures are also summarized.
This document discusses terrestrial biomes and biodiversity. It defines biomes as large ecosystems determined mainly by precipitation and temperature. The main biomes discussed are tundra, temperate deciduous forests, grasslands, deserts, savannas, and tropical rainforests. Each biome has characteristic plants and animals and varying levels of biodiversity, with tropical rainforests having the highest and deserts and tundra the lowest biodiversity.
The document summarizes the major terrestrial biomes of the world. It describes the six biomes as: 1) Desert biome, which is characterized by hot and dry climates with less than 10 inches of rain per year. Common plants include cacti and animals have adaptations for heat and lack of water. 2) Tundra biome, which is located north of the Arctic circle and is the coldest biome with less than 25 inches of rain per year. Plants are low growing and animals have thick fur. 3) Taiga biome or boreal forest, located in northern parts of North America, Asia, and Europe. It has long, cold winters and coniferous trees are abundant. 4) Rainforest biome
The document describes the major biomes found on Earth, including aquatic and terrestrial biomes. It provides details on the defining characteristics, climates, soils, and common plant and animal species found in freshwater, marine, desert, grassland, forest, tundra and other biomes. Biomes are grouped based on whether they are primarily aquatic or terrestrial, and further broken down by specific biome type within those groups.
A presentation by Dr. Ranil Senanayake, founder of the Analog Forestry design science, describing the design process and principles used in Analog Forestry.
- Biomes are large ecosystems defined by climate, plants and animals. The main factors that determine a biome are temperature and rainfall.
- Six main biomes are described: tropical rainforests, tropical grasslands, tropical deserts, temperate grasslands, temperate coniferous forests, and arctic tundra.
- Climate largely determines the types of plants in an area, which then support certain animal life. Temperature and precipitation patterns dictate the distribution of global biomes.
The document discusses key concepts related to terrestrial flora and fauna, including ecosystems, biomes, plant and animal adaptations, and spatial groupings. It provides definitions and examples of ecosystems and biomes. It describes various plant categorizations and adaptations to different environments. It also discusses animal characteristics, types, adaptations, competition/cooperation, and zoogeographic regions. Key points are made about the dominance of certain plant genera in Australia and its unique fauna resulting from isolation.
The document defines and describes grassland and chaparral biomes. It identifies the group members and their objectives of defining, classifying examples, identifying biotic and abiotic factors, determining climate, and assessing human impacts and solutions. It provides details on temperate and tropical grasslands, including examples in the Philippines. Characteristics of prairies and savannas are described. The chaparral biome is also characterized and its biotic organisms, abiotic factors, seasons, soil, human impacts and potential solutions are outlined.
Rainforest biomes are characterized by high rainfall, warm temperatures, and rich biodiversity. They receive between 80-430 inches of rain annually and are located near the equator where temperatures range from 72-93 degrees Fahrenheit. This allows them to support numerous species - for example, a single hectare can contain over 480 tree species. Rainforests also have a distinct four layer canopy structure with the emergent, canopy, understory, and forest floor layers. They play an important role in regulating climate by absorbing carbon, releasing water vapor, and reducing temperatures.
Copy of Unit 6 Notes 1_ Climate_Biomes_Energy (1).pptxVandanaYadav400309
Soil is important as it provides nutrients for plant growth, acts as a habitat for many organisms, and stores water for plants. Soil quality depends on factors like its nutrient content, texture, and ability to retain water. Threats to soil include erosion from overgrazing, poor farming practices, and damage from human activities, which can lead to soil degradation and loss of fertile land. Conservation methods aim to protect soil quality and prevent erosion, such as contour plowing, terracing, no-till farming, crop rotation, use of windbreaks, and controlling water runoff. The type of soil that forms is influenced by properties of the parent rock material and climatic factors like temperature and precipitation.
1. Biomes are determined by factors like temperature, rainfall, and sunlight which affect photosynthesis and net primary productivity. Different biomes like tropical rainforests, savannas, and tundra support characteristic plant life adapted to their climate.
2. Succession over time and zonation over environmental gradients cause changes in plant communities. Early successional "pioneer" species establish first, followed by later successional species that outcompete pioneers. Eventually a stable "climax" community develops.
3. Human impacts like deforestation and grazing can interrupt succession, maintaining early successional "plagioclimax" communities
The document summarizes different biomes and aquatic ecosystems. It describes 9 major biomes: tundra, taiga, temperate rainforest, temperate deciduous forest, grasslands, chaparral, deserts, savanna, and tropical rainforests. It also discusses various environmental factors that influence aquatic ecosystems such as temperature, light, salinity, currents, dissolved oxygen, and zonation. Finally, it notes some human impacts on aquatic ecosystems like water contamination from pharmaceuticals and agricultural runoff.
Looks at the question of:
HOW MANY BIOMES?
There is no clear answer and the powerpoint goes through the possible answers.
It concludes to five basic biomes that include ‘sub-biomes’.
You need to download PowerPoint in order to view animations.
There is a WORKSHEET that accompanies this POWERPOINT at:
http://www.slideshare.net/yaryalitsa/biomes-worksheet
Biomes are large ecosystems defined by their climate and organisms. A biome's location is determined by latitude, altitude, and climatic conditions like solar radiation, seasons, atmospheric circulation, and the ratio of precipitation to evaporation. These factors influence biome temperature and precipitation, which act as limiting factors for what types of communities can exist in different parts of the world.
