This document provides an overview of IP routing and the Routing Information Protocol (RIP). It discusses the basic components and functions of routing, including static and dynamic routing. RIP is introduced as a distance-vector routing protocol that uses hop count as its metric. Key aspects of RIP covered include route updates every 30 seconds, support for up to 16 hops, and RIP version 2 allowing for variable length subnet masks. The document also discusses verifying and troubleshooting RIP configurations.
RIPv1 is a classful distance-vector routing protocol that sends periodic updates via broadcast every 30 seconds without authentication. It does not support VLSM or subnets. RIPv2 is a classless hybrid routing protocol that uses multicast to send periodic or triggered updates with the option to include subnet masks. It supports authentication, VLSM, and CIDR.
RIPng is an extension of RIP for IPv6 that requires enabling RIPng using the "ipv6 router rip tag" command and enabling the routing protocol on interfaces using "ipv6 rip tag enable", where the tag must match the one used in the first command. Verification can be done using the "show ipv6 route" command to see routes received from other routers running RIPng.
RIP (Routing Information Protocol) is an older distance vector routing protocol that is commonly used in small networks. It uses hop count as its metric and sends the entire routing table every 30 seconds. RIP version 2 is backwards compatible with version 1 and supports features like advertising subnet masks, authentication, and triggered updates. RIP is simple to configure but lacks more advanced capabilities of protocols like OSPF and EIGRP.
RIPv1 has several limitations when used in the given topology, including that it:
- Does not support discontiguous subnets
- Cannot advertise VLSM subnets since it does not include subnet masks in updates
- Equally installs routes from R1 and R3 for the 172.30.0.0/16 network on R2, causing routing issues
- Does not support CIDR routes that are summarized with a smaller mask than the classful subnet mask
Configuring RIPv2 addresses these limitations by including the subnet mask and next hop address in routing updates.
Routing information protocol & rip configuration3Anetwork com
Routing Information Protocol (RIP) is a distance-vector routing protocol that uses hop count as its routing metric. RIP version 1 (RIPv1) uses broadcast updates every 30 seconds and has a maximum hop count of 15. RIPv1 supports classful routing only. RIP version 2 (RIPv2) is an enhanced protocol that uses multicasts, supports classless routing with VLSM, and allows for authentication. The document then provides the configuration and verification steps to implement RIPv2 routing between three routers connected in a network.
RIP is an interior gateway protocol that employs distance-vector routing and uses hop count as its routing metric. It works by periodically sharing full routing tables between neighboring routers to detect changes in network reachability. The maximum number of hops allowed in the RIP protocol is 15, which limits the size of networks it can support. There are two versions of RIP - version 1 lacks support for VLSM and authentication, while version 2 adds these features and multicasts updates. RIP has limitations such as slow convergence, count to infinity problems, and an inability to support networks larger than 15 hops without extensions.
RIP (Routing Information Protocol) is a standard routing protocol that exchanges routing information between gateways and hosts. It works by limiting routes to a maximum of 15 hops to prevent routing loops. There are three versions of RIP: RIP version 1 supports only classful routing; RIP version 2 adds support for VLSM and authentication; and RIPng extends RIP version 2 to support IPv6. RIP has limitations such as a small hop count limit and slow convergence times. It is commonly implemented in Cisco IOS, Junos, and open source routing software.
BFD is a protocol that can quickly detect failures in the forwarding path between two adjacent routers, including interfaces, data links, and forwarding planes. It operates in two modes: asynchronous mode where it periodically sends control packets, and demand mode where it only sends packets when needed. When a failure is detected, BFD triggers routing protocol actions to recalculate the routing table and reduce convergence time. It provides fast failure detection independently of media, encapsulation, topology, or routing protocol. Configuring BFD involves setting intervals at the interface level and enabling it for routing protocols.
RIPv1 is a classful distance-vector routing protocol that sends periodic updates via broadcast every 30 seconds without authentication. It does not support VLSM or subnets. RIPv2 is a classless hybrid routing protocol that uses multicast to send periodic or triggered updates with the option to include subnet masks. It supports authentication, VLSM, and CIDR.
RIPng is an extension of RIP for IPv6 that requires enabling RIPng using the "ipv6 router rip tag" command and enabling the routing protocol on interfaces using "ipv6 rip tag enable", where the tag must match the one used in the first command. Verification can be done using the "show ipv6 route" command to see routes received from other routers running RIPng.
RIP (Routing Information Protocol) is an older distance vector routing protocol that is commonly used in small networks. It uses hop count as its metric and sends the entire routing table every 30 seconds. RIP version 2 is backwards compatible with version 1 and supports features like advertising subnet masks, authentication, and triggered updates. RIP is simple to configure but lacks more advanced capabilities of protocols like OSPF and EIGRP.
RIPv1 has several limitations when used in the given topology, including that it:
- Does not support discontiguous subnets
- Cannot advertise VLSM subnets since it does not include subnet masks in updates
- Equally installs routes from R1 and R3 for the 172.30.0.0/16 network on R2, causing routing issues
- Does not support CIDR routes that are summarized with a smaller mask than the classful subnet mask
Configuring RIPv2 addresses these limitations by including the subnet mask and next hop address in routing updates.