The document discusses key concepts relating to the environment and ecosystems. It covers different environmental factors like climate, elevation, depth and moisture levels. It also describes ecosystem components like producers, consumers, food chains and food webs. Biogeography and how limiting factors influence species distribution is summarized. Different life habitats based on location and environment are outlined. Components of the atmosphere like its composition and circulation patterns are briefly covered.
Science 7 notes gb lab 01 which biome where 2012 20 13MrCool3
This document provides an overview of biomes and ecosystems, including key terms, characteristics of major land and aquatic biomes, and supporting concepts like adaptation, dormancy, hibernation, and migration. It aims to help students differentiate between ecosystems and biomes, investigate and understand the characteristics of terrestrial, marine, and freshwater biomes, and compare and contrast the biotic and abiotic features of these major biomes.
Temperate grasslands are located between the Tropics and include prairies, steppes, and pampas. They have hot summers and cold winters with 10-35 inches of annual precipitation. The soil is nutrient-rich due to deep grass roots. Characteristic plants include grasses like needlegrass and foxtail grass that support herbivores like bison and deer, which are preyed on by carnivores like cheetahs and badgers. Humans have converted much of the land to agriculture, damaging the ecosystem, but conservation efforts include restricting development and restoring degraded areas.
Temperate grasslands have sparse trees and extensive grasses and herbs. They experience hot summers and cold winters with average annual precipitation of 20-35 inches. Common biotic factors include various grasses, flowers, rabbits, deer, snakes, birds, and insects. Abiotic factors include rolling hills and valleys at elevations usually between 2,000-10,000 feet with fertile soil and average wind speeds of 15-20 mph. Wildfires play an important role in maintaining biodiversity by preventing tree overgrowth and stimulating new plant growth.
Derek Arndt - Water Crisis March 11, 2013Celia Perkins
This document discusses drought and climate change. It notes that drought is a natural part of the climate in some regions, but that climate change is exacerbating drought conditions. As the global water cycle intensifies with climate change, dry areas are expected to become drier and wet areas wetter. The data and climate models support this trend. The document also explains that drought is defined by insufficient water to meet demands, with both natural and human factors influencing supply and demand. High temperatures from climate change act as an additional stress. The author argues that communities must prepare comprehensive plans to manage drought risks.
Climate is defined as the average weather in a region over a long period of time, typically 30 years. It is influenced by factors like latitude, altitude, proximity to bodies of water and oceans, and vegetation. There are several classification systems for climates, most commonly the Köppen system which categorizes climates as tropical, temperate, or polar. Tropical climates have high temperatures year-round, temperate climates have distinct seasons with moderate temperature changes, and polar climates are very cold with no warm summers. Paleoclimatology studies past climates through proxies like sediments and tree rings since direct observations are only available recently.
This PowerPoint is one small part of the Weather and Climate unit from www.sciencepowerpoint.com. This unit consists of a five part 2500+ slide PowerPoint roadmap, 14 page bundled homework package, modified homework, detailed answer keys, 19 pages of unit notes for students who may require assistance, follow along worksheets, and many review games. The homework and lesson notes chronologically follow the PowerPoint slideshow. The answer keys and unit notes are great for support professionals. The activities and discussion questions in the slideshow are meaningful. The PowerPoint includes built-in instructions, visuals, and review questions. Also included are critical class notes (color coded red), project ideas, video links, and review games. This unit also includes four PowerPoint review games (110+ slides each with Answers), 38+ video links, lab handouts, activity sheets, rubrics, materials list, templates, guides, and much more. Also included is a 190 slide first day of school PowerPoint presentation.
Areas of Focus within The Weather and Climate Unit: -What is weather?, Climate, Importance of the Atmosphere, Components of the Atmosphere, Layers of the Atmosphere, Air Quality and Pollution, Carbon Monoxide, Ozone Layer, Ways to Avoid Skin Cancer, Air Pressure, Barometer, Air Pressure and Wind, Fronts, Wind, Global Wind, Coriolis Force, Jet Stream, Sea Breeze / Land Breeze, Mountain Winds, Mountain Rain Shadow, Wind Chill, Flight, Dangerous Weather Systems, Light, Albedo, Temperature, Thermometers, Seasons, Humidity / Condensation / Evaporation, Dew Points, Clouds, Types of Clouds, Meteorology, Weather Tools, Isotherms, Ocean Currents, Enhanced Global Warming, Greenhouse Effect, The Effects of Global Warming, Biomes, Types of Biomes. Difficulty rating 8/10.
This unit aligns with the Next Generation Science Standards and with Common Core Standards for ELA and Literacy for Science and Technical Subjects. See preview for more information
If you have any questions please feel free to contact me. Thanks again and best wishes. Sincerely, Ryan Murphy M.Ed www.sciencepowerpoint@gmail.com
1. The document discusses different aspects of climate including temperature, precipitation, atmospheric pressure, wind, and the Earth's main climate zones.
2. Key factors that affect temperature are latitude, altitude, and distance from the sea. Temperature and climate are closely related, with different climate zones based on average temperatures.
3. The document provides information on different types of precipitation, winds, reading weather maps, interpreting climate graphs, and the relationship between climate and human activity like air pollution.
This document discusses land resources and soil types in India. It covers the different types of land under relief features like plains, mountains, and plateaus. The main land uses are agriculture, forests, and wastelands. The document also discusses the major soil types in India like alluvial, black, red and yellow soils. It provides details on the composition and characteristics of different soils. Land degradation and conservation measures are also summarized.
This document discusses terrestrial biomes and biodiversity. It defines biomes as large ecosystems determined mainly by precipitation and temperature. The main biomes discussed are tundra, temperate deciduous forests, grasslands, deserts, savannas, and tropical rainforests. Each biome has characteristic plants and animals and varying levels of biodiversity, with tropical rainforests having the highest and deserts and tundra the lowest biodiversity.