Routing information protocol & rip configuration3Anetwork com
Routing Information Protocol (RIP) is a distance-vector routing protocol that uses hop count as its routing metric. RIP version 1 (RIPv1) uses broadcast updates every 30 seconds and has a maximum hop count of 15. RIPv1 supports classful routing only. RIP version 2 (RIPv2) is an enhanced protocol that uses multicasts, supports classless routing with VLSM, and allows for authentication. The document then provides the configuration and verification steps to implement RIPv2 routing between three routers connected in a network.
RIP is an interior gateway protocol that employs distance-vector routing and uses hop count as its routing metric. It works by periodically sharing full routing tables between neighboring routers to detect changes in network reachability. The maximum number of hops allowed in the RIP protocol is 15, which limits the size of networks it can support. There are two versions of RIP - version 1 lacks support for VLSM and authentication, while version 2 adds these features and multicasts updates. RIP has limitations such as slow convergence, count to infinity problems, and an inability to support networks larger than 15 hops without extensions.
RIP (Routing Information Protocol) is a standard routing protocol that exchanges routing information between gateways and hosts. It works by limiting routes to a maximum of 15 hops to prevent routing loops. There are three versions of RIP: RIP version 1 supports only classful routing; RIP version 2 adds support for VLSM and authentication; and RIPng extends RIP version 2 to support IPv6. RIP has limitations such as a small hop count limit and slow convergence times. It is commonly implemented in Cisco IOS, Junos, and open source routing software.
BFD is a protocol that can quickly detect failures in the forwarding path between two adjacent routers, including interfaces, data links, and forwarding planes. It operates in two modes: asynchronous mode where it periodically sends control packets, and demand mode where it only sends packets when needed. When a failure is detected, BFD triggers routing protocol actions to recalculate the routing table and reduce convergence time. It provides fast failure detection independently of media, encapsulation, topology, or routing protocol. Configuring BFD involves setting intervals at the interface level and enabling it for routing protocols.
RIPv2 is an enhancement of RIPv1 that supports VLSM, CIDR, and sends subnet masks and next hop addresses in routing updates. It is a classless distance vector routing protocol. The document discusses RIPv1 limitations like not supporting VLSM or CIDR, and describes configuring and verifying RIPv2. It also covers topics like disabling auto-summary and using RIPv2 in networks using VLSM and CIDR addressing.
The document discusses the Routing Information Protocol (RIP). It describes that RIP is a distance-vector interior gateway protocol that uses hop count as its routing metric. It discusses the two versions of RIP - RIPv1 and RIPv2, and their differences in areas like classful/classless operation, broadcast/multicast updates. It also covers RIP configuration, operation, timers, authentication, route filtering, and other features.
This document provides an overview of configuring the Routing Information Protocol (RIP) in ExtremeXOS. It describes RIP as a distance-vector routing protocol and discusses RIP version 1 and 2. The document outlines the steps to configure RIP, including enabling it on VLANs and globally, and verifies the RIP configuration. It also covers RIP concepts like routing loops, split horizon, poison reverse, and triggered updates. Students will learn how to configure, verify, and test RIP in the accompanying lab guide.
RIP is an interior gateway protocol that uses distance vector routing and the Bellman-Ford algorithm to dynamically adapt to network changes. It works by having each router calculate the distances to reachable networks and share these distances with neighboring routers. However, RIP has issues with slow convergence and count-to-infinity problems when network failures occur. Several techniques are used to address these issues, including hold downs, split horizon, poison reverse updates, and triggered updates.
It is an open standard, distance vector, classfull routing protocol. Rip version 2 supports classless.
It sends the complete routing table out to all active interfaces every 30 seconds. Rip only uses hop count
to determine the best way to a remote network, but it has a maximum allowable hop count of 15 by
default, meaning that 16 is deemed unreachable. RIP works well in small networks, but it’s inefficient on
large networks with slow WAN links or on networks with a large number of routers installed.
How to Configure Routing Information Protocol (RIP)IT Tech
The document describes how to configure Routing Information Protocol (RIP) version 2 on three routers to enable routing between connected networks. It provides the configuration steps for setting hostnames, IP addresses and RIP on each router. It also shows how to verify the routing tables and connectivity between hosts on different networks using the ping command.
VLAN allows logical segmentation of networks even if they are physically connected. It divides a physical broadcast domain into multiple broadcast domains to reduce broadcast traffic and increase security. VLAN uses tagging to identify which VLAN a frame belongs to and switches use filtering tables to determine how to handle each frame. Routers are needed to route between VLANs since they are separate broadcast domains.
The document discusses the Interior Gateway Routing Protocol (IGRP) and Enhanced Interior Gateway Routing Protocol (EIGRP). IGRP was developed by Cisco in 1986 as an alternative to RIP routing, which had limitations like metric hop count and routing overhead. IGRP uses a composite metric including bandwidth, delay, reliability, and loading to determine the best path. It supports unequal cost load balancing and converges faster than RIP. EIGRP is an enhanced version of IGRP that uses the same metric system and supports features like variable length subnet masking.
How to configure interior gateway routing protocol (igrp)IT Tech
The document describes how to configure Interior Gateway Routing Protocol (IGRP) on three routers to enable connectivity between three networks. It provides the configuration steps for each router, including setting hostnames, IP addresses on interfaces, and enabling IGRP with the network commands. It also shows how to verify the routing tables and connectivity between networks using the ping command.