The document summarizes the major terrestrial biomes of the world. It describes the six biomes as: 1) Desert biome, which is characterized by hot and dry climates with less than 10 inches of rain per year. Common plants include cacti and animals have adaptations for heat and lack of water. 2) Tundra biome, which is located north of the Arctic circle and is the coldest biome with less than 25 inches of rain per year. Plants are low growing and animals have thick fur. 3) Taiga biome or boreal forest, located in northern parts of North America, Asia, and Europe. It has long, cold winters and coniferous trees are abundant. 4) Rainforest biome
The document describes the major biomes found on Earth, including aquatic and terrestrial biomes. It provides details on the defining characteristics, climates, soils, and common plant and animal species found in freshwater, marine, desert, grassland, forest, tundra and other biomes. Biomes are grouped based on whether they are primarily aquatic or terrestrial, and further broken down by specific biome type within those groups.
A presentation by Dr. Ranil Senanayake, founder of the Analog Forestry design science, describing the design process and principles used in Analog Forestry.
- Biomes are large ecosystems defined by climate, plants and animals. The main factors that determine a biome are temperature and rainfall.
- Six main biomes are described: tropical rainforests, tropical grasslands, tropical deserts, temperate grasslands, temperate coniferous forests, and arctic tundra.
- Climate largely determines the types of plants in an area, which then support certain animal life. Temperature and precipitation patterns dictate the distribution of global biomes.
The document discusses key concepts related to terrestrial flora and fauna, including ecosystems, biomes, plant and animal adaptations, and spatial groupings. It provides definitions and examples of ecosystems and biomes. It describes various plant categorizations and adaptations to different environments. It also discusses animal characteristics, types, adaptations, competition/cooperation, and zoogeographic regions. Key points are made about the dominance of certain plant genera in Australia and its unique fauna resulting from isolation.
The document defines and describes grassland and chaparral biomes. It identifies the group members and their objectives of defining, classifying examples, identifying biotic and abiotic factors, determining climate, and assessing human impacts and solutions. It provides details on temperate and tropical grasslands, including examples in the Philippines. Characteristics of prairies and savannas are described. The chaparral biome is also characterized and its biotic organisms, abiotic factors, seasons, soil, human impacts and potential solutions are outlined.
Rainforest biomes are characterized by high rainfall, warm temperatures, and rich biodiversity. They receive between 80-430 inches of rain annually and are located near the equator where temperatures range from 72-93 degrees Fahrenheit. This allows them to support numerous species - for example, a single hectare can contain over 480 tree species. Rainforests also have a distinct four layer canopy structure with the emergent, canopy, understory, and forest floor layers. They play an important role in regulating climate by absorbing carbon, releasing water vapor, and reducing temperatures.
Copy of Unit 6 Notes 1_ Climate_Biomes_Energy (1).pptxVandanaYadav400309
Soil is important as it provides nutrients for plant growth, acts as a habitat for many organisms, and stores water for plants. Soil quality depends on factors like its nutrient content, texture, and ability to retain water. Threats to soil include erosion from overgrazing, poor farming practices, and damage from human activities, which can lead to soil degradation and loss of fertile land. Conservation methods aim to protect soil quality and prevent erosion, such as contour plowing, terracing, no-till farming, crop rotation, use of windbreaks, and controlling water runoff. The type of soil that forms is influenced by properties of the parent rock material and climatic factors like temperature and precipitation.
1. Biomes are determined by factors like temperature, rainfall, and sunlight which affect photosynthesis and net primary productivity. Different biomes like tropical rainforests, savannas, and tundra support characteristic plant life adapted to their climate.
2. Succession over time and zonation over environmental gradients cause changes in plant communities. Early successional "pioneer" species establish first, followed by later successional species that outcompete pioneers. Eventually a stable "climax" community develops.
3. Human impacts like deforestation and grazing can interrupt succession, maintaining early successional "plagioclimax" communities
Climate change refers to long-term shifts in weather patterns caused by human activities like burning fossil fuels. Key points:
- Climate is different from weather and considers average patterns over time, including seasons and weather extremes.
- Greenhouse gases like carbon dioxide trap heat in the atmosphere (greenhouse effect), causing global warming.
- Human activities are increasing greenhouse gas levels, disrupting the climate system and leading to impacts like rising seas and more extreme weather.
- Species are affected through habitat changes, as they rely on certain climate conditions to survive.
Rainforest biome and its characteristicshafzan roslan
The document discusses the characteristics and importance of rainforests and how climate change impacts tropical forests. It outlines that rainforests have high precipitation, warm climates between the tropics, distinct canopy layers, and high biodiversity. Tropical forests store a large amount of the world's carbon and help regulate climate. Climate change is expected to significantly impact tropical forests through changes in weather patterns, temperature, rainfall and sea level rise. This could damage many tropical forest ecosystems.
The document discusses biomes and the factors that determine different biome types. It explains that the three main determining factors for biomes are the amount of water (rainfall), amount of sunlight (insolation), and temperature. These factors affect photosynthesis and net primary productivity, which then determines the location and composition of different biomes. The document provides descriptions of several biomes including tropical rainforest, savanna, temperate deciduous forest, grassland, cold desert, and tundra. It also introduces the tri-cellular model of atmospheric circulation that helps explain the global distribution of biomes.
These slides are about rainforest biome and characteristics. It starts with the definition of rainforest, characteristics of tropical rainforest, the important roles, and functions of trees and rainforest, how do tropical forest affect climate and global climate and lastly the impact of climate change on tropical rainforest.