RIP (Routing Information Protocol) is a distance vector routing protocol that exchanges routing information between routers to determine the best path. It uses hop count as the path selection metric and limits paths to 15 hops. RIP routers send routing updates every 30 seconds by default to advertise routes and timers are used to mark routes as invalid if updates are not received. It has features like split horizon and hold-down to improve stability but only considers hop count in path selection.
IPV6 uses a 128-bit address with 8 groups of 16 bits each. It does not support broadcast, NAT, or subnetting like IPv4. Communication types include unicast (one-to-one), multicast (one-to-many), and anycast (one-to-nearest). Special IP addresses include the loopback (::1), invalid (::), multicast (ff80::), link-local (fe80::), global unicast (2000::), and unique local (fc00::). WAN connections can be via dedicated lines, packet switching like Frame Relay, or protocols including HDLC, PPP, and Frame Relay which is configured between routers with DLCI, IP
RIP (Routing Information Protocol) is a distance vector routing protocol that uses hop count as its routing metric. It sends routing table updates every 30 seconds using UDP port 520 and uses the Bellman-Ford algorithm. RIP has timers that control the update, invalid, flush, and hold down times that impact route propagation. It supports features like split horizon and poison reverse to prevent routing loops.
- RIPv1 is an older classful distance vector routing protocol that does not support VLSM, CIDR, or sending subnet masks in routing updates. RIPv2 enhances RIPv1 by including subnet masks and next hop addresses in updates, allowing it to support VLSM and CIDR.
- Configuring RIPv2 involves using the "version 2" command and disabling automatic summarization if all subnets need to be advertised. The "debug ip rip" command can verify RIPv2 is operating correctly.
- Troubleshooting RIPv2 focuses on checking configurations, links, and using commands like "show ip protocols" to verify the correct version and operation of RIPv2.
The document discusses routing protocols and concepts. It explains that routing is the act of moving information across an internetwork from source to destination. It then discusses different types of routing protocols including interior gateway protocols like RIP, IGRP, EIGRP, and OSPF, as well as exterior protocols. The document also covers routing fundamentals and how to configure and verify routing on Cisco routers.
The document discusses router configuration in Packet Tracer. It describes how Packet Tracer can be used to illustrate basic network concepts in real time. It then covers the key components of a router, including common vendors, port types, and configuration modes. The remainder of the document provides step-by-step instructions for configuring a simple static routing scenario between two routers to connect two networks.
The document discusses a basic BGP lab scenario to demonstrate BGP configuration and operation. It describes a network with two ISPs connected to an AS through two boundary routers. In the initial scenario, EBGP is configured between the ISPs and boundary routers, with IGP (RIPv2) routing within the AS. The boundary routers cannot reach networks attached to the opposite ISP due to the lack of IBGP. Configuring IBGP allows the boundary routers to exchange routes and reach all networks.
This chapter discusses VLANs (virtual LANs), which logically segment a physical network into smaller broadcast domains. VLANs provide benefits like simplified management, security, and flexibility. Key concepts covered include VLAN memberships, frame tagging protocols like ISL and 802.1q, the VLAN Trunk Protocol (VTP) for managing VLANs across switches, and trunking for carrying multiple VLANs between switches. The chapter concludes with examples of configuring VLANs, trunking, inter-VLAN routing, and VTP on Cisco switches.
This chapter discusses IPv6, including what it is, why it is needed, IPv6 addressing, address types, special addresses, autoconfiguration, configuring IPv6, and tunneling. IPv6 was created to replace IPv4 and address the problem of looming address exhaustion. It uses 128-bit addresses instead of 32-bit in IPv4. The document outlines various IPv6 address types including unicast, multicast, and anycast. It also describes special IPv6 addresses like the link-local and unique local address ranges. Autoconfiguration and configuring IPv6 on routers and interfaces is also covered.
RIPv2 is an enhancement of RIPv1 that supports VLSM, CIDR, and sends subnet masks and next hop addresses in routing updates. It is a classless distance vector routing protocol. The document discusses RIPv1 limitations like not supporting VLSM or CIDR, and describes configuring and verifying RIPv2. It also covers topics like disabling auto-summary and using RIPv2 in networks using VLSM and CIDR addressing.
The document discusses the Routing Information Protocol (RIP). It describes that RIP is a distance-vector interior gateway protocol that uses hop count as its routing metric. It discusses the two versions of RIP - RIPv1 and RIPv2, and their differences in areas like classful/classless operation, broadcast/multicast updates. It also covers RIP configuration, operation, timers, authentication, route filtering, and other features.
This document provides an overview of configuring the Routing Information Protocol (RIP) in ExtremeXOS. It describes RIP as a distance-vector routing protocol and discusses RIP version 1 and 2. The document outlines the steps to configure RIP, including enabling it on VLANs and globally, and verifies the RIP configuration. It also covers RIP concepts like routing loops, split horizon, poison reverse, and triggered updates. Students will learn how to configure, verify, and test RIP in the accompanying lab guide.
RIP is an interior gateway protocol that uses distance vector routing and the Bellman-Ford algorithm to dynamically adapt to network changes. It works by having each router calculate the distances to reachable networks and share these distances with neighboring routers. However, RIP has issues with slow convergence and count-to-infinity problems when network failures occur. Several techniques are used to address these issues, including hold downs, split horizon, poison reverse updates, and triggered updates.