Grade 8 Integrated Science Chapter 19 Lesson 1 on land biomes. This lesson covers basic characteristics of the 7 major land biomes: deserts, grasslands, temperate deciduous forest, temperate rainforest, tropical rainforest, taiga, and tundra. The objective is that students should be able to recall defining characteristics of each biome and identify a biome by temperature and precipitation.
The document discusses the tropical rainforest biome and the impacts of climate change. It defines tropical rainforests as having very high rainfall, high temperatures, and high biodiversity. Tropical rainforests play an important role in regulating the global climate through carbon storage, oxygen production, and influencing weather patterns. Climate change poses threats to tropical rainforests like rising sea levels which can flood coastal forests, and droughts which make forests more vulnerable to fires. The loss of tropical rainforests exacerbates climate change due to reduced carbon storage capacity.
This document summarizes key sections from Chapter 2 of a World Geography textbook. Section 1 discusses how the sun and earth's position affect weather and climate, including how convection distributes heat through winds and currents. It also outlines factors that influence different climate regions. Section 2 defines ecosystems and biomes like tropical rainforests, grasslands, and tundras, explaining the conditions and adaptations that allow life to survive in these environments.
The document summarizes key topics from a physical geography textbook chapter, including:
- Seasons and weather occur due to the earth's tilt and orbit around the sun. Climate is the long-term patterns of weather in a region.
- Various factors like latitude, wind currents, elevation, and proximity to bodies of water influence a region's climate.
- The world contains several broad climate regions ranging from tropical to polar, each with distinct temperature and precipitation patterns that determine native vegetation. Soil type also influences what plants can thrive in an ecosystem.
This chapter discusses factors that influence weather and climate. It explains that the sun, location, wind, water and mountains affect a region's climate over the long term. Different climate zones are identified based on temperature and rainfall patterns. Temperate zones experience seasonal changes while tropical areas are warm and wet year-round. The chapter also describes how natural environments and resources, such as soils, plants and minerals, interact and how they impact human lives and economies.
The document discusses the classification of world climate according to Koeppen and the causes and effects of climate change. It summarizes Koeppen's major climate groups (tropical, dry, temperate, snow, polar) and types within each group. It then discusses evidence of past climate change, causes such as astronomical factors, volcanic eruptions and human activities. Global warming is defined as a rise in global temperatures due to greenhouse gases, with causes like deforestation, industrialization and human activities. Potential effects include melting glaciers, sea level rise, more extreme weather and impacts on agriculture and food supply. Measures proposed to address climate change include the Kyoto Protocol and shifting to renewable energy sources.
In this presentation contains three lessons all in one. The first lesson talks about the biomes of the world means landforms and vegetations in the earth including lesson objectives, a worksheet to solve, a summary of the lesson, and a funny ending. In the second lesson is about the Marine Ecosystem that talks about its ecosystem, the causes, and effects of Marine pollution, ocean zones, and habitats found under the water; this includes lesson objectives, a video, and summary. In the third lesson is about the water bodies of the earth except for the salty water that includes lesson objectives and summary.
The document discusses sustainable biomes and how human activity has led to significant changes in Earth's biomes over the past 300 years. It notes that over half of the world's livable land area has been converted from natural biomes like forests and grasslands to farmland and housing to support human needs. This conversion of biomes is still expanding and has caused more environmental change than any other period in Earth's history. The document also explores how biomes produce resources humans rely on and examines issues like sustainability and food security as human populations increase.
This document discusses different ecosystem types and how energy flows through them. It begins by defining ecosystems and their components like habitats and communities. It then explains how plants get energy through photosynthesis while animals get energy by consuming other organisms or their waste. The document outlines the processes of photosynthesis and cellular respiration and how they transfer energy. It describes trophic levels and how energy is lost at each level. Different ecosystem types are then discussed like forests, grasslands, aquatic systems, and wetlands. Key aspects of each system and the flows of energy are summarized.
Climate change is caused by a gradual increase in global temperatures due to human-caused greenhouse gas emissions like carbon dioxide. This is warming both the atmosphere and oceans, melting polar ice caps and glaciers. The increasing temperatures have led to more powerful hurricanes and rising sea levels which threaten coastal areas with flooding. Many species of plants and animals are having to shift their ranges or face extinction as their habitats change with the climate. The document recommends significantly reducing greenhouse gas emissions through use of renewable energy, electrified transportation, ending deforestation and planting trees to mitigate the effects of climate change.
The document summarizes several key concepts about global climates and biomes:
1) Various biomes are determined by the climate of a region, especially temperature and precipitation patterns. The major biomes described include tundra, boreal forest, temperate rainforest, temperate seasonal forest, woodlands/shrublands, temperate grasslands/cold deserts, and tropical rainforests.
2) Global climate patterns like the Hadley cell and Coriolis effect influence atmospheric circulation and ocean currents, which impact regional climates.
3) Unequal heating of the Earth's surface from the sun, variations in solar angle, surface reflectivity, and land/water distribution cause climates
An ecosystem consists of biotic and abiotic components that interact. Biotic components are living organisms like plants, animals and microbes. Abiotic components are non-living physical factors like soil, water, sunlight and temperature. Within an ecosystem, organisms fill different roles - producers generate food, consumers feed on other organisms or food, and decomposers break down dead matter. Ecosystems can vary in size from small like a puddle to very large like a desert, and are shaped by abiotic factors such as climate, physiographic features, and atmospheric gases.
This document discusses suffixes and terminology used in medicine. It begins by listing common combining forms used to build medical terms and their meanings. It then defines several noun, adjective, and shorter suffixes and provides their meanings. Examples are given of medical terms built using combining forms and suffixes. The document also examines specific medical concepts in more depth, such as hernias, blood cells, acromegaly, splenomegaly, and laparoscopy.
The document is a chapter from a medical textbook that discusses anatomical terminology pertaining to the body as a whole. It defines the structural organization of the body from cells to tissues to organs to systems. It also describes the body cavities and identifies the major organs contained within each cavity, as well as anatomical divisions of the abdomen and back.
This document is from a textbook on medical terminology. It discusses the basic structure of medical words and how they are built from prefixes, suffixes, and combining forms. Some key points:
- Medical terms are made up of elements including roots, suffixes, prefixes, and combining vowels. Understanding these elements is important for analyzing terms.
- Common prefixes include hypo-, epi-, and cis-. Common suffixes include -itis, -algia, and -ectomy.
- Dozens of combining forms are provided, such as gastro- meaning stomach, cardi- meaning heart, and aden- meaning gland.
- Rules are provided for analyzing terms, such as reading from the suffix backward and dropping combining vowels before suffixes starting with vowels
This document is the copyright information for Chapter 25 on Cancer from the 6th edition of the textbook Molecular Cell Biology published in 2008 by W. H. Freeman and Company. The chapter was authored by a team that includes Lodish, Berk, Kaiser, Krieger, Scott, Bretscher, Ploegh, and Matsudaira.
This document is the copyright information for Chapter 24 on Immunology from the 6th edition of the textbook Molecular Cell Biology published in 2008 by W. H. Freeman and Company. The chapter was authored by Lodish, Berk, Kaiser, Krieger, Scott, Bretscher, Ploegh, and Matsudaira.
Nerve cells, also known as neurons, are highly specialized cells that process and transmit information through electrical and chemical signals. This chapter discusses the structure and function of neurons, how they communicate with each other via synapses, and how signals are propagated along neurons through changes in their membrane potentials. Neurons play a vital role in the nervous system by allowing organisms to process information and coordinate their responses.
This document is the copyright information for Chapter 22 from the 6th edition of the textbook "Molecular Cell Biology" published in 2008 by W. H. Freeman and Company. The chapter is titled "The Molecular Cell Biology of Development" and is authored by Lodish, Berk, Kaiser, Krieger, Scott, Bretscher, Ploegh, and Matsudaira.
This document is the copyright information for Chapter 21 from the sixth edition of the textbook "Molecular Cell Biology" published in 2008 by W. H. Freeman and Company. The chapter is titled "Cell Birth, Lineage, and Death" and is authored by Lodish, Berk, Kaiser, Krieger, Scott, Bretscher, Ploegh, and Matsudaira.
This document is the copyright page for Chapter 20 from the 6th edition of the textbook "Molecular Cell Biology" published in 2008 by W. H. Freeman and Company. The chapter is titled "Regulating the Eukaryotic Cell Cycle" and is authored by a group of scientists including Lodish, Berk, Kaiser, Krieger, Scott, Bretscher, Ploegh, and Matsudaira.
This document is the copyright information for Chapter 19 from the 6th edition textbook "Molecular Cell Biology" published in 2008 by W. H. Freeman and Company. The chapter is titled "Integrating Cells into Tissues" and is authored by Lodish, Berk, Kaiser, Krieger, Scott, Bretscher, Ploegh, and Matsudaira.
This chapter discusses microtubules and intermediate filaments, which are types of cytoskeletal filaments that help organize and move cellular components. Microtubules are involved in processes like cell division and intracellular transport, while intermediate filaments provide mechanical strength and help integrate the nucleus with the cytoplasm. Together, these filaments play important structural and functional roles in eukaryotic cells.
This chapter discusses microfilaments, which are one of the three main types of cytoskeletal filaments found in eukaryotic cells. Microfilaments are composed of actin filaments and play important roles in cell motility, structure, and intracellular transport. They allow cells to change shape and to move by contracting or extending parts of the cell surface.
This document is the copyright page for Chapter 16 from the 6th edition of the textbook "Molecular Cell Biology" published in 2008 by W. H. Freeman and Company. The chapter is titled "Signaling Pathways that Control Gene Activity" and is authored by a group of scientists including Lodish, Berk, Kaiser, Krieger, Scott, Bretscher, Ploegh and Matsudaira.
This document is the copyright page for Chapter 15 of the 6th edition textbook "Molecular Cell Biology" by Lodish, Berk, Kaiser, Krieger, Scott, Bretscher, Ploegh, and Matsudaira. It provides the chapter title "Cell Signaling I: Signal Transduction and Short-Term Cellular Responses" and notes the copyright is held by W. H. Freeman and Company in 2008.
This document is the copyright page for Chapter 14 from the 6th edition textbook "Molecular Cell Biology" published in 2008 by W. H. Freeman and Company. The chapter is titled "Vesicular Traffic, Secretion, and Endocytosis" and is authored by a group of scientists including Lodish, Berk, Kaiser, Krieger, Scott, Bretscher, Ploegh and Matsudaira.
This chapter discusses how proteins are transported into membranes and organelles within cells. Proteins destined for membranes or organelles have targeting signals that are recognized by transport systems. The transport systems then direct the proteins to their proper destinations, such as inserting membrane proteins into membranes or delivering soluble proteins into organelles.
This document is the copyright information for Chapter 12 from the sixth edition of the textbook "Molecular Cell Biology" published in 2008 by W. H. Freeman and Company. The chapter is titled "Cellular Energetics" and is authored by Lodish, Berk, Kaiser, Krieger, Scott, Bretscher, Ploegh, and Matsudaira.