It is an open standard, distance vector, classfull routing protocol. Rip version 2 supports classless.
It sends the complete routing table out to all active interfaces every 30 seconds. Rip only uses hop count
to determine the best way to a remote network, but it has a maximum allowable hop count of 15 by
default, meaning that 16 is deemed unreachable. RIP works well in small networks, but it’s inefficient on
large networks with slow WAN links or on networks with a large number of routers installed.
How to Configure Routing Information Protocol (RIP)IT Tech
The document describes how to configure Routing Information Protocol (RIP) version 2 on three routers to enable routing between connected networks. It provides the configuration steps for setting hostnames, IP addresses and RIP on each router. It also shows how to verify the routing tables and connectivity between hosts on different networks using the ping command.
VLAN allows logical segmentation of networks even if they are physically connected. It divides a physical broadcast domain into multiple broadcast domains to reduce broadcast traffic and increase security. VLAN uses tagging to identify which VLAN a frame belongs to and switches use filtering tables to determine how to handle each frame. Routers are needed to route between VLANs since they are separate broadcast domains.
The document discusses the Interior Gateway Routing Protocol (IGRP) and Enhanced Interior Gateway Routing Protocol (EIGRP). IGRP was developed by Cisco in 1986 as an alternative to RIP routing, which had limitations like metric hop count and routing overhead. IGRP uses a composite metric including bandwidth, delay, reliability, and loading to determine the best path. It supports unequal cost load balancing and converges faster than RIP. EIGRP is an enhanced version of IGRP that uses the same metric system and supports features like variable length subnet masking.
How to configure interior gateway routing protocol (igrp)IT Tech
The document describes how to configure Interior Gateway Routing Protocol (IGRP) on three routers to enable connectivity between three networks. It provides the configuration steps for each router, including setting hostnames, IP addresses on interfaces, and enabling IGRP with the network commands. It also shows how to verify the routing tables and connectivity between networks using the ping command.
RIP (Routing Information Protocol) is a distance vector routing protocol that exchanges routing information between routers to determine the best path. It uses hop count as the path selection metric and limits paths to 15 hops. RIP routers send routing updates every 30 seconds by default to advertise routes and timers are used to mark routes as invalid if updates are not received. It has features like split horizon and hold-down to improve stability but only considers hop count in path selection.
IPV6 uses a 128-bit address with 8 groups of 16 bits each. It does not support broadcast, NAT, or subnetting like IPv4. Communication types include unicast (one-to-one), multicast (one-to-many), and anycast (one-to-nearest). Special IP addresses include the loopback (::1), invalid (::), multicast (ff80::), link-local (fe80::), global unicast (2000::), and unique local (fc00::). WAN connections can be via dedicated lines, packet switching like Frame Relay, or protocols including HDLC, PPP, and Frame Relay which is configured between routers with DLCI, IP
RIP (Routing Information Protocol) is a distance vector routing protocol that uses hop count as its routing metric. It sends routing table updates every 30 seconds using UDP port 520 and uses the Bellman-Ford algorithm. RIP has timers that control the update, invalid, flush, and hold down times that impact route propagation. It supports features like split horizon and poison reverse to prevent routing loops.
- RIPv1 is an older classful distance vector routing protocol that does not support VLSM, CIDR, or sending subnet masks in routing updates. RIPv2 enhances RIPv1 by including subnet masks and next hop addresses in updates, allowing it to support VLSM and CIDR.
- Configuring RIPv2 involves using the "version 2" command and disabling automatic summarization if all subnets need to be advertised. The "debug ip rip" command can verify RIPv2 is operating correctly.
- Troubleshooting RIPv2 focuses on checking configurations, links, and using commands like "show ip protocols" to verify the correct version and operation of RIPv2.
The document discusses routing protocols and concepts. It explains that routing is the act of moving information across an internetwork from source to destination. It then discusses different types of routing protocols including interior gateway protocols like RIP, IGRP, EIGRP, and OSPF, as well as exterior protocols. The document also covers routing fundamentals and how to configure and verify routing on Cisco routers.
The document discusses router configuration in Packet Tracer. It describes how Packet Tracer can be used to illustrate basic network concepts in real time. It then covers the key components of a router, including common vendors, port types, and configuration modes. The remainder of the document provides step-by-step instructions for configuring a simple static routing scenario between two routers to connect two networks.
The document discusses a basic BGP lab scenario to demonstrate BGP configuration and operation. It describes a network with two ISPs connected to an AS through two boundary routers. In the initial scenario, EBGP is configured between the ISPs and boundary routers, with IGP (RIPv2) routing within the AS. The boundary routers cannot reach networks attached to the opposite ISP due to the lack of IBGP. Configuring IBGP allows the boundary routers to exchange routes and reach all networks.
This chapter discusses VLANs (virtual LANs), which logically segment a physical network into smaller broadcast domains. VLANs provide benefits like simplified management, security, and flexibility. Key concepts covered include VLAN memberships, frame tagging protocols like ISL and 802.1q, the VLAN Trunk Protocol (VTP) for managing VLANs across switches, and trunking for carrying multiple VLANs between switches. The chapter concludes with examples of configuring VLANs, trunking, inter-VLAN routing, and VTP on Cisco switches.