This chapter discusses the transmembrane transport of ions and small molecules across cell membranes. It covers topics such as passive transport through membrane channels and pumps, as well as active transport using ATP. The chapter is from the 6th edition of the textbook Molecular Cell Biology and is copyrighted by W. H. Freeman and Company in 2008.
This document is the copyright information for Chapter 10, titled "Biomembrane Structure", from the sixth edition of the textbook "Molecular Cell Biology" published in 2008 by W. H. Freeman and Company. The chapter was written by a team of authors including Lodish, Berk, Kaiser, Krieger, Scott, Bretscher, Ploegh and Matsudaira.
This document is the copyright information for Chapter 9 from the 6th edition of the textbook "Molecular Cell Biology" published in 2008 by W. H. Freeman and Company. The chapter is titled "Visualizing, Fractionating, and Culturing Cells" and is authored by Lodish, Berk, Kaiser, Krieger, Scott, Bretscher, Ploegh, and Matsudaira.
ISO/IEC 27001, ISO/IEC 42001, and GDPR: Best Practices for Implementation and...PECB
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Date: May 29, 2024
Tags: Information Security, ISO/IEC 27001, ISO/IEC 42001, Artificial Intelligence, GDPR
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How to Make a Field Mandatory in Odoo 17Celine George
In Odoo, making a field required can be done through both Python code and XML views. When you set the required attribute to True in Python code, it makes the field required across all views where it's used. Conversely, when you set the required attribute in XML views, it makes the field required only in the context of that particular view.
This slide is special for master students (MIBS & MIFB) in UUM. Also useful for readers who are interested in the topic of contemporary Islamic banking.
How to Build a Module in Odoo 17 Using the Scaffold MethodCeline George
Odoo provides an option for creating a module by using a single line command. By using this command the user can make a whole structure of a module. It is very easy for a beginner to make a module. There is no need to make each file manually. This slide will show how to create a module using the scaffold method.
How to Add Chatter in the odoo 17 ERP ModuleCeline George
In Odoo, the chatter is like a chat tool that helps you work together on records. You can leave notes and track things, making it easier to talk with your team and partners. Inside chatter, all communication history, activity, and changes will be displayed.
The simplified electron and muon model, Oscillating Spacetime: The Foundation...RitikBhardwaj56
Discover the Simplified Electron and Muon Model: A New Wave-Based Approach to Understanding Particles delves into a groundbreaking theory that presents electrons and muons as rotating soliton waves within oscillating spacetime. Geared towards students, researchers, and science buffs, this book breaks down complex ideas into simple explanations. It covers topics such as electron waves, temporal dynamics, and the implications of this model on particle physics. With clear illustrations and easy-to-follow explanations, readers will gain a new outlook on the universe's fundamental nature.
Strategies for Effective Upskilling is a presentation by Chinwendu Peace in a Your Skill Boost Masterclass organisation by the Excellence Foundation for South Sudan on 08th and 09th June 2024 from 1 PM to 3 PM on each day.
How to Manage Your Lost Opportunities in Odoo 17 CRMCeline George
Odoo 17 CRM allows us to track why we lose sales opportunities with "Lost Reasons." This helps analyze our sales process and identify areas for improvement. Here's how to configure lost reasons in Odoo 17 CRM
How to Setup Warehouse & Location in Odoo 17 InventoryCeline George
In this slide, we'll explore how to set up warehouses and locations in Odoo 17 Inventory. This will help us manage our stock effectively, track inventory levels, and streamline warehouse operations.
How to Setup Warehouse & Location in Odoo 17 Inventory
Chapter7 120910143333-phpapp01
1. LIVING IN THE ENVIRONMENT 17TH
MILLER/SPOOLMAN
Chapter 7
Climate and Biodiversity
2. Core Case Study: Different Climates
Support Different Life Forms
• Climate -- long-term temperature and precipitation
patterns – determines which plants and animals can
live where
• Tropical: equator, intense sunlight
• Polar: poles, little sunlight
• Temperate: in-between tropical and polar
4. The Earth Has Many Different
Climates (1)
• Weather
• Temperature, precipitation, wind speed, cloud cover
• Hours to days
• Climate
• Area’s general pattern of atmospheric conditions over
decades and longer
5. Fig. 7-2, p. 149
Natural Capital: Generalized Map of the Earth’s Current
Climate Zones
6. The Earth Has Many Different
Climates (2)
• Air circulation in lower atmosphere due to
1. Uneven heating of the earth’s surface by sun
2. Rotation of the earth on its axis
3. Properties of air, water, and land
• Ocean currents
• Prevailing winds
• Earth’s rotation
• Redistribution of heat from the sun
• Surface currents and deep currents
8. Fig. 7-4, p. 150
Energy Transfer by Convection
in the Atmosphere
9. Fig. 7-5, p. 150
Connected Deep and Shallow Ocean Currents
10. Greenhouse Gases Warm the
Lower Atmosphere
• Greenhouse gases
• H2O
• CO2
• CH4
• N2O
• Natural greenhouse effect
• Gases keep earth habitable
• Earth would be 33
o
C colder without
• Human-enhanced global warming
11. Fig. 3-4, p. 57
Flow of Energy to and from the Earth
12. Earth’s Surface Features Affect Local
Climates
• Differential heat absorption by land and water
• Land and sea breezes
• Rain shadow effect
• Most precipitation falls on the windward side of
mountain ranges
• Deserts on leeward side
• Cities create microclimates
13. Fig. 7-6, p. 152
Rain Shadow Effect
Windward Side Leeward Side
14. Climate Helps Determine Where
Organisms Can Live
• Major biomes: large land regions with certain types
of climate and dominant plant life
• Not uniform
• Mosaic of patches
• Latitude and elevation
• Annual precipitation
• Temperature
20. There Are Three Major Types of
Deserts
1. Tropical deserts – United Arab Emirates
2. Temperate deserts – Deserts in U.S.
3. Cold deserts – Gobi Desert
• Fragile ecosystem
• Slow plant growth
• Low species diversity
• Slow nutrient recycling
• Lack of water
21. Fig. 7-10, p. 155
Climate Graphs of Three Types of Deserts
23. Science Focus: Staying Alive
in the Desert
• Beat the heat/every drop of water counts
• Plant adaptations
• Succulents
• Deep tap roots
• Animal strategies and adaptations
• Physiology and anatomy
• Behavior
24. Fig. 7-A, p. 156
Wildflowers Bloom after Rain in Arizona
25. There Are Three Major Types of
Grasslands (1)
1. Tropical
2. Temperate
3. Cold (arctic tundra)
26. Fig. 7-11, p. 157
Climate Graphs of Tropical, Temperate, and Cold
Grasslands
27. There Are Three Major Types of
Grasslands (2)
• Tropical
• Savanna
• Grazing animals
• Browsing animals
• Temperate
• Cold winters and hot and dry summers
• Tall-grass prairies
• Short-grass prairies
• Often converted to farmland
29. There Are Three Major Types of
Grasslands (3)
• Arctic tundra: fragile biome
• Plants close to ground to conserve heat
• Most growth in short summer
• Animals have thick fur
• Permafrost
• Underground soil that stays frozen
• Alpine tundra: above tree line in mountains
30. Fig. 7-12, p. 158
Monoculture Crop Replacing Biologically Diverse
Temperate Grassland
31. Temperate Shrubland: Nice Climate,
Risky Place to Live
• Chaparral
• Near the sea: nice climate
• Prone to fires in the dry season
32. There Are Three Major Types of
Forests (1)
1. Tropical
2. Temperate
3. Cold
• Northern coniferous and boreal
33. Fig. 7-13, p. 160
Climate Graphs of Tropical, Temperate, and Cold Forests
34. There Are Three Major Types of
Forests (2)
• Tropical rain forests
• Temperature and moisture
• Stratification of specialized plant and animal niches
• Little wind – reliance on animals for pollination
• Rapid recycling of scarce soil nutrients
• Impact of human activities
36. Fig. 7-15, p. 162
Niche Stratification in a Tropical Rain Forest
37. There Are Three Major Types of
Forests (3)
• Temperate deciduous forests
• Temperature and moisture
• Broad-leaf trees
• Slow rate of decomposition – leaves thick layer of
organic matter
• Impact of human activities
39. There Are Three Major Types of
Forests (4)
• Evergreen coniferous forests: boreal and taigas
• Temperature and moisture
• Few species of cone bearing trees
• Slow decomposition – soil isn’t nutrient rich
• Coastal coniferous forest
• Temperate rain forests
41. Fig. 7-16, p. 163
Temperate Rain Forest in Washington State
42. Mountains Play Important
Ecological Roles
• Majority of the world’s forests
• Islands of biodiversity
• Habitats for endemic species
• Help regulate the earth’s climate
• Major storehouses of water
• Role in hydrologic cycle
43. Fig. 7-17, p. 163
Mount Rainier National Park in Washington State
44. Humans Have Disturbed Most of
the Earth’s Lands
• Deserts
• Grasslands
• Forests
• Mountains
45. Fig. 7-18, p. 165
Major Human Impacts on Terrestrial Ecosystems
46. Three Big Ideas
1. Differences in climate, based mostly on long-term
differences in average temperature and precipitation,
largely determine the types and locations of the earth’s
deserts, grasslands, and forests.
2. The earth’s terrestrial systems provide important
ecological and economic services.
3. Human activities are degrading and disrupting many of
the ecological and economic services provided by the
earth’s terrestrial ecosystems.
Editor's Notes
Figure 7.1: Earth has three major climate zones: tropical, where the climate is generally warm throughout the year (top); temperate, where the climate is not extreme and typically changes in four different annual seasons (middle); and polar, where it is generally cold during both winter and summer seasons (bottom). These differences lead to different types of vegetation such as those found in a hot and wet tropical rain forest in Australia (top), a temperate deciduous forest in the autumn near Hamburg, Germany (middle), and the arctic tundra found in the U.S. state of Alaska during summer (bottom).
Figure 7.2: Natural capital.
This generalized map of the earth’s current climate zones shows the major ocean currents and upwelling areas (where currents bring nutrients from the ocean bottom to the surface). See an animation based on this figure at CengageNOW. Question: Based on this map, what is the general type of climate where you live?
Figure 7.3: Global air circulation: The largest input of solar energy occurs at the equator. As this air is heated, it would naturally rise and move toward the poles (left). However, the earth’s rotation deflects this movement of the air over different parts of the earth. This creates global patterns of prevailing winds that help to distribute heat and moisture in the atmosphere and result in the earth’s variety of forests, grasslands, and deserts (right).
Figure 7.4: This diagram illustrates energy transfer by convection in the atmosphere. Convection occurs when warm, wet air rises, then cools and releases heat and moisture as precipitation (right side and top, center). Then the cooler, denser, and drier air sinks, warms up, and absorbs moisture as it flows across the earth’s surface (bottom) to begin the cycle again.