This chapter discusses IPv6, including what it is, why it is needed, IPv6 addressing, address types, special addresses, autoconfiguration, configuring IPv6, and tunneling. IPv6 was created to replace IPv4 and address the problem of looming address exhaustion. It uses 128-bit addresses instead of 32-bit in IPv4. The document outlines various IPv6 address types including unicast, multicast, and anycast. It also describes special IPv6 addresses like the link-local and unique local address ranges. Autoconfiguration and configuring IPv6 on routers and interfaces is also covered.
This chapter discusses layer-2 switching and spanning tree protocol. Layer-2 switching breaks up collision domains, provides hardware-based bridging at wire speed with low latency and cost. Spanning tree protocol prevents switching loops in layer-2 networks by electing a root bridge and designating ports to block on non-root bridges. The chapter covers purposes of switching and spanning tree, switched network designs, switching services, MAC address learning, switching loop problems, and spanning tree operations.
Network Address Translation (NAT) allows private IP addresses to be translated to public IP addresses to connect to the Internet. There are three types of NAT: static NAT maps a single private IP address to a single public IP, dynamic NAT maps multiple private IP addresses to multiple public IP addresses in a pool, and Port Address Translation (PAT) maps multiple private IP addresses to a single public IP address by multiplexing ports. The document provides configuration examples for static NAT, dynamic NAT, and PAT to translate private addresses to public addresses and allow devices to access the Internet. It concludes by reminding readers to review the chapter material and labs.
This document summarizes a chapter on network security from a CCNA certification study guide. It discusses types of security attacks and how to mitigate them using appliances like IDS and firewalls. It also covers using access control lists (ACLs) to filter network traffic by source/destination IP addresses, protocols, and port numbers. Standard ACLs filter by source IP only, while extended ACLs can filter additional fields. Named ACLs provide descriptive names. The document provides examples of creating and applying standard, extended, and named ACLs to network interfaces to control network access.
The document summarizes key topics from Chapter 12 of the Sybex CCNA 640-802 book on wireless networks, including defining WLANs and how they transmit radio frequencies, describing common 802.11 wireless standards, and discussing wireless security features and protocols like SSID, WEP, WPA, and WPA2. It also lists objectives covered in the chapter on IEEE standards, CSMA/CD, 2.4GHz and 5GHz frequency bands, and wireless network topologies of BSS and ESS. The summary concludes by instructing readers to review written labs and questions from the chapter.
The document covers subnetting, VLSM, and IP troubleshooting. It discusses subnetting basics like how subnetting reduces network traffic and optimizes performance. The key concepts covered include how to create subnets by using host bits as the subnet, understanding subnet masks and CIDR notation, subnetting Class C addresses using various mask bits, calculating the number of subnets and hosts per subnet, and determining valid subnets and broadcast addresses. The document also explains VLSM and how it allows more efficient use of IP addresses and provides examples of applying VLSM. Finally, it discusses troubleshooting topics like identifying reasons a host cannot access a server or LAN segment.
This document provides an overview of wide area networks (WANs) and common WAN technologies. It defines WAN terminology like customer premises equipment and demarcation. It describes different WAN connection types and protocols like HDLC, PPP, Frame Relay and VPNs. PPP is examined in detail, including its components, establishment process and authentication methods. Frame Relay is also covered in depth, discussing its encapsulation, DLCI addressing, subinterfaces, mapping and monitoring. Troubleshooting tips are provided for common Frame Relay issues. Finally, an introduction to VPN technologies is given for remote access, site-to-site and extranet deployments.
This document discusses IP routing and the Routing Information Protocol (RIP). It provides an overview of static and dynamic routing, explaining that dynamic routing protocols like RIP are used to automatically share routing information between routers to determine the best path through a network. The document then discusses key RIP concepts like distance vector routing, route discovery, routing loops, and configuration options in RIP like version 2 support and passive interfaces.
This document discusses IP routing and the Routing Information Protocol (RIP). It provides an overview of static and dynamic routing, including RIP version 1 and 2. Key points covered include how routing protocols discover and maintain routes, routing loops, RIP configuration, and commands to verify RIP operation.
This document discusses routing concepts and types of routing protocols. It defines routing as moving information across a network from source to destination based on IP address. There are static and dynamic routing protocols, with dynamic routing allowing routers to automatically learn and update routing tables in response to network changes. Interior gateway protocols like OSPF and IS-IS are used within autonomous systems, while exterior gateway protocols like BGP route between autonomous systems. Classful protocols do not include subnet masks while classless protocols do, allowing for variable length subnet masking. Administrative distance numbers and metrics are used to determine the best path when multiple routes exist. Distance vector protocols use the Bellman-Ford algorithm while link state protocols have each node build a connectivity map to calculate best
Dynamic routing protocols are used to automatically discover remote networks, maintain up-to-date routing information, and choose the best path to destination networks. There are two main types - interior gateway protocols (IGPs) like RIP, OSPF, and EIGRP that are used within an autonomous system, and exterior protocols like BGP that route between autonomous systems. IGPs use metrics like hop count or bandwidth to determine the best path. OSPF is a link-state protocol that floods link information, while EIGRP uses DUAL algorithm and maintains topology tables for fast convergence.
Routing protocols like RIP are used between routers to determine the best paths and maintain routing tables. RIP is a distance vector routing protocol that uses hop count as the metric to select routes. It broadcasts routing updates every 30 seconds. RIPv1 is classful while RIPv2 is classless and supports VLSM and route summarization. The router rip command enables the RIP process while network identifies participating interfaces.
IP routing is the process of moving packets between networks using routers. Routing protocols are used by routers to dynamically find all networks and ensure consistent routing tables. Common routing protocols include RIP, IGRP, OSPF, and EIGRP. Static routing manually configures routes, while dynamic routing automatically adapts to network changes. Dynamic routing includes distance vector protocols like RIP, link state protocols like OSPF, and hybrid protocols like EIGRP. Routing protocols classify interior gateway protocols (IGPs) as intra-AS and exterior gateway protocols (EGPs) like BGP as inter-AS.
This document discusses considerations for selecting switching and routing protocols for network design. It covers switching options like transparent bridging, multilayer switching, and Spanning Tree Protocol enhancements. For routing, it examines static, dynamic, distance-vector, and link-state protocols. Selection criteria include network characteristics, scalability, and ability to adapt to changes. The document provides examples of protocols like RIP, OSPF, IS-IS, and BGP and contrasts their features and use cases.
Dynamic routing protocols have several advantages over static routing, including not requiring knowledge of destination networks and automatically updating topology changes. RIP, OSPF, and EIGRP are examples of dynamic interior gateway protocols (IGPs) that are commonly used within autonomous systems to exchange routing information between neighbor routers. EIGRP is a proprietary Cisco protocol that has fast convergence and includes features from both distance vector and link state routing protocols.
Dynamic Routing All Algorithms, Working And BasicsHarsh Mehta
This document provides information on computer networks and routing protocols. It discusses advantages and problems of computer networks. It then describes the Enhanced Interior Gateway Routing Protocol (EIGRP) and some of its key features like security, congestion handling, efficiency, and support for IPv4 and IPv6. It also discusses static and dynamic routing, different routing metrics, and compares EIGRP to other routing protocols like RIP, OSPF, and IS-IS.
basic router configuration ppt , what is router in networking
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This document summarizes a chapter about EIGRP and OSPF routing protocols. It discusses key aspects of configuring and verifying EIGRP like using the router eigrp command to enable EIGRP on interfaces, and show commands to view EIGRP neighbor relationships and routing tables. It also covers fundamental OSPF concepts like using network statements to assign interfaces to areas, and show commands to verify the OSPF configuration and neighbor adjacencies. The document provides configuration examples and explains OSPF terminology regarding neighbors, designated routers, and using wildcards in network statements.
RIP is a distance vector routing protocol that calculates routes based on hop count. The router learns remote networks from neighbor routers using RIP advertisements sent every 30 seconds. The administrator must configure which networks to advertise in RIP using the "network" command under the RIP configuration. Verifying RIP, the "show ip route" command displays the routing table including connected routes and RIP learned routes to remote networks.
The document discusses configuring single-area OSPFv2 in point-to-point networks. It describes using the network command to enable OSPF on interfaces matching a network address and wildcard mask. Alternatively, OSPF can be configured directly on interfaces using the ip ospf command. Passive interfaces are used to prevent sending unnecessary routing updates on LAN links. Point-to-point networks are configured to disable DR/BDR election when only two routers connect an interface. Loopbacks can also be used as point-to-point networks.
The document discusses configuring single-area OSPFv2 in point-to-point networks. It describes using the network command to enable OSPF on interfaces matching a network address and wildcard mask. Alternatively, OSPF can be configured directly on interfaces using the ip ospf command. Passive interfaces are described to prevent unnecessary routing updates on interfaces. The network type is changed to point-to-point to disable DR/BDR election for links with only two routers. Loopbacks can also be used as point-to-point networks.
This document discusses Cisco Certified Network Associate (CCNA) certification and networking concepts. It includes:
- An overview of the CCNA certification and what skills it demonstrates in networking areas like LANs, WANs, routing protocols, and network access.
- Explanations of common networking devices, topologies, protocols like IP addressing and routing, and models like the OSI model.
- Descriptions of static and dynamic routing, protocols like RIP, OSPF, EIGRP, and commands used to configure routers.
Router configuration involves configuring the components of a router like RAM, NVRAM, flash memory, interfaces, and ROM. RAM stores routing tables and caches. NVRAM stores the startup configuration. Flash memory stores the IOS image. Interfaces connect routers to networks. Dynamic routing protocols like RIP, IGRP, OSPF, and EIGRP can be configured to exchange routing information. Static routes can also be configured using the ip route command. Troubleshooting commands help monitor router operation and troubleshoot issues.
The document is a list of questions and multiple choice answers for the CCNA 3 v5.0 Final Exam 2014. It includes 25 questions about topics such as configuring EIGRP, OSPF, STP, wireless networks, and troubleshooting routing protocols.
EIGRP and OSPF are routing protocols. EIGRP uses the DUAL algorithm and metric to select fast, loop-free routes. It supports multiple network layers and rapid convergence. OSPF is an open standard link-state protocol that provides a common network view and calculates the shortest path. It can route between autonomous systems and uses link state updates and SPF algorithm. Configuring OSPF involves assigning networks to areas and defining the routing process. Verification includes checking neighbors, routes, and topology tables.
EIGRP and OSPF are routing protocols. EIGRP uses the DUAL algorithm and metric to select fast, loop-free routes. It supports multiple network layers and rapid convergence. OSPF is an open standard link-state protocol that provides a common network view and calculates the shortest path. It can route between autonomous systems and uses link state updates and SPF algorithm. Configuring OSPF involves assigning networks to areas and defining the routing process. Verification includes checking neighbors, routes, and topology tables.
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3. To route a router need to know:
– Remote Networks
– Neighbor Routers
– All Possible routes to remote network
– The absolute best route to all remote
networks
– Maintain and verify the routing information
What is Routing?
C B AD
4. Basic Path Selection
What interface will the router send out a packet
if it has destination address of 10.10.10.18?
6. Routing/PDU Example:
Host A Web browses to the HTTP
Server….
3. The destination port number in a segment header will have a value
of __
1. The destination address of a frame will be the
_______________________
2. The destination IP address of a packet will be the IP address of
the________________________________
9. ip route 172.16.1.0 255.255.255.0 172.16.3.2
or
ip route 172.16.1.0 255.255.255.0 s0
Static Route Example
172.16.3.2
SO
172.16.1.0
B
172.16.3.1
A B
Stub Network
172.16.2.0
SO
11. • Routing protocols are used between
routers to:
– Determine the path of a packet through a network
– Maintain routing tables
– Examples?
• Routed protocols are:
– Assigned to an interface
– Once the path is determined by the Routing
protocol, determines method of delivery
– Examples?
Routing vs. Routed
12. Autonomous System 1 Autonomous System 2
IGPs: RIP, IGRP EGPs: BGP
Routing Protocols
• An autonomous system is a collection of
networks under a common administrative
domain.
• IGPs operate within an autonomous system.
• EGPs connect different autonomous systems.
13. Classful Routing Overview
Classful routing protocols do
not include the subnet mask
with the route advertisement.
– Within the same network, consistency of the
subnet masks is assumed.
– Summary routes are exchanged between
foreign networks.
– Examples of classful routing protocols:
• RIP Version 1 (RIPv1)
• IGRP
14. Classless Routing Overview
Classless routing protocols
include the subnet mask with
the route advertisement.
– Classless routing protocols support
variable-length subnet masking (VLSM).
– Summary routes can be manually
controlled within the network.
– Examples of classless routing protocols:
• RIP Version 2 (RIPv2)
• EIGRP
• OSPF
• IS-IS
21. 64kbps
T1
T1 T1
– Hop count metric selects the path, 16 is unreachable
– Full route table broadcast every 30 seconds
– Load balance maximum of 6 equal cost paths (default = 4)
– RIPv2 supports VLSM and Discontiguous networks
RIP Overview
22. Router(config)#router rip
Router(config-router)#network network-number*
network 172.16.0.0
network 192.168.10.0
router RIP
network 172.16.0.0
network 10.0.0.0
router RIP
*Network is a classful network address.
Every device on network uses the same subnet mask
172.16.10.0 192.168.10.010.3.5.0
RIP Routing Configuration
23. RIP Version 2
• Allows the use of variable length subnet
masks (VLSM) by sending subnet mask
information with each route update
• Distance Vector – same AD, and
timers.
• Easy configuration, just add the
command “version 2” under the router
rip configuration
router rip
network 10.0.0.0
version 2
24. Discontiguous Addressing
• Two networks of the same classful networks
are separated by a different network address
192.168.10.0/24
10.1.1.0/24
192.168.10.0/24
– RIPv1 and IGRP do not advertise subnet masks, and therefore
cannot support discontiguous subnets.
– OSPF, EIGRP, and RIPv2 can advertise subnet masks, and
therefore can support discontiguous subnets.
25. Passive Interface
Maybe you don’t want to send RIP updates
out your router interface connected to the
Internet. Use the passive-interface
command:
Router(config)#router rip
Router(config-router)#passive-interface
serial0
This allows a router to receive route updates on an interface,
but not send updates via that interface
S0 Gateway
Internet
Updates
X
27. Summary
– Open your books and go through all the
written labs and the review questions.
– Review the answers in class.
27
Editor's Notes
Once you create an internetwork by connecting your WANs and LANs to a router, you then need to configure logical network addresses, such as IP addresses, to all hosts on the internetwork so that they can communicate across that internetwork. The term routing is used for taking a packet from one device and sending it through the network to another device on a different network. Routers don’t care about hosts—they only care about networks and the best path to each network. The logical network address of the destination host is used to get packets to a network through a routed network, then the hardware address of the host is used to deliver the packet from a router to the correct destination host.
The router will packet switch the packet to the FastEthernet 0/0 interface and then frame it and send it out the LAN
The IP routing process is fairly simple and doesn’t change, regardless of the size of network you have. For an example, we’ll describe step by step what happens when Host A wants to communicate with Host B on a different network. In this example, a user on Host A pings Host B’s IP address.
This slide represents how segments, packets and frames are used to send data from HostA to the HTTP server. It’s important to remember that frames are “ALWAYS” on a local network and hardware addressees are used. Packets are used to route a segment from one network to another network Segments are used to rebuild a datastream on a remote host, in this case, the HTTP server. 3. The destination port number in a segment header will have a value of 80 1. The destination address of a frame will be the MAC address of the E0 interface of the Lab_A router 2. The destination IP address of a packet will be the IP address of the network interface of the HTTP server
Static routing occurs when you manually add routes in each router’s routing table. There are pros and cons to static routing, but that’s true for all routing processes. Things that are good about static routing: -No overhead on the router CPU -No bandwidth usage between routers -Security (because the administrator can only allow routing to certain networks) Things that aren’t so good about static routing: -The administrator must really understand the internetwork and how each router is connected super well in order to configure routes correctly. -If a network is added to the internetwork, the administrator has to add a route to it on all routers—by hand. -It just won’t work for you in large networks because maintaining it would be a full-time job in itself.
Here’s the command you use to add a static route to a routing table: ip route [ destination_network ] [ mask ] [ next-hop_address or exitinterface ] [ administrative_distance ] [permanent] This list describes each command in the string: Ip route: The command used to create the static route. Destination network: The network you’re placing in the routing table. Mask: The subnet mask being used on the network. Next-hop address: The address of the next-hop router that will receive the packet and forward it to the remote network. This is a router interface that’s on a directly connected network. You must be able to ping the router interface before you add the route. Exit interface: You can use it in place of the next-hop address if you want, but it’s got to be on a point-to-point link, like a WAN. This command won’t work on a LAN like Ethernet. Administrative distance: By default, static routes have an administrative distance of 1. You can change the default value by adding an administrative weight at the end of the command. Permanent: If the interface is shut down, or the router can’t communicate to the next-hop router, the route will automatically be discarded from the routing table. Choosing the permanent option keeps the entry in the routing table no matter what happens.
This slide shows an example of a simple static route command.
We use default routing to send packets with a remote destination network not in the routing table to the next-hop router. You can only use default routing on stub networks—those with only one exit port out of the network.
A routing protocol is used by routers to dynamically find all the networks in the internetwork and to ensure that all routers have the same routing table. Basically, a routing protocol determines the path of a packet through an internetwork. Examples of routing protocols are RIP, IGRP, EIGRP and OSPF. Okay—once all routers know about all networks, a routed protocol can be used to send user data (packets) through the established enterprise. Routed protocols are assigned to an interface and determine the method of packet delivery. Examples of routed protocols are IP and IPX.
There are two types of routing protocols used in internetworks: interior gateway protocols (IGPs) and exterior gateway protocols (EGPs). IGPs are used to exchange routing information with routers in the same autonomous system (AS). An AS is a collection of networks under a common administrative domain, which basically means that all routers sharing the same routing table information are in the same AS. EGPs are used to communicate between ASs. An example of an EGP is Border Gateway Protocol (BGP), which is discussed in the GlobalNet CCNP course.
Classful routing means that all devices in the network must use the same subnet mask.
Prefix routing does send subnet mask information with the route updates. This is called classless routing .
5 The administrative distance (AD) is used to rate the trustworthiness of routing information received on a router from a neighbor router. An administrative distance is an integer from 0 to 255, where 0 is the most trusted and 255 means no traffic will be passed via this route. If a router receives two updates listing the same remote network, the first thing the router checks is the AD. If one of the advertised routes has a lower AD than the other, then the route with the lowest AD will be placed in the routing table. If both advertised routes to the same network have the same AD, then routing protocol metrics (such as hop count or bandwidth of the lines) will be used to find the best path to the remote network. The advertised route with the lowest metric will be placed in the routing table. But if both advertised routes have the same AD as well as the same metrics, then the routing protocol will load-balance to the remote network.
The distance-vector protocols find the best path to a remote network by judging distance. Each time a packet goes through a router, that’s called a hop . The route with the least number of hops to the network is determined to be the best route. The vector indicates the direction to the remote network. Both RIP and IGRP are distance-vector routing protocols.
Routers, when powered up and the interfaces are enabled, have only their directly connected networks in the routing table
5 Routing Information Protocol (RIP) is a true distance-vector routing protocol. It sends the complete routing table out to all active interfaces every 30 seconds. RIP only uses hop count to determine the best way to a remote network, but it has a maximum allowable hop count of 15 by default, meaning that 16 is deemed unreachable. RIP works well in small networks, but it’s inefficient on large networks with slow WAN links or on networks with a large number of routers installed. RIP version 1 uses only classful routing , which means that all devices in the network must use the same subnet mask.
To configure RIP routing, just turn on the protocol with the router rip command and tell the RIP routing protocol which networks to advertise. That’s it. Understand that RIP is configured with classful routing network addresses!
Easy configuration, just add the command “version 2” under the router rip configuration. RIPv2 is the preferred choice over RIPv1 because it supports VLSM and discontiguous networks.
If you create VLSM network, sometimes you may find that the backbone connecting buildings together is a different class of network. This is called discontiguous addressing. By default routing protocols will not work across discontiguous networks. By using the “no auto-summary” command on the network boundaries, routing protocols will be able do work across a discontiguous addressed network.
You probably don’t want your RIP network advertised everywhere on your LAN and WAN—there’s not a whole lot to be gained by advertising your RIP network to the Internet, now is there? No worries—there are a few different ways to stop unwanted RIP updates from propagating across your LANs and WANs. The easiest one is through the passive-interface command. This command prevents RIP update broadcasts from being sent out a defined interface, but that same interface can still receive RIP updates.
Show ip protocols: show routing protocols information and timers Show protocols: show routed protocol information Show ip route: displays the routing table Debug ip rip: show rip updates being sent and received on your router Undebug all or no debug ip rip: turns off debugging