Figure 7.5: Connected deep and shallow ocean currents: A connected loop of shallow and deep ocean currents transports warm and cool water to various parts of the earth. This loop, which rises in some areas and falls in others, results when ocean water in the North Atlantic near Iceland is dense enough (because of its salt content and cold temperature) to sink to the ocean bottom, flow southward, and then move eastward to well up in the warmer Pacific. A shallower return current, aided by winds, then brings warmer, less salty, and thus less dense water to the Atlantic. This water then cools and sinks to begin this extremely slow cycle again. Question: How do you think this loop affects the climates of the coastal areas around it?
Figure 3.4: High-quality solar energy flows from the sun to the earth. As it interacts with the earth’s air, water, soil, and life, it is degraded into lower-quality energy (heat) that flows back into space.
Figure 7.6: The rain shadow effect is a reduction of rainfall and loss of moisture from the landscape on the side of mountains facing away from prevailing surface winds. Warm, moist air in onshore winds loses most of its moisture as rain and snow that fall on the windward slopes of a mountain range. This leads to semiarid and arid conditions on the leeward side of the mountain range and the land beyond. The Mojave Desert in the U.S. state of California and Asia’s Gobi Desert were both created by this effect.
Figure 7.7: Natural capital.
The earth’s major biomes—each characterized by a certain combination of climate and dominant vegetation—result primarily from differences in climate (Core Case study). Each biome contains many ecosystems whose communities have adapted to differences in climate, soil, and other environmental factors. People have removed or altered much of the natural vegetation in some areas for farming, livestock grazing, obtaining timber and fuelwood, mining, and construction of towns and cities. (Figure 3, p. S33, in Supplement 8 shows the major biomes of North America.) See an animation based on this figure at CengageNOW. Question: If you take away human influences such as farming and urban development, what kind of biome do you live in?
Figure 7.8: This diagram shows the generalized effects of elevation (left) and latitude (right) on climate and biomes (Core Case study). Parallel changes in vegetation type occur when we travel from the equator toward the north pole and from lowlands to mountaintops. Question: How might the components of the left diagram change as the earth warms during this century? Explain.
Figure 7.9: Natural capital.
This diagram demonstrates that average precipitation and average temperature, acting together as limiting factors over a long time, help to determine the type of desert, grassland, or forest in a particular area, and thus the types of plants, animals, and decomposers found in that area (assuming it has not been disturbed by human activities).
Figure 7.10: These climate graphs track the typical variations in annual temperature (red) and precipitation (blue) in tropical, temperate, and cold deserts. Top photo: a tropical desert in the United Arab Emirates, in which a sport utility vehicle (SUV) participates in a popular but environmentally destructive SUV rodeo. Center photo: a temperate desert in southeastern California, with saguaro cactus, a prominent species in this ecosystem. Bottom photo: a cold desert, Mongolia’s Gobi Desert, where Bactrian camels live. Question: What month of the year has the highest temperature and the lowest rainfall for each of the three types of deserts?
Figure 7.A: After a brief rain, these wildflowers bloomed in this temperate desert in Picacho Peak State Park in the U.S. state of Arizona.
Figure 7.11: These climate graphs track the typical variations in annual temperature (red) and precipitation (blue) in tropical, temperate, and cold (arctic tundra) grasslands. Top photo: savanna (tropical grassland) in Maasai Mara National Park in Kenya, Africa, with wildebeests grazing. Center photo: prairie (temperate grassland) near East Glacier Park in the U.S. state of Montana, with wildflowers in bloom. Bottom photo: arctic tundra (cold grassland) in autumn in the U.S. state of Alaska (see also Figure 7-1, bottom). Question: What month of the year has the highest temperature and the lowest rainfall for each of the three types of grassland?
Figure 7.12: Natural capital degradation.
This intensively cultivated cropland is an example of the replacement of a biologically diverse temperate grassland with a monoculture crop in the U.S. state of California. When humans remove the tangled root network of natural grasses, the fertile topsoil becomes subject to severe wind erosion unless it is covered with some type of vegetation.
Figure 7.13: These climate graphs track the typical variations in annual temperature (red) and precipitation (blue) in tropical, temperate, and cold (northern coniferous, or boreal) forests. Top photo: the closed canopy of a tropical rain forest in the western Congo Basin of Gabon, Africa. Middle photo: a temperate deciduous forest in the U.S. state of Rhode Island during the fall. (Photo 1 in the Detailed Contents shows this same area of forest during winter when its trees have lost their leaves.) Bottom photo: a northern coniferous forest in Canada’s Jasper National Park. Question: What month of the year has the highest temperature and the lowest rainfall for each of the three types of forest?
Figure 7.14: This diagram shows some of the components and interactions in a tropical rain forest ecosystem. When these organisms die, decomposers break down their organic matter into minerals that plants use. Colored arrows indicate transfers of matter and energy between producers; primary consumers (herbivores); secondary, or higher-level, consumers (carnivores); and decomposers. Organisms are not drawn to scale. See an animation based on this figure at CengageNOW.
Figure 7.15: This diagram illustrates the stratification of specialized plant and animal niches in a tropical rain forest. Filling such specialized niches enables species to avoid or minimize competition for resources and results in the coexistence of a great variety of species.
Figure 7.16: Temperate rain forest in Olympic National Park in the U.S. state of Washington.
Figure 7.17: Mountains such as this one in the U.S. state of Washington play important ecological roles.
Figure 7.18: This diagram illustrates the major human impacts on the world's deserts, grasslands, forests, and mountains (Concept 7-3). Question: For each of these biomes, which two of the impacts listed do you think are the most harmful